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Experimental Investigation of
Experimental Investigation of
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to study the effect of solid-mixture on the cavitation
characteristic of a centrifugal pump. However, pump tests under varied
volumetric concentrations of sandy clay are reported. The experimental results
show that:
- at low flow rates, NPSH curves are independent of the silt concentration,
- at high flow rates, NPSH curves of silt mixtures appear to be higher than
those of water,
- the both required and available NPSH curves show that cavitation flow rates
decrease with increasing concentration, indicating that cavitation accelerates
with the concentration.
Finally, based on the silt studied, it can be concluded that the cavitation NPSH
curve at high flow rates is not sensitive to gravitational forces, but only to the
viscous flows.
Keywords: centrifugal pump, solid-mixture, cavitation, NPSH curve, silt
concentration.
1 Introduction
In Algeria, silting of reservoirs has become a major drawback for all existing
dams, because it causes very high losses in capacity. Such losses are estimated at
20 million cubic meters per year for some dams (Errih [1]). Hydraulic dredging
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82 Fluid Structure Interaction and Moving Boundary Problems
Also, note that samples taken closer to the dam wall are finer and more viscous
(Korso [2]). The silt has a Newtonian behaviour for a value of concentration
limit of up 7,2%. The shear stress is directly proportional to the shear strain i.e. :
τ = ηc ⋅ G (1)
τ = τ o + ηc ⋅ G (2)
WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 84, © 2005 WIT Press
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Fluid Structure Interaction and Moving Boundary Problems 83
Table 2 shows measured values of dynamic viscosity and shear strain for the
four values of silt concentration.
20
18
16
Cv = 17,5%
14 Cv = 15,0%
Shear stress (Pa)
Cv = 12,0%
12
Cv = 10,0%
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
-1
Shear rate(s )
3 Test rig
Figure 2 shows the experimental rig used. The silt mixture is drawn up from the
mixing tank (1) by the centrifugal pump (11) via the suction pipe (3).
The mixture discharges into the channel (9) via the exit pipe (6). Valves (4)
and (7) are used to control the flow rate which is measured using the calibrated
tank (2). The mercury vacuumeter (5) and the mercury manometer (8) are used to
measure inlet and exit pressure of the pump respectively. A jet tranquilizer (10)
fixed at the bottom of the channel (9) prevents air intake into the mixing tank and
eventually into the pump.
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84 Fluid Structure Interaction and Moving Boundary Problems
increased using the exit valve (7) until the following two conditions are observed
simultaneously:
2 6
10
8
5
11
1 4 3
5 NPSH results
Figures 3 and 4 show NPSH results for two rotational speeds of 1400 and 1800
rpm respectively and for different silt concentration. Results for water are shown
for comparison. It may be noted that for low flow rates below 11 l/s, NPSH is
independent of silt concentration. For the speed of 1800 rpm and for flow rates
values above 11 l/s, NPSH increases with the increase of silt concentration.
This result was not observed for the lower speed due to the limitation of the
test rig.
Further tests were carried out with a silt concentration of 17,5%. It was not
noted that at this silt concentration, silt became very viscous. Measurements
showed that NPSH increases slightly and the manometric head decreases. These
results are not shown here since measurements could not be done accurately. It
WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, Vol 84, © 2005 WIT Press
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Fluid Structure Interaction and Moving Boundary Problems 85
was deduced that the centrifugal pump used could not work accurately at
concentrations higher than a value between 15% and 17%.
10
: Water
9 : Cv = 5% and γm = 1,08
: Cv= 10% and γm = 1,16
8
: Cv= 15% and γm = 1,23
7 at N = 1400 Rev/min
NPSH (m)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Flow (l/s)
Figure 3: Effect of silt concentration on NPSH for a pump speed of 1400 rpm.
10
Water
9
Cv = 5%
8 Cv = 10%
Cv = 15%
7
at N = 1800 Rev/min
NPSH (m)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Flow (l/s)
Figure 4: Effect of silt concentration on NPSH for a pump speed of 1800 rpm.
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86 Fluid Structure Interaction and Moving Boundary Problems
10
9 Water
Cv = 15% Water
NPSHavailable
8
7
NPSH (m)
5 Cv = 15%
0
0 5 10 Qc2 15 Qc1 20 25
Flow (l/s)
25
20
Head (m.c.mixture)
15
10
5 : Water
: Cv = 15%
at N = 1800 Rev/min
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Flow (l/s)
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Fluid Structure Interaction and Moving Boundary Problems 87
6 Conclusions
Cavitation in centrifugal pumps discharging silt is accelerated due to increase of
silt concentration and flow rate leading to lower cavitation flow rates. This is
attributed to the higher shear stresses between the fluid and the rotor blades.
Cavitation and pump characteristics are related to the rheological behaviour of
the fluid. Further tests are required in order to establish correlations for different
fluids by varying fluid viscosity, pump dimensions and rotational speed.
References
[1] Errih, M., Problem of siltation of small reservoirs in Algeria, Proceedings of
the 7th Int. Conference on Transport and Sedimentation of Solid Particles,
Poland, 1992.
[2] Korso, K., Contribution à l’analyse du processus de la sédimentation dans
les barrages, Thèse de Magister, USTO, Algeria, 1986.
[3] Khaldi, A., Drag reduction in hydraulic transport of silt, Proceedings of the
7th Int. Conference on Transport and Sedimentation of Solid Particles,
Poland, 1992.
[4] Ladouani, A., Etude de la cavitation des pompes centrifuges débitant des
mixtures solides-liquides, Thèse de Magister, USTO, Algeria, 1986.
[5] Ladouani, A. & Nemdili, A., Experimental study of centrifugal pump when
handling industrial oils, Proceedings of the XXIst IAHR Symposium -
Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, September 9–12, Lausanne, Switzerland,
Volume I, ISBN 3-85545-865-0, pp. 183–190, 2002.
[6] Ladouani, A. & Nemdili, A., Experimental study of effects of polymer
additives on the performance of a centrifugal pump, Proceedings of the 6th
International Conference on Hydraulic Machinery and Hydrodynamics,
Timisoara, Romania, October 21–22, 2004.
[7] Ladouani, A. & Nemdili, A., Optimal method of selecting pumping systems
for viscous fluids, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on
Hydraulic Machinery and Hydrodynamics, Timisoara, Romania, October
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[8] Ladouani, A. & Nemdili, A., Synthesis study on the silt pumping of dams,
Proceedings of the 13th International Seminar on Hydropower Plants, 24–26
November, Vienna, Austria, 2004.
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