XII EASY English Notes 2020

GENERAL
ENGLISH
CLASS XII
EASY LEVEL
(NOTES)
Prepared by: Urvashi, Lecturer-in-English, GSSSS Balluana, Fazilka Page 1
SECTION A
1. Hassan’s Attendance Problem

(Sudha Murthy)
Character Sketch-Hassan
Hassan was a bright student. He was tall and handsome. He scored good marks in exam. But he
was not regular student. He was lazy. He felt hard workers were nerds. He did not change his
habits. So he failed in his life. He met Sudha Murthy, his teacher after many years. She asked
him to change his habit for a new beginning.
2. The March King

(K.L.Bakeless)
Character Sketch -John Philip Sousa
John Philip Sousa wanted to be a musician as a child. He learnt music from Mr. Esputa. He
learnt violin very quickly. But he was a child after all. He tried to become a baker. Once he
wanted to join circus also. But he was a talented musician. Like his father, he joined Marine band
of US army. He composed 100 marches. He is known as the March King.
3.Thinking Out Of the Box: Lateral Thinking

(Adapted from Internet)
Lateral Thinking – Theme
Edward de Bono propagated the idea of lateral thinking. Lateral thinking means
thinking differently. It means thinking or doing something new. The chapter is
based on the idea that we can use lateral thinking to solve complex problems. The
girl in the story thinks differently. She turns situation in her favor. Similarly,
Thomas finds a safe and cheap parking for his car. So, thinking differently can
prove very useful in life to solve problems.
6. On Saying Please
(A.G.Gardiner)
On Saying Please- Theme
This chapter tells us about the importance of good manners. Bad manners are not a legal crime.
But no one likes bad manners. They work in a chain reaction and spoil our social life. Small
words like ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ make our life sweet and smooth. We should avoid behaving
badly. A person with good manners is praised even in his absence.
Character Sketch-Bus conductor

The bus conductor was a cheerful and kind man. He is full of patience. He never got angry. He
spoke very nicely. He always tried to make his passengers comfortable. He was like a son to
elders, like a father to children. He laughed with young persons. He was very kind to blind and
handicapped. He is always full of good manners.
7. The Story of My Life

(Helen Keller)
The Story of My Life – Theme
The story gives the idea that nothing is impossible if we work hard. Strong will power and
determination also play an important role. It is a key to success. Helen Keller got fever at the age
of 19 months. It made her life dark. She became blind and deaf. At the age of 7, her formal
education started. Anne Sullivan was her teacher. She was a very good teacher. She taught her
language with finger play. At the age of 22, she wrote her autobiography. She became a famous
writer.
8. Two Gentlemen of Verona
(A.J.Cronin)
Two Gentlemen of Verona- Theme
The story is about two brothers, Nicola and Jacopo. Nicola was the elder brother and Jacopo was
younger. They had brown skin, tangled hair and dark eyes. They lost family and home in war.
Their sister, Lucia, had TB of spine. They did many small jobs to earn money. They paid
hospital bills of Lucia with this money. So the two brothers give us a message of love, hope and
kindness.
9. In Celebration Of Being Alive

(Dr. Christian Barnard)
On Celebration of Being Alive – Theme
The theme of the chapter is that we should celebrate our being alive. We should not worry about
what we have lost. We should be happy in every situation. Pleasure and pain are part of our life.
This idea is presented by the two handicapped boys in the story. One of them is blind. The other
is without an arm. They both are in hospital. But they are both full of life. It teaches the author
that we should always enjoy our being alive.
10. Ghadari Babas In Kalapani Jail

(Dr. Harish K Puri)
Ghadar Party
The Kalapani Jail was a horrible jail in Port Blair by British government. It was also called 'The
Cellular Jail' and 'The Devil's Island'. This jail was used to torture Indian freedom fighters like
Ghadari babas. They were all middle aged people. They had to extract 30 pounds of coconut oil
daily. If they failed, they were whipped publically. But the Ghadari babas were very brave. They
fought till their last breath. We salute them. Due to their sacrifices, we got freedom.

SECTION – C
1. THE SCHOOL FOR SYMPATHY

(E. V. Lucas)
The School for Sympathy- Theme

Miss Beam’s school was different from other schools. Students had a blind day, a lame day, a
deaf day, a maimed day and a dumb day in the course. They learnt to understand problems of the
handicapped. This developed the feelings of sympathy in children. They learnt to help
handicapped kindly. The real aim of her school was to make children kind and thoughtful.
Character Sketch- Miss Beam

Miss Beam was a kind woman. She was very understanding. Her hairs were turning grey. Her
school was different from other schools. Students had a blind day, a lame day, a deaf day, a
maimed day and a dumb day in the course. They learnt to understand problems of the
handicapped. This developed the feelings of sympathy in children. The real aim of her school
was to make children kind and thoughtful. With this kind of unique school, Miss Beam was an
asset to the society.
2. CHAMELEON
. (Anton Chekhov)
Justify Title- A Chameleon
Chameleon changes its color to match its surroundings. In the story, the policeman,
Otchumyelov behaves like a chameleon. Hryukin complains about dog bite to the policeman.
Otchumyelov promises to do justice. But when he comes to know that the dog belongs to the
general, he changes his stand. He starts shouting at Hryukin. This behavior of Otchumyelov
justifies the title of the story.
4. THE GOLD FRAME
(R.K. Laxman)
Character Sketch- Datta
Data was a photo frame maker. He was thin. He wore a dhoti. His glasses were silver rimmed.
He was very hard working. He did not like to talk much. He answered his customers to the point.
He had a small shop. Its name was ‘Modern Frame Works’.
Once he spoilt a photo with enamel paint. To solve his problem, he replaced the damaged photo
with a similar looking photo. The customer could not notice it. He noticed only the frame. So
Datta solved his problem cleverly.
5. THE BARBER'S TRADE UNION

(Mulk Raj Anand)
Character Sketch- Chandu

Chandu is the main character of the story. He was a poor barber boy. He belonged to low cast.
He was six months elder to narrator. But they were very good friends. Chandu was expert in
catching flies. He also made kites of different shapes. He read poetry nicely. The narrator liked
him for his these skills. But Chandu was not good in solving maths sums.
Chandu’s father had died. He lived with his mother. He carried his family business to earn
money. He shaved and cut hair of the villagers. Once he got dressed like a doctor. The upper
class villagers insulted him badly. He felt offended. He decided not to work in the village
anymore. He bought a bicycle and started his business in the city.
He was very ambitious. He made a union with barber boys of nearby villages. They opened a
shop. He made people to walk to them for their services. Chandu was a great visionary.
6. THE BULL BENEATH THE EARTH
(Kulwant Singh Virk)
Character Sketch- Karam Singh’s Father
Karam Singh’s father is a noble human being. He is the head of his family. Karam Singh is dead.
But his father does not share this sad news with Mann Singh. He does not want to make Mann
Singh sad. He bears the burden of this sorrow alone. He is in deep sorrow. But he tries to behave
normal. He makes Mann Singh as comfortable as possible.
Justify Title- The Bull Beneath The Earth

Karam Singh is dead. But his father does not share this sad news with Mann Singh. He does not
want to make Mann Singh sad. He bears the burden of this sorrow alone. He is in deep sorrow.
But he tries to behave normal. He makes Mann Singh as comfortable as possible. Thus the title
of the story is just. Karam Singh’s father acts like the bull beneath the earth that bears
everybody’s burden.
SECTION – B (POETRY)
1. PRAYER OF THE WOODS

(Anonymous)
This is a very beautiful poem.Its poet is anonymous. It gives a very good message. Trees are our
friends. We use trees from birth till death. We should not harm trees.
Stanza-1
I am the heat of your hearth on the cold winter nights, the friendly shade
Screening you from the summer sun, and my fruits are refreshing draughts
Quenching your thirst as you journey on
Q1. How can woods give us heat as well as coldness?
Ans. Burning woods in winters give us heat. In hot summers woods give us shade.

Q2.Name the figure of speech used in bold line.
Ans. The friendly shade – personification.
Screening you from the summer sun –Alliteration.
Q3. List the things woods give us.
Ans. Woods give us furniture, fruits, handles for tools
Q4. What does ‘refreshing draughts’ refer to?
Ans. It refers to juicy fruits.
Stanza-2
I am the handle of your hoe, the door of your homestead, the
wood of your cradle, and the shell of your coffin.
I am the bread of kindness and the flower of beauty.
‘ye who pass by, listen to my prayer:
Harm me not.
Q1. Write down the line that explains the statement : the
wood accompanies us from birth till death.
Ans. ‘the wood of your cradle, and the shell of your coffin.’
explains the above statement.
Q2. I am the bread of kindness and the flower of beauty . this means the woods give us:-
i. Business and love

ii. Food and decoration
iii. Kind feelings and loveliness
Ans. iii. Kind feelings and loveliness
Q3. Who is the speaker in the poem?
Ans. Woods are the speaker in the poem.
Q4. What is the prayer of the woods to human beings?
Ans. The woods pray not to harm them.

2.ON FRIENDSHIP
(Kahlil Gibran)
This is a very beautiful poem. Its poet is Kahlil Gibran. It gives a very good message. Friends are
very important in our life. They are blessing of God . We can share our joys and sorrows with a
true friend.
Stanza-1
He is your field which you sow with love and
reap with thanksgiving.
And he is your board and your fireside.
For you come to him with your hunger, and
seek him for peace
Q1. Name the poem and the poet.
Ans. The name of the poem is ‘On Friendship’. The poet is ‘Kahlil Gibran’
Q2. When we shower our friends with love, what do we earn in return?
Ans. In return we receive love and thanksgiving.
Q3. How is a friend our fireside?
Ans. By showing sympathy and love friend is our fireside.
Q4. What is the most important thing that one can give to a friend?
Ans. Love and support is the most important to give to a friend.
3. THE ECHOING GREEN

(William Blake)
This is a very beautiful poem. Its poet is William Blake. It gives a very good message. Poem
describes the three stages of life –childhood, old age and death. It shows the value of childhood
playfulness.
Stanza-1
The sun does arise , and make happy the skies,
the merry bells ring, to welcome the spring
The skylark and thrush, the birds of the bush,
sing louder around, to the bells’ cheerful sound

While our sports shall be seen on the Echoing Green
Q1. Name the poem and the poet.
Ans. The name of the poem is ‘The Echoing Green’. The Poet is William Blake.
Q2. How can you say that the mood in the poem is happy and carefree?
Ans. Playing children, singing birds, ringing bells to welcome spring signify the happy and
carefree mood.
Q3 Name the birds which sing to welcome the spring.
Ans. The birds are – The skylark and the thrush.
Q4. What purpose does the ringing of the merry bells serve in the poem?
Ans. The merry bells are ringing to welcome the spring.
4.ONCE UPON A TIME

(Gabriel Okara)
This is a very beautiful poem. Its poet is Gabriel Okara. It gives us a very good message. It
shares the idea that modern man behaves artificially. He does not show his true feelings.
Stanza-1
And I have learnt too, to laugh with only my teeth, and
shake hands without my heart.
I have also learnt to say ‘goodbye’, when I mean ‘good riddance’
To say ‘glad to meet you’ , without being glad; and to
say ‘it’s been nice talking to you’ , after being bored.
Q1. Who is the speaker in the poem?
Ans. A father is the speaker in the poem.
Q2. What has the poet learnt to do with his feelings?
Ans. He has learnt to hide his real feelings.
Q3. What kind of life is the poet living?
Ans. He is living an artificial life.

Q4. What is the meaning of laughing only with my teeth?
Ans. It means to laugh without being happy from inside.
6.FATHER RETURNING HOME

(Dilip Chitre)
This is a very beautiful poem. Its poet is Dilip Chitre. It gives us a very good message. In modern
life, man is an alien in his own life. Old people feel lonely in their own houses. Children do not
have time for their parents.
Stanza-1
His eyes dimmed by age.
Fade homeward through the humid monsoon night.
Now I can see him getting off the train
Like a word dropped from a long sentence.
He hurries across the length of the grey platform.
Crosses the railway line, enters the lane.
Q1. Name the poem and its poet.
Ans. The name of the poem is ‘Father Returning Home’. Its poet is ‘DilipChitre’.
Q2. Which line in the poem describes father’s irrelevance to the train?
Ans. Now I can see him getting off the train
Like a word dropped from a long sentence.
Q3. Write two reasons for father’s eyes being dimmed?
Ans. His eyes are dimmed because of his old age and humid monsoon night.
Q4. Where does father go after getting off the train?
Ans. He crosses the railway line and enters the lane.
7.The Road Not Taken

(Robert Frost)
This is a very beautiful poem. Its poet is Robert Frost. It gives us a very good message. Choice is
very important in our life. One right choice in life makes our life different.
Stanza-1
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood

And sorry I could not travel both.
And be one traveller, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim
Q1. Name the poem and its poet.
Ans. The name of the poem is ‘The Road Not Taken’. Its poet is ‘Robert Frost’.
Q2. What does the poet see in front of him?
Ans. He sees two roads diverged in front of him.
Q3. What is the poet sorry about?
Ans. He is sorry that he cannot travel both the roads.
Q4. What is the symbolic meaning of two different paths in the woods?
Ans. The one path is for the ordinary people. The other less travelled path is for extraordinary
people.
8.On His Blindness

(John Milton)
This is a very beautiful poem. Its poet is John Milton. It gives us a very good message. We
should always thank God for everything. He does not ask for anything in return.
Comprehension Passages (6 marks)
I. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Penicillin is one of the most useful drugs invented by man. With its help, we can heal wounds
caused by bacteria which cannot be otherwise healed. In the beginning, very few people knew of
this wonderful discovery or its uses. First the scientists and then the ministers of governments
were interested in it. Since penicillin could save the wounded soldiers, it was helpful in war.
So, they decided to encourage the process of manufacture. Vast factories were set up for
preparing it. Lives of hundreds and thousands of soldiers were saved with its help. Most people
benefitted from it. Penicillin when introduced into the streams of the human blood, acts as an
aid to those parts which are always fighting the deadly germs. It does not have power over
every kind of bacteria, but certain kinds are destroyed by penicillin in the great majority of cases.
1. Choose the correct statement.

(a) Penicillin could save the wounded soldiers. (b) Penicillin could not save the soldiers.
(c) Penicillin was harmful for the soldiers. (d) Penicillin was discarded by the
scientists.
2. Who were interested in the discovery of Penicillin in the beginning?
(a) Governments (b) Scientists and Ministers of Governments (c) Teachers.
(d) Doctors
3. How was penicillin useful in wars?
Ans. Since penicillin could save the wounded soldiers, it was helpful in war.
4. How does penicillin act on human blood?
Ans. Penicillin when introduced into the streams of the human blood, acts as an aid to those parts
which are always fighting the deadly germs.
5. Fill in the blank with a suitable word from the passage.
The water level decreases in the _________in winters.
6. Match the following words in column A with their meaning from column B:
A B
aid method
process help
decrease
Ans 5. Streams Ans. 6. aid-help, process-method.
II. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
In the eighteenth century, one of the first modern economists, Adam Smith thought that the
whole annual produce of the land and labour of every country provides revenue to three different
orders of people; those who live by rent, those who live by wages and those who live by profit.
Each successive stage of the industrial revolution, however, made the social structure more
complicated. Many intermediate groups grew up during the nineteenth century, between the
upper middle class and the working class. There are small scale industrialists as well as the
large ones, small shopkeepers and tradesmen, officials and salaried employees, skilled and
unskilled workers and professionals, such as doctors and teachers. Farmers and peasants continue
in all countries as independent groups. In spite of this development, one of the most famous
writers on social class in the nineteenth century, Karl Marx thought that there was tendency for
society to split into huge class camps, the capitalists and the workers. Influential as Marx’s
theory of social class was, it was over-simplified. The social make-up of modern societies is
much more complex than he suggested.
1. According to the passage, doctors and teachers belong to the :
(a) upper class (b) upper middle class (c) working class (d) middle class.
2. What effect did each stage of the industrial revolution make on social structure?
(a) made it easier to learn (b) made it complicated (c) made it simple (d) made it
flexible
3. Who developed the two-class theory?
Ans. Karl Marx developed the two-class theory.
4. Who are regarded as intermediate group?
Ans. These are small scale industrialists as well as the large ones, small shopkeepers and
tradesmen.

India became ___________on 15th August 1947.
6. Match the following words in column A with their meaning in column B:
A B
split yearly
annual independent
broken
Answers 5. independent. 6. split-broken, annual-yearly.
III. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
John Dalton was an English Chemist whose atomic theory is the basis of Chemistry. Dalton
could not distinguish red from green. In 1784, he was the first to describe colour blindness
which came to be known as Daltonism. The word is still used in French, Spanish and
Russian. After his death, the scientists from London and Cambridge examined DNA from
fragments of Dalton’s eyes preserved at his request by the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, and have shown that he lacked the gene for making green pigment in the retina. Dalton
who lived from 1766 to 1844 gave instructions for his eyes to be examined after his death. He
had believed that the vitreous humour, the clear substance in the inner chamber of the eyes
must in his case, be tinted blue so that it absorbed red light. At the autopsy, no such blue tint
was found. But from Dalton’s perception of how he perceived light, scientist have concluded that
he must have lacked the pigment in the retina that is sensitive to red light.
1. Which colours could not be distinguished by Dalton?
(a) red from blue (b) red from yellow (c) red from green (d) blue from green.
2. What instructions did Dalton give regarding his eyes?
(a) To be preserved at home. (b) To be examined after death.
(c) To be checked immediately. (d) To be kept in museum.
3. Which languages still use the word ‘Daltonism’?
Ans. The word is still used in French, Spanish and Russian.
4. What did Dalton believe about his own blindness?
Ans. He had believed that the vitreous humour, the clear substance in the inner chamber of the
eyes must in his case, be tinted blue so that it absorbed red light.
Scientist concluded that he _______ a pigment in his retina.
6. Match the words in the column A with their meaning in the column B:
A B
described shown
examined explained
checked
Answers. 5. Lacked 6. described-explained, examined-checked.
IV. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Less obviously, but just as significant, are the social reasons behind the modern urge to travel.
Foreign journeys were, at one time, expensive and difficult for most of the people to organize, in
fact, an indulgence for the wealthy. Today, cheap airfares and package holidays have made
foreign travel fashionable for many, especially for those who spend their lives working in
crowded cities and in industry. Travel to foreign countries is now within the reach of the
families who only thirty years ago would have hardly dreamt of such a thing. Indeed, for some, it

has become a matter of personal pride to boast of. The more the time spent abroad, and the more
glamorous and far-flung the destination, the better. Indians are now looking beyond the
beaches of Goa to Miami beaches or to the mountains of Alps or the Niagara Falls or even
the safaris of Africa for a new and vastly different experience. Travel companies have been
quick to advertise the cultural and educational advantages of such holidays, selling wildlife
exploration trips of the Amazon or the ancient temples of the east just as earnestly as they once
did the ‘Magic of Rome’ or the ‘Splendour of Ancient Athens’.
1. What was once considered an indulgence for the wealthy?
(a) horse riding in the forests (b) foreign travel (c) playing on the ice (d) enjoying
with family
2. What has made foreign travel fashionable now?
(a) beauty of locations (b) people’s mood (c) cheap airfares and package holidays
(d) internet
3. What makes people dream of holiday abroad now?
Ans. cheap airfares and package holidays have made people dream of holiday abroad now.
4. Where do the Indians look forward to go for holidaying nowadays?
Ans. Indians are now looking beyond the beaches of Goa to Miami beaches or to the mountains
of Alps or the Niagara Falls or even the safaris of Africa for a new and vastly different
experience.
Mumbai is one of the most _____cities in India.
6. Match the words in the column A with their meaning in the column B:
A B
expensive sincerely
earnestly freely
costly
Answers 5. crowded. 6. expensive-costly, earnestly-sincerely
V. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
There are in our country, as in other countries of the world, thousands of differently abled
persons, such as those who are blind or deaf and dumb. In some cases, these persons may have
been born blind or deaf, while in others, they may have gone blind or deaf as a result of some
illness or accident. You sometimes, hear people say of such handicapped persons: “It is the
work of fate” or “It is the will of God.” Some even say, “They suffer the fruits of their own
actions in the past.” Even the parents of differently abled children often express such feelings
and opinions, and they scarcely ever think of how they can help these unfortunate ones. This
certainly is not the way to look at the problems of the differently abled. Whatever may be the
cause of their suffering, we have got to treat the differently abled with sympathy and
understanding. In many instances, physically challenged children suffer from neglect and
are left to themselves in their homes. This makes their life extremely sad and lonely. Our
first duty is to make these children happier and less lonely by engaging them in different activites
suitable for them. Secondly, we have got to educate these children and help them to live
meaningful lives. We should secure benefits of education for them in schools intended for them.
We ought to make them self reliant by creating suitable employment opportunities for them.
They will then have a sense of achievement. We will also feel satisfied that we have done our
duty towards them.
1. How should we treat the differently abled children?

(a) indifferently (b) with sympathy and understanding (c) ignore their loneliness (d)
neglect them
2. According to the author, what is our first duty towards differently abled children?
(a) to make them homeless (b) to make them healthy
(c) to make them happier and less lonely (d) to make them run fast
3. How do some children become differently abled?
Ans. Some children become differently abled as a result of some illness or accident.
4. What makes the life of handicapped children sad and lonely?
Ans. In many instances, physically challenged children suffer from neglect and are left to
themselves in their homes. This makes their life extremely sad and lonely.
We must ______ these children with love and sympathy.
6. Match the words under column “A” with their meaning under “B”.
A B
sympathy sad
lonely nearly
feeling pity and tenderness
Answers. 5. Treat 6. Sympathy- feeling pity and tenderness lonely –sad
VI. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
In a reversal of the norm elsewhere, in India, policymakers and economists have become
optimists while bosses do the worrying. The country’s Central Bank has predicted that India’s
economy is likely to grow at a double digit rate during the next 20-30 years. India has the
capability with its vast labour and lauded entrepreneurial spirit. But the private sector, which
is supposed to do the heavy lifting that turns India from the tenth largest economy to the third
largest by 2030, has become fed up. Business people often crib about India’s problems but their
irritation this time has a nervous edge. In the first quarter of 2011, the GDP grew at an annual
rate of 7.8 percent; in 2015-17 it managed 6-7 percent. The economy may be slowing naturally
as the low interest rates and public spending that got India through the global crisis have been
belatedly withdrawn. At the same time, the surge in inflation caused by exorbitant food prices
has spread more widely, casting doubt over whether India can grow at 8-10 percent in the
medium term without overheating.
1. What rate of growth does the central Bank predicts for the Indian economy for next 20 -
30 years?
(a) eight percent (b) seven percent (c) double digit (d) five percent
2. Who is supposed to do the heavy lifting to turn India into the third largest economy?
(a) government agencies (b) private Sector (c) public sector (d) property owners
3. What is India’s capability to grow based on?
Ans. India’s capability to grow is based on with its vast labour and lauded entrepreneurial spirit.
4. What is casting doubts over India’s growth rate?
Ans. The surge in inflation caused by exorbitant food prices is casting doubts over India’s
growth rate
He suffered from a ______breakdown.
6. Match the words under column ‘A’ with their meaning under ‘B’.
A B

crisis large
optimist difficult phase
one who looks forward to a positive outcome
Answers. 5. Nervous 6. Crisis – difficult phase optimist – one…outcome
VII. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Brain drain, also referred to as human capital flight, is the action of having highly skilled and
educated people leaving their country to work abroad. It has actually become one of the
serious concerns for the developing nations. While many people believe that immigration is a
personal choice that must be understood and respected, others look at this phenomenon from a
different perspective. What makes those people leave their country, their own people, should be
seriously considered and a distinction between pull and push factors must be made. The push
factors include low wages and lack of satisfactory working and living conditions. Social
unrest, political conflicts and wars may also be the determining causes. The pull factors,
however, include intellectual freedom and substantial funds for research. Brain drain has
negative impact on the economic prospects and competitiveness of sender countries. It reduces
the number of dynamic and creative people who can contribute to the development of their
country. Likewise, with more entrepreneurs taking their investments abroad, developing
countries are missing opportunity of wealth creation.
1. The term ‘brain drain’ is also referred to as:
(a) capital flight (b) human capital flight (c) pull factors (d) push factors
2. Brain drain has terrible consequences on the economic development of :
(a) sending countries (b) receiving countries (c) developed countries
(d)undeveloped countries.
3. What do you mean by the term ‘Brain drain’?
Ans. ‘Brain drain’ is the action of having highly skilled and educated people leaving their
country to work abroad.
4. Enumerate the push factors that lead to Brain drain.
Ans. The push factors include low wages and lack of satisfactory working and living conditions.
Social unrest, political conflicts and wars may also be the determining causes.
Every citizen must __________ for the development of the nation wholeheartedly.
A B
conflicts decrease
reduce disputes
increase
Ans. 5. Contribute 6. Conflicts – disputes reduce - decrease
VIII. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
One night, a man came to our house and told me, “There is a family with eight children. They
have not eaten for days.” I took some food and went out. When I finally came to the family, I
saw the faces of those little children disfigured by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in
their faces, just the deep pain of hunger. I gave the rice to the mother. She divided it in two and
went out, carrying half the rice with her. When she came back, I asked her,” Where did you go?”
She gave me this simple answer,” To my neighbour–they are also hungry.” I was not surprised

because poor people are generous but I was surprised that she knew they were hungry. As a rule,
when we are suffering, we are so focused on ourselves; we have no time for others. We become
selfish and self-centered. Having experienced the pangs of sufferings, we should, rather extend a
helping hand to the poor and the needy.
1. The faces of the children reflected:
(a) sorrow (b) joy (c) hunger (d) greediness
2. The action of the mother shows:
(a) selfishness (b) hatred (c) gratitude (d) love
3. Where did the mother go after dividing the rice and why?
Ans. The mother went after dividing the rice to her neighbor because they were also hungry.
4. Why was the gentleman surprised?
Ans. The gentleman was surprised at the generous action of the mother.
The faces of the little children were______.
6. Match the words under column ‘A’ with their opposite meaning under ‘B’.
A B
simple complicated
generous hatred
selfish
Answers. 5. Disfigured 6. Simple-complicated generous - selfish
IX. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Health and hygiene go hand in hand. Health refers to a state of sound mind and physically fit
body, free from any form of sickness, disorder or ailment. Hygiene refers to the good
practices that prevent disease and lead to good health through cleanliness, proper sewage
disposal, balanced and nutritious food, regular exercise, proper sleep, pure and fresh air and
supply of safe drinking water. The proverb, ‘Health is Wealth’ is truly said of all things in the
world. Health is the most valuable thing that one can possess. Money is, undoubtedly, a prized
possession, but can it provide pleasure to a ruined health? As body and mind are closely related,
the mind can never be sound and cheerful without sound health. An unhealthy man may have
intelligence, merit and wealth but he cannot put them to use and reap their benefits. We
must, therefore, adopt proper hygienic measures to preserve and maintain good health. Too much
work or exercise, eating or drinking are injurious to health. A regulated life coupled with clear
and pure mind makes life worth living.
1. Hygiene refers to practices that leads to good health through:
(a) balanced diet (b) impure air (c) abundant wealth (d) regular play
2. Life will become worthless through:
(a) gambling and drinking (b) regulated life (c) pure mind (d) healthy body
3. What does the term ‘health’ refer to?
Ans. Health refers to a state of sound mind and physically fit body, free from any form of
sickness, disorder or ailment.
4. Can a wealthy but unhealthy man enjoy life?
Ans. An unhealthy man may have wealth but he cannot put them to use and reap their benefits.
The selection in Army service is made purely on ______.
6. Match the words under column ‘A’ with their opposite meaning under ‘B’.

A B
Fresh use
preserve staie
destroy
Answers. 5. Merit 6. Fresh – stale preserve - destroy
X. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
Named after the former Prime Minister, Inder Kumar Gujral’s mother, Pushpa Gujral Science
City located on Jalandhar-Kapurthala Road, just west of Jalandhar, is extremely thrilling.
Almost every branch of Science is exhibited, right from physical, applied, natural and social
sciences to health sciences, human evolution and civilization, engineering, technology,
agriculture, the environment, ecosystems and Jurassic Park. In the Dome theatre, large format
films are projected on 23 meter-tilted dome. Semi-circular giant dome screen produces huge
images that soar and swoop above, beside and behind you, to give you a spectacular, immersible
experience. The Light- Speed 3D Digital Theatre presents three dimensional computer graphics,
videos and the most advanced animations. Amazing Living Machine Gallery presents the
intricate structures and functions of the human body using large human models. The Flight
Simulator provides the visitors a sense of adventure. The Laser Theatre presents laser shows that
carry the visitors to a wonderland to experience a mind boggling mix of sound and laser beams.
The Dinosaur Park displays the evolution of dinosaurs and the probable reasons for their
extinction. There is also a kids’ park containing tunnels, rides, bouncers etc. and an artificial
lake that allows the visitors to indulge in boating. With all the wonderful attractions, a visit to the
Science City would be highly informative and enjoyable.
1. Which facility provides a sense of adventure?
(a) kid’s park (b) dome theatre (c) Flight Simulator (d) Laser Theatre
2. Large human models are found in:
(a) Amazing Living Machine Gallery (b) Dinosaur Park
(c) Digital Theatre (d) Laser Theatre
3. Where is the Pushpa Gujral Science city located?
Ans. The Pushpa Gujral Science City is located on Jalandhar-Kapurthala Road, just west of
Jalandhar,
4. What is displayed in the Dinosaur Park?
Ans. The Dinosaur Park displays the evolution of dinosaurs and the probable reasons for their
extinction.
The works of famous painters are __________ in the Tagore Art Gallery.
A B
spectacular huge
giant amazing
dirt
Answers. 5. Found 6. Spectacular – Amazing giant – huge

PRECIS WRITING (5 marks)
1. Write a Precis of the following paragraph in your own words :

People in this modern materialistic world are prone to suffer from stress, emotional
imbalance, anxiety, frustration and anger. It leads to many physical ailments, disturbed
relationships and road rage. Many broken homes, accidents and suicides are due to this mental
turmoil. The only panacea for this is ‘meditation’. A simple description of meditation is to sit
silently with closed eyes and focus on breathing. It may or may not be accompanied by music. It
helps one to connect with deep inner self and raises the level of consciousness. The first
effort may not be perfect but with regular practice, one masters the technique. Then the results
start unfolding! It leads to peace of mind, better concentration, clarity of thought and
complete relaxation. The situations do not change but it changes our reactions and attitude to
these. One learns to be calm and grounded in all circumstances and surrender to divine control.
Gratitude takes the place of complaints and love replaces resentments. It is then that
circumstances begin to change. Life is a beautiful gift of God but one becomes thankful for it
only after practicing meditation. The result is a calm and serene individual.
TOTAL WORDS : 194 PRECIS WORDS: 65
TITLE : ADVANTAGES OF MEDITATION
People in this modern materialistic world suffer from stress, emotional imbalance, anxiety,
frustration and anger. The only panacea for this is ‘meditation’ It helps one to connect with deep
inner self and raises the level of consciousness. It leads to peace of mind, better concentration,
clarity of thought and complete relaxation. Gratitude takes the place of complaints and love
replaces resentments. The result is a calm and serene individual.
Chandigarh is a city of attractions for tourists. One of the favourite places of all the tourists is the
Sculpture Garden near Sukhna Lake which is spread over an area of 40 acres. After the name
of its creator, is named Nek Chand’s Rock Garden. Nek Chand started creating it secretly
in his spare time in 1957. He spent first seven years mostly in collecting the waste material on
his bicycle and recycling it in a hut made in the jungle. The garden was developed secretly by
him, but it was accidently discovered by the authorities in 1975. It was opened for public view
in 1976. Every day, it is visited by hundreds of tourists, who are mesmerized by the beautiful
sculptures of soldiers, dancing women, animals, birds and cascading water-falls. A characteristic
feature of the Rock Garden is that all the sculptures are made of stone, recycled ceramics,
industrial waste, broken household items like crockery, bangles, tubes, cycle-parts, tiles and
toilet fixtures etc. Another interesting feature is that one has to pass through many doorways,
archways and concrete lanes leading to courtyards and chambers. Nek Chand planned the
layout of the garden based on the fantasy of a lost kingdom. Nowhere in the world do we
see such a beauty created out of waste.

TITLE : ROCK GARDEN
SOLUTION : The Sculpture Garden near Sukhna Lake, is named Nek Chand’s Rock Garden.
Nek Chand started creating it secretly in his spare time in 1957. It was opened for public view in
1976. Every day, it is visited by hundreds of tourists Nek Chand planned the layout of the garden

based on the fantasy of a lost kingdom. Nowhere in the world do we see such a beauty created
out of waste.

bunjab is a land of five rivers. Its culture is one of the oldest and the richest in India as well
as the entire world. It is apparent in its vibrant dances, folk songs, poetry, paintings,
architecture, traditions, values, cuisine, folk games etc. The symbolic ‘Phulkari’ embroidery is
an all time favourite of not only the Punjabis but is also demanded by people from outside the
Punjab as well. Among many folk dances of Punjab, ‘Giddha’ and ‘Bhangra’ are the most
famous. The fast beats and the peppy music make everyone dance to the tunes. Punjabis are fun
loving, emotional and very religious people. They celebrate their festivals and traditions with
a lot of spirit. A Punjabi wedding, with all its traditions, ceremonies, dresses, jewellery, food
and fun reflects the culture of Punjab. The popular festivals are Lohri, Maghi, Diwali, Dushehra,
Baisakhi and Teej. Food is a major part of these celebrations. Punjabis love eating. The cuisines
consists of many mouth-watering dishes but the characteristic food of Punjab is ‘Makki di Roti’,
’Sarson da Saag’and buttermilk. Punjabis have a presence all over the world and have taken
their culture everywhere with them.
TITLE : CULTURE OF PUNJAB
SOLUTION : Punjab is a land of five rivers. Its culture is one of the oldest and the richest in
India as well as the entire world. ‘Phulkari’ embroidery, ‘Giddha’ and ‘Bhangra’ are the most
famous. They celebrate their festivals and traditions with a lot of spirit. Punjabis love eating.
Punjabis have a presence all over the world and have taken their culture everywhere with them.
Exercises for Practice

Women, who constitute half of the human population, are encountered with many challenges.
Female foeticide is, perhaps, one of the worst forms of violence against the women, where a
woman is denied her most basic and fundamental rights i.e. ‘The Right to Life’. Though there is
no particular definition of foeticide provided by the code of criminal procedure but the following
definition will clear your concept; ‘Female foeticide’ is the killing of a healthy female foetus
in order to get rid of a female child by means of medical termination of Pregnancy (MTP) or
Abortion. Female foeticide is considered a criminal offence in India. Abortion is lawful only
when the doctor believes that the continuance of the pregnancy may pose a direct threat to the
life or the health of the mother or the unborn child. No doubt, if this practice continues, it will
disturb the social balance. For a healthy society, the male or female gender ratio must
remain at a balanced level. The alarming rate of female foeticide is a cause of great concern, as
the number of girls born is decreasing drastically in several sections of our society, thus,
exposing females to more exploitation and violence. This state of affairs, if not corrected, will
have a disastrous impact on the future generations of our society.
TITLE : Female Foeticide
Female foeticide is, perhaps, one of the worst forms of violence against the women. ‘Female
foeticide’ is the killing of a healthy female foetus in order to get rid of a female child. It is
considered a criminal offence in India. For a healthy society, the male or female gender ratio

must remain at a balanced level. The number of girls born is decreasing drastically will have a
disastrous impact on the future generations of our society.

‘Safe drinking water’ is one of the basic needs and without its availability in adequate quantity
and quality, there could be serious impact on human and animal health. The Department of
Drinking Water and Sanitation released the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for drinking
water supply and sanitation services during natural hazards. Drought could lead to scarcity of
water due to depletion of water table and/or drying up of water sources. Natural hazards such
as floods, tsunami, avalanche, landslide or hailstorm could result in wash off/damage of water
supply assets, thus resulting in disruption of supply of safe drinking water. Therefore, in any
type of crisis, proper management of drinking water supply to the affected people on an
“immediate basis” is an essential requirement. Maintaining environmental sanitation and
individual hygiene are also equally important to reduce or eliminate chances of disease of
prevalence/outbreak of epidemics. The SOP manual has been prepared, in order to assist
everyone in the Rural Water and Sanitation Department, State Water & Sanitation Mission,
District Water and Sanitation Mission, NGO’s and the community, whether at the National,
State, District or at other levels. It also indicates actions to be taken at various levels. The
document explains, for each category of staff, what they are responsible for, and what steps
they should take before, during and after a natural disaster.
TITLE : Safe drinking water’
‘Safe drinking water’ is one of the basic needs. Drought AND Natural hazards could result in
disruption of supply of safe drinking water. Therefore, in any type of crisis, proper management
of drinking water supply to the affected people on an “immediate basis” is an essential
requirement. The SOP manual explains, for each category of staff, what they are responsible for,
and what steps they should take before, during and after a natural disaster.

Education is a fundamental right of all the children, even if they are differently abled. Every
child with special needs has the same right to get education in the mainstream as any other.
Persons with Disability Act 1995, provides for access to free education in an appropriate
environment for children with disabilities till they attain the age of 18 years. Guidelines for
inclusive education include identification of their learning needs, their strengths and weaknesses
so as to plan their learning process. Modifications in the infrastructure to facilitate their
movement like provision for railings, ramps, barrier free access to laboratories, library and
classroom is required. Special devices for their education including talking text-books, reading
machines and computers with speech software as per the specific need should be developed.
The teachers must be specially trained who, not only can facilitate the learning process but can
also develop confidence in the child. They must develop a positive attitude in the students
towards the special child and also encourage peer-learning. It will help in making the child more
comfortable, thereby creating an understanding and cooperative spirit among all the students.
TITLE : EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
Persons with Disability Act 1995, provides for access to free education in an appropriate
environment for children with disabilities till they attain the age of 18 years. Modifications in the

infrastructure to facilitate their movement AND Special devices for their education as per the
specific need should be developed. The teachers must be specially trained. It will help in making
the child more comfortable.

Near the Takhat Shri Keshgarh Sahib in Anandpur Sahib, is a museum of Sikhism, designed by
Moshe Safdie. It was inaugurated in November 2011. Since its opening, it has become the
biggest tourist attraction, not only for the local residents but for the foreigners also. It
beautifully unravels the Sikh heritage of more than five hundred years in 27 glorious galleries.
The use of technology, in the form of audio-visual aids, light and sound shows, and audio guides
makes it all the more awe-inspiring. The echo of Solemn Mantra creates a divine ambience. As
one steps into the first gallery, standing on a walkway with a 360 degree view of the surrounding
murals, one is taken through a nostalgic journey of an old village of Punjab from early dawn
to dusk. Punjabi festivals and rituals are shown by play of light on the murals accompanied
by Punjabi folk songs. Inner galleries, housed in the petals take us from the culture of Punjab to
a glimpse of the teachings of all the Sikh gurus and the creation of ‘The Khalsa Panth’ by the
Tenth Guru, Gobind Singh. There is a live account of the history of the Sikh religion from
the first guru to the tenth guru. The beautiful audiovideo descriptions, simply take one’s
breath away.
TITLE : The Museum of Sikhism
The Museum of Sikhism was inaugurated in November 2011. It beautifully unravels the Sikh
heritage. An old village of Punjab from early dawn to dusk, Punjabi festivals and rituals are
shown by play of light on the murals accompanied by Punjabi folk songs. There is a live account
of the history of the Sikh religion from the first guru to the tenth guru. The beautiful audiovideo
descriptions, simply take one’s breath away.

Time Management is the process of organizing and planning the division of time between
specific activities. Good time management enables you to work smarter than harder, so that
you get more output with less input and in shorter duration. Inability to manage one’s time
well, leads to decrease in productivity and also causes stress. On the other hand, if one
manages one’s time properly, one can achieve important career and life goals with a greater
quality of work. This leads to higher productivity and greater professional reputation. A 24-hour
day becomes more productive for good time managers, while for others it may turn out to be
missed deadlines only. To get the maximum out of a 24 hour day, one must learn how to
prioritise between the urgent and the important. One must also avoid distractions, e.g.
looking for help even before deciding on the task or assigning duties, checking e-mails and
Facebook is neither urgent nor important. One can categorise every work under ‘Do it now’, ‘Do
it later’ or ‘Don’t do it at all’ priority. Every individual has a particular best time of the day
when a person feels full of energy and life, so one should schedule one’s most important
and challenging work for that period. Avoid multitasking, rather go for similar tasks
consecutively to achieve perfection. This will lead to saving time for other tasks. Stay calm and
keep your work place free of clutter. Take a break and review what has been done and revise the
plan if required. Keep moving forward step by step.

TITLE : Time Management
Time Management is the process of organizing and planning. Good time management enables
you to work smarter. Inability to manage one’s time well, leads to decrease in productivity and
also causes stress. one must learn how to prioritise between the urgent and the important. One
must also avoid distractions. Every individual has a particular best time of the day when a person
feels full of energy and life, so one should schedule one’s most important and challenging work
for that period. Avoid multitasking. Stay calm and revise the plan if required.
7. Write a Precis of the following passage and give it a suitable title.

Tension and headaches are the most common type and are caused by muscle contractions or
an imbalance of natural chemicals in the brain. The pain causes a band like pressure around the
head and may be accompanied by a sense of tightness in the head, neck and the shoulder
muscles. They often begin in the afternoon or evening and produce a steady pain. Prevention is
the best approach; relaxation techniques, such as bio-feedback, massage, meditation and
visualization, work for many. Another recommendation is to eliminate all foods and drugs
that contain caffeine from the diet, which can increase tension and anxiety; thus, contributing
to headaches. Headaches may also be due to sinusitis, an inflammation of the lining of the
sinus cavities. This causes a deep, dull ache around the eyes and sometimes in the forehead and
ears. A good diagnostic clue is that the pain tends to worsen when you bend over.
TITLE : Tension and Headaches
Tension and headaches are are caused by muscle contractions. The pain causes pressure and
tightness in the head, neck and the shoulder muscles. Prevention is the best approach; relaxation
techniques work for many.mAnother recommendation is to eliminate all foods and drugs that
contain caffeine from the diet. Headaches may also be due to sinusitis

Prime Minister Narandra Modi launched Swatch Bharat Abhiyaan-on 2 October 2014. This
programme aims to eradicate ‘open defaecation’ by 2019. The national campaign spans 4,041
statutory cities and towns. It is the current form of a few prior campaigns, including ‘Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan’ and the ‘Total Sanitation Campaign’, which had similar goals. The Indian
government aims to achieve an ‘Open-Defaecation Free’ (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the
150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi, by constructing 12 million toilets in rural
India at a projected cost of _1.96 lakh crore . Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke of the
need for toilets in his 2014 Independence Day speech: “Has it ever pained us that our mothers
and sisters have to defaecate in the open? Poor women folk of the village wait for the night; until
darkness descends, so that they can go out to defaecate. What bodily torture they must be feeling,
how many diseases that act might engender them? Can’t we just make arrangements for toilets
for the dignity of our mothers and sisters?” Modi also spoke of the need for toilets in schools
during the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir state elections campaign. ‘Swachh Sarvekshan 2017’ was
an extensive sanitation survey across 500 cities in India. The Ministry of Urban Development,
commissioned Quality Council of India to conduct this survey; to check the progress and
impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2014. It aims to foster a spirit of competition
among the cities and offers a comprehensive assessment of their sanitation status.
TITLE : Eradication of Open Defaecation

Swatch Bharat Abhiyaan programme aims to eradicate ‘open defaecation’ by 2019, the 150th
anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi. . Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke of the need
for toilets in his 2014 Independence Day speech. Modi also spoke of the need for toilets in
schools. ‘Swachh Sarvekshan 2017’ was an extensive sanitation survey across 500 cities in India
to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. It aims to foster a spirit of
competition among the cities and offers a comprehensive assessment of their sanitation status.

The modern man is forever busy meeting deadlines, keeping appointments and living life. He
has no time for himself. In his hurried routine, he prefers to eat junk or fast food which is
prepared and consumed instantly. The term ‘Junk food’ was coined by Micheal F. Jacobson in
1972. Junk food contains less minerals, vitamins and proteins, so it does no good to the
body as it lacks nutritional value. Fast food chains are popular worldwide. They serve food
which is saturated in fats and sugar. These foods are gaining popularity in small towns also.
School /college canteens as well as corner shops are stacked with such items–french fries,
burgers, pizzas, chips, noodles etc. These are available off the shelf too to pick on the go. Fast
food is served at birthday parties and other social functions. People forget that such foods are
major source of obesity, hormonal imbalance, high blood pressure, diabetes etc. It contains little
fibre, so it does not provide enough nutrition and leads to chronic constipation resulting in other
diseases. School and college tuck-shops should sell fresh fruits and juices, sprouts and salads.
Milk and butter milk should replace aerated drinks, as these things have higher nutritional
value than burgers, chips and noodles.
TITLE : Junk food
The modern man is forever busy. In his hurried routine, he prefers to eat junk or fast food which
is prepared and consumed instantly. Junk food contains less minerals, vitamins and proteins, so it
does no good to the body as it lacks nutritional value. Fast food chains are popular worldwide.
People forget that such foods contains little fibre. School and college tuck-shops should sell fresh
food with higher nutritional value
Democracy is often described as the government of the people, for the people and by the
people. It is a social order aiming at the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In a
democracy, people are provided freedom of thought, speech, expression and action. General
elections are held after every five years to form a new government .These elections reflect
the general opinion of the public and the government is formed with some promises meant for
the citizens of the country. Democracy is based on political equality. It means all the citizens
irrespective of caste, creed, religion, race or gender are considered equal before the law and
enjoy equal political rights. In a democratic set up, majority rules, but opinion of minorities is
also given due respect. There is supremacy of law. Law cannot be compromised under any
circumstances. Citizens have both rights and duties. India is the largest democratic country in
the world. It is considered the finest form of government in which every individual above 18
years of age participates consciously in selecting the government. The government’s success
and failure depend upon wisdom, consciousness and vigilance. Education plays an
important role in making the right choices while casting the vote. People come together to

fight against social evils such as illiteracy, poverty and inequality. They must be willing to work
for uplifting all sections of society. People should perform their duties to the nation. They
should have social tolerance and should co-exist amicably.

TITLE : Democracy
Democracy is often described as the government of the people, for the people and by the people.
General elections are held after every five years to form a new government. Democracy is based
on political equality and supremacy of law. Citizens have both rights and duties. The
government’s success and failure depend upon wisdom, consciousness and vigilance. Education
plays an important role in making the right choices while casting the vote. People come together
to fight against social evils for uplifting all sections of society.
An activity or interest pursued for pleasure or relaxation is a hobby. It is an activity which is
performed during one’s own time. Your hobby is something that you do for fun, not for
money. If it earns you money, it’s all the more beneficial. Hobbies can be classified as
indoor hobbies or outdoor hobbies, and collection hobbies or completion hobbies. Usually,
hobbies need devotion. It is something that has to be done systematically, e.g., stamp
collection or playing a musical instrument or playing an outdoor/indoor game. Hobbies require
an active pursuit of an interest that could involve collecting, building or creating something.
The latest mantra is ‘do what you love’. What is better than doing what pleases you? If your
hobby is gardening, why not acquire skills for starting a nursery or growing flowers in pots or
preparing seeds for sale. Having good communication skills, with interest in meeting people and
visiting new places, can help you earn money as a tourist guide or become an event manager. If
you love reading books and have good command over different languages, you can be a good
story teller or even become a Radio Jockey. A fitness enthusiast or a yoga enthusiast can become
a fitness trainer after acquiring the requisite qualification. Other popular hobbies that could
become careers include music and singing, discjockeying, writing editing, acting, modelling or
making videos for ‘YouTube’ etc. A Radio Jockey, a photographer for social events, still
photography or videography can also be very productive hobbies. Passion for cooking can help
you start cooking classes as well as enjoy variety of dishes. The idea of a hobby is to derive
pleasure first and financial gain later.
TITLE : HOBBIES
An activity or interest pursued for pleasure or relaxation is a hobby. Your hobby is something
that you do for fun, not for money. If it earns you money, it’s all the more beneficial. Hobbies
can be classified as indoor hobbies or outdoor hobbies, and collection hobbies or completion
hobbies. Hobbies need devotion. It is something that has to be done systematically Hobbies
require an active pursuit of an interest. The idea of a hobby is to derive pleasure first and
financial gain later.
12 . Write a Precis of the following passage and give it a suitable title.

For a religion to be effective, enthusiasm is necessary. At the same time, we must try to avoid
the danger of multiplying of creeds. We avoid that by being a non-sectarian sect, having all the
advantages of a sect and the broadness of a universal religion. God, though everywhere, can be

known to us in and through human character. No character was ever so perfect as Rama
Krishna’s and that should be the center round which we ought to rally; at the same time allowing
everybody to regard him in his own light, either as God, saviour, teacher, model, a great man just
as he pleases. We preach neither social equality but that every being has same rights, and
insist upon freedom of thought and action in every way. We reject none, neither theist, nor
pantheist, monist, polytheist, agnostic, nor atheist; the only condition of being a disciple is
modelling a character, at once the broadest and the most intense. Nor do we insist upon
particular codes of morality as to conduct, character, eating and drinking, except so as far
as it injures others.
TITLE : RELIGION
For a religion to be effective, enthusiasm is necessary. God, though everywhere, can be known to
us in and through human character. We preach neither social equality but that every being has
same rights . Nor do we insist upon particular codes of morality as to conduct, character, eating
and drinking, except so as far as it injures others.
LETTER WRITING
1.Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to grant you full fee
concession and some monetory help out of the Students’ Aid Fund.
Examination Hall
…………..city
May 20, 20...
The Principal
Government Senior Secondary School
Moga
Subject : Full fee concession.
Sir
My name is Simran. I am in +1A class. My roll no is 16.

My father is a peon. He can not pay my fee.
Kindly grant me full fee concession and some monetory help out of the Students’ Aid Fund.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Simran
XI-A
2. You are Sarita. Your address is 156, Kaarvan Apartments, Sector 11, Panipat. Write an
application to the Principal of your school requesting him remission of fine.
156, Kaarvan Apartments
Sector 11
Panipat.
May 20, 20...
The Principal
Panipat
Subject : Remission of fine.
Sir
My name is Sarita. I am in +1A class. My roll no is 16.
My father is a peon. He can not pay my late fee fine. Kindly grant me remission of fine.

Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Sarita
3. Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to condone the
shortage of lectures in your case.
Examination Hall
…………..city
March 20, 20…..
The Principal
D.A.V. Senior Secondary School
Jalandhar
Subject: To condone the shortage of lectures.
Sir
My mother was ill. I did not come to school for a week. I am short of lectures now. Kindly
condone the shortage of lectures.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Simran

4.Write an application to the Principal for incorporation of change of name in the school
records.
Examination Hall
……………….city
August 20, 20...
The Principal
Bhim Nagar, Moga
Subject : Change of name in school records.
Sir
Kindly change my name from Simran to Simran Gill in school records.
Thanking you.
Your faithfully
Simran
5. Suppose you are Navneet and you are a student of Govt. Senior Secondary School,
Amritsar. Write an application to the Principal of your school requesting him to make
some effective changes in the school library.
Examination Hall
……………….city

August 20, 20...
The Principal
Amritsar
Subject : Changes in the school library.
Sir
My name is Navneet. I am in +1A class. My roll no is 16.
I request you to make some effective changes in the school library.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Navneet
6. Suppose you are Varsha. You live at 110-Officers Colony, Moga Road, Firozpur Cantt.
You have passed your Secondary Board Exams from Govt. Girls Senior School , Firozpur
City. Write an application to the Principal of your school to issue you a testimonial of your
ability and character.
110, Officers Colony
Moga Road
Firozepur Cantt
August 20, 20...

The Principal
Govt. Girls Senior Secondary School
Firozpur City
Subject: Issuing of testimonial.
Sir
My name is Varsha. I am in +1A class. My roll no is 16.
My family is shifting to Moga. Kindly issue me a testimonial of my ability and character.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully.
Varsha
7. Suppose you are Mandeep Randhawa. You live at 1802, Main Bazaar, Abohar. Write a
letter to your Principal requesting him to issue your testimonials/ character certificate.
1802, Main Bazaar
Abohar
March 20, 20…..
The Principal
Govt Sr. Sec School
Abohar
Subject: Issuing of testimonial

Sir
My name is MandeepRandhawa. I am in +1A class. My roll no is 16.
My family is shifting to Moga. Kindly issue me a testimonial/ character certificate.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Robin Singh
8.Suppose you are Shiva. You live at # 1010, Model Town, Bathinda. Write a letter to the
Editor of a newspaper highlighting the evils of begging on the streets in your city.
1010, Model Town
Bathinda
October 2, 20...
The Editor
The Hindu
Chandigarh
Subject : The evil of begging.
Sir
I want to share my ideas about . It is a big problem. It is growing everyday. This problem needs
urgent solution.
Kindly publish my ideas in your news paper.

Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Shiva
9. Imagine you are Harman. You live at # 1802, Grand Avenue, Mohali. Write a letter to
the editor of a newspaper expressing your views on the growing use of unfair means in the
examinations these days.
1802, Grand Avenue
Mohali
September 29, 20.......
The Editor
The Hindu
Chandigarh
Subject : Use of unfair means in the examination
Sir
I want to share my ideas about use of unfair means in the examinations these days.
It is a big problem. It is growing everyday. This problem needs urgent solution.Kindly publish
my ideas in your news paper.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Harman
10. You are Meena. You live at 209, Sector-69, Mohali. Write a letter to the editor of a
newspaper, complaining against the bad conditions of buses in Punjab.

209, Sector -69
Mohali
September 29, 20.......
The Editor
The Hindu
Chandigarh
Subject : The bad conditions of buses in Punjab.
Sir
I want to share my ideas about the bad conditions of buses in Punjab.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Meena
11. You are Suman. You live at 119, Sector-70, Mohali. Write a letter to the editor of a
newspaper, expressing your views on reckless driving.
119, Sector-70
Mohali
September 29, 20.......
The Editor

The Hindu
Chandigarh
Subject : reckless driving
Sir
I want to share my views on reckless driving.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Suman
12. You are Arnab. You live at House No. 92, Model Town, Moga. Write a letter to the
editor of a newspaper, highlighting the evil of eve-teasing and chain snatching.
92, Model Town
Moga
September 29, 20.......
The Editor
The Hindu
Chandigarh
Subject : eve-teasing and chain snatching.

Sir
I want to share my ideas about eve-teasing and chain snatching.
It is a big problem. It is growing everyday. This problem needs urgent solution. Kindly publish
Thanking you
Yours faithfully
Arnab
13. Imagine you are Aman. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper, highlighting the
causes of indiscipline among the students.
63, New Town
Moga
September 29, 20.......
The Editor
The Hindu
Chandigarh
Subject : indiscipline among the students.
Sir
I want to share my ideas about indiscipline among the students.
It is a big problem. It is growing everyday. This problem needs urgent solution. Kindly publish
Thanking you.

Yours faithfully
Aman
14. Suppose you are Ranvijay . You live at # 83, Adarsh Nagar, Khanna. Write a letter to
the Editor of a newspaper for change of name.
83, Adarsh Nagar
Khanna
February 19, 20...
The Editor
The Hindu
Chandigarh
Subject : Change of name.
Sir
Kindly publish the following in your newspaper.
“I change my name from Ranvijay to ‘Ranvijay Singh’ S/o Amar Singh”
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Ranvijay
15. Write a letter to the S.H.O. of your town reporting the loss of your bicycle.
63, New Town

Moga
July 11, 20...
The S.H.O.
Moga
Subject : loss of bicycle.
Sir
My name is Simran. I want to report loss of my bicycle in the main market.
Color – black
Make - Avon
Kindly look into the matter and do the needful.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Simarn
16. You are Rimpy. You live at House No. 65, Model Gram, Ludhiana. Write a letter to the
S.H.O. of your town reporting the loss of your motorcycle.
65, Model Gram
Ludhiana
July 11, 20...

The S.H.O.
Ludhiana
Subject : loss of motorcycle.
Sir
My name is Rimpy. I want to report loss of my motorcycle in the main market.
Color – black
Make – Hero Honda
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Rimpy
17. Imagine you are Mohan. You live at 83, Doon Valley, Dehradun. Write a letter to the
Commissioner of your Municipal Corporation complaining about the insanitary conditions
in your locality.
83, Doon Valley
Dehradoon.
July 11, 20...
The Municipal Commissioner
Dehradoon
Subject : insanitary conditions

Sir
I want to share my ideas aboutthe insanitary conditions in our locality. It is a big problem. It is
growing everyday. This problem needs urgent solution.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Mohan
18. Imagine you are Parth Shinh. You live at # 11 Model Town, Moga. Write a letter to the
Commissioner of your Municipal Corporation complaining about the insanitary conditions
in your locality.
11, Model Town
Moga
October 20, 20…
The Commissioner
Municipal Corporation
Moga
Subject: insanitary conditions in our locality.
Sir
I want to share my ideas about insanitary conditions in our locality. It is a big problem. It is

Yours faithfully
Parth Shinh
19. Write a letter to the Post Master General complaining about the delay in the delivery of
mail sent to you by the postman and asking him to investigate the metter.
63, New Town
Moga
July 11, 20...
The Post Master General
Moga
Subject : delay in the delivery of mail
Sir
I want to share my ideas about delay in the delivery of mail sent to me by the postman It is a
big problem. It is growing everyday. This problem needs urgent solution.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Himalaya
20. Write a letter to the Deputy Commissioner of your district complaining against the use
of loudspeakers in your town.
63, New Town
Moga

July 11, 20...
The Deputy Commissioner
Moga
Subject : use of loudspeakers
Sir
I want to share my ideas about the use of loudspeakers in our town. It is a big problem. It is
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Himalaya
21. Suppose you are Babita. Write a letter to the Deputy Commissioner of your district,
about the flood situation in your area.
63, New Town
Moga
July 11, 20...
Moga

Subject : the flood situation
Sir
I want to share my ideas about the flood situation in our area.It is a big problem. It is growing
everyday. This problem needs urgent solution.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Himalaya
22. You are Himalaya. You live at 118, Motia Apartments, Khanna. Write a letter to the
S.D.O. (Electricity) against frequent breakdown of electricity in your locality.
118, Motia Apartments
Khanna.
July 11, 20...
The S.D.O. (Electricity)
Khanna
Subject : frequent breakdown of electricity
Sir
I want to share my ideas about frequent breakdown of electricity in your locality. It is a big
problem. It is growing everyday. This problem needs urgent solution.
Thanking you.

Yours faithfully
Himalaya
23.Write a letter to the Deputy Commissioner of your district requesting for a park for
children in your city.
63, New Town
Moga
July 11, 20...
Moga
Subject : a park for children
Sir
I want to share my ideas about a park for children in your city. There is no park for children
nearby. This problem needs urgent solution.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Himalaya
24. Imagine you are Himalaya. Write a letter to the Deputy Commissioner of your district,
making out a case for the opening of a dispensary in your area.
63, New Town

Moga
July 11, 20...
Moga
Subject : opening a dispensary
Sir
I want to share my ideas about opening of a dispensary. There is no dispensary nearby. It is a

big problem.This problem needs urgent solution.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Himalaya
25. Imagine you are Manjit. You live at 101, New Town, Mohali. Write a letter to the
Mayor of your town, stressing the need for a public library in your town.
101, New Town
Mohali
July 11, 20...
The Mayor
Mohali

Subject : need for a public library
Sir
I want to share my ideas about the need for a public library in our town. It is a big problem.
There is no library in the town. This problem needs urgent solution.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
Himalaya
E-MAIL WRITING
1. Write an e-mail to your friend informing him why you want him to excuse you for not
attending his birthday party.
To: navdeep@gmail.com
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: Excuse from birthday party
Dear Navdeep
It is your birthday party on Sunday. My mother is not well. So I cannot come to the party.
Happy birthday to you.
Regards
Mandeep
2. Write an e-mail to your friend expressing your condolences on his father's death.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.

Subject: condolences
Dear Navdeep
I am very sorry for your father. Your father was a very good person. May his soul RIP.
Regards
Mandeep
3. Write an e-mail to your friend about the inauguration of the company.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: inauguration of the company.
Dear Navdeep
Please come for the inauguration of my company. The Party is on Sunday at 10am.
Regards
Mandeep
4. Write an e-mail to your new employer thanking him for the interview.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: thank you for the interview.
Dear Navdeep
Thank you for the interview. I will be happy to work for you.
Regards
Mandeep
5. Write an e-mail to your friend inviting him to attend your parents’ marriage
anniversary.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.

Subject: invitation for party
Dear Navdeep
It is my parents’ anniversary on this Sunday. Please come for party at 8:00 pm.
Regards
6. Write an email to a colleague about details of his of salary report.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: salary report
Dear Navdeep
Details of your salary report are ready. Please come to collect.
Regards
Mandeep
7. Write an e-mail to a friend, who had requested you for donations for flood relief camp
being organized for victims.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: donations for flood relief camp
Dear Navdeep
I am sending 5000/- in your account for camp.
Regards
Mandeep
8. Write an e-mail to your school Principal, for issuing a school leaving certificate.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.

Subject: school leaving certificate.
Dear Sir
My name is Mandeep. I am in +2. My family is shifting to Chandigarh. Please issue me school

leaving certificate.
Thank you.
Regards
9. Write an e-mail to your class teacher in the school, asking her for an extension of leave.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: extension of leave.
Dear Sir
My name is Mandeep. My mother is not well. So I can not come to school. Kindly grant me
extension of leave for a week.
Regards
Mandeep
10.Write an e-mail to the supplier, asking for replacement of smart phone.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: replacement of smart phone.
Dear Navdeep
My order was for Oppo F9. But I got Vivo S1. Please replace the phone.
Regards
Parveen
11. Write an e-mail to a friend inviting him for the opening ceremony of your new office.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.

Subject: opening ceremony of my new office.
Dear Navdeep
Please come for opening ceremony of my new office. The Party is on Sunday at 10am.
Regards
Mandeep
12. Write an e-mail to your colleague informing about the change in schedule of meeting
with client.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: change in schedule of meeting
Dear Navdeep
There is change in schedule of meeting with Mr. Raman. It is on Friday at 10 am.
Regards
Mandeep
13. Write an e-mail to the Principal, requesting her to procure books for the school library.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: books for the school library
Dear Madam
The new syllabus books for +2 are not there in the library. Kindly procure some new books for
the library.
Regards
Mandeep
14. Write an e-mail to your younger sister, asking her to come home from the hostel on the
weekend.

Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: come home on the weekend.
Dear Navdeep
It is your birthday on Sunday. So come home on the weekend for party.
Regards
Mandeep
15. Write an e-mail to your colleague, about the recent changes in the Sales policy of your
company.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: changes in the Sales policy
Dear Navdeep
There are changes in the sales policy of the company. It will be implemented from June 1, 2019.
Regards
Mandeep
16. Write an e-mail to your father, requesting him to transfer some money in your account
so that you can clear the dues before final exams.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: transfer some money
Dear Papa
I need 2000/- so that I can clear the dues before final exams.
Regards
Mandeep

17. Write an e-mail to a friend, requesting her to help you in preparing an important
presentation for a big client.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: request for help
Dear Navdeep
I request you to help me in preparing presentation for Mr. Raman Regards
Mandeep
18. Write an e-mail, asking for replacement of a faulty Headphone set delivered to you.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: replacement of Headphone set
Dear sir
The headphone set you sent is faulty. Please replace it.
19. Write an e-mail to your purchase department head about the immediate steps to be
taken to check the shortage of supplies of spare parts at your location.
Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject:
Dear Navdeep
Spare parts at my location are always short. Some immediate steps must be taken to check the
shortage of supplies of spare parts at my location.
Regards
Mandeep
20. Suppose you are Tegh. Write an e-mail to Gurbir, your friend, asking him to join you
for dinner at your home on the weekend.
To: gurbir@gmail.com

Date: May 15, 2019 10:00 a.m.
Subject: Join for dinner
Dear Gurbir
It is my birthday on Sunday. So join me for dinner at me home on the weekend.
Regards
Tegh
TRANSLATION
He is my friend. auh myrw im`qr hY[

I am a player. mYN ie`k iKfwrI hW[
You are right. qusI TIk ho[
They were clever. auh clwk sn[
Amit was my student. Aimq myrw ividAwrQI sI[
He was not a writer. auh lyKk nhIN hY[
We are not in a hurry. swnMU jldI nhIN hY[
I am not a leader. mYN nyqw nhIN hW[
I was not dishonest. mYN byeImwn nhIN sI[
Is Shama a miser? kI SmW kMjUs hY?
Is Manjeet honest? kI mnjIq iemwndwr hY?
Were you right? kI qusIN shI sI?
Were the boys happy? kI lVky KuS sn?
The children were not unhappy. b`cy duKI nhIN sn[
He is hungry. auh BùKw hY[
I am a poet. mYN kvI hW[
We should go for a walk daily. swnUM hr roj sYr krnI cwhIdI hY[
They were not corrupt. auh iBRSt nhIN sn[
This house is not on sale. ieh mkwn ivkwaU nhIN hY[
Raj was not a farmer. rwj ikswn nhIN sI[
Is it 10 o’clock? kI ds v`jy hn?
Is your father wealthy? kI quhwfy ipqw jI AmIr hn?

Is it a thorough fare? kI ieh Awm rsqw hY?
Honesty is the best policy. iemwndwrI sB qoN au`qm nIqI hY[
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

Punjabi – vwk dy AMq iv`c - dw hY, dI hY, dy hn
English- V1 Or do +V1 (with plural)
V1 +s/es Or does+V1 (with singular)
The students play in the ground ividAwrQI hr roj mYdwn iv`c Kyfdy
everyday. hn[
I respect my parents from the core mY Awpxy mwqw-ipqw dw idloN siqkwr
of my heart. krdw hW[
Satjot studies in D.A.V. College sqjoq fPI.ey.vI. kwlj jlMDr ivKy
Jalandhar. pVHdw hY[
The principal takes a round during ipRMsIpl A`DI Cu`tI dy smyN skUl dw
recess. c`kr lgwauNdw hY[
We obey the traffic rules. AsIN sVk dy inXmW dw pwlx krdy
hW[
Sita does not go to market with her sIqw Awpxy Brw nwl bwjwr nhI
brother. jWdIhY[
You don’t like me. qusIO mYnUM psMd nhI krdy ho[
The students do not shirk studies A`j-k`lH ividAwrQI pVHweI qoN jI
these days. nhI curwauNdy hn[
She does not pay any attention to auh myry v`l iblkul iDAwn nhI
me. idMdI hY[
He does not know how to knead auh Awtw guMnHxw nhI jwxdw hY[
flour.
Do you live in a rented house? kI qusI ikrwey dy mkwn iv`c rihMd
yho?
Does the teacher punish the kI AiDAwpk ividAwrQIAW nUM sjw
students? idMdw hY?

Does she not knit sweater? kI auh svYtr nhI buxdI hY?
Do we go to play in the evening? kI AsI Swm nUM Kyfx jWdy hW?
Does grandfather go to temple kI dwdw jI roz mMidr jWdy hn?
everyday?
PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

Punjabi – vwk dy AMq iv`c – Aw, eI, ey
English- V2 or Did + V1
I bought a new car the day before mYN prso nvIN kwr KrIdI[
yesterday.
She forgot her purse at home. auh Awpxw prs Gr Bùl geI[
You insulted me in the presence of qusIN myry dosqW swhmxy mYnUM
my friends. Apmwinq kIqw[
Rajiv clicked a beautiful rwjIv ny bhuq suMdr qsvIr iK`cI[
photograph.
The spy betrayed his country. jwsUs ny Awpxy dyS nwl gdwrI
kIqI[
She/He handed over the receipt to ausny mYnUM rsId PVw id`qI[
me.
The watchman did not bolt the cONkIdwr ny drvwjy dI kuMfI nhIN
door. lgweI[
The teacher did not give the test. AiDAwpk ny tYst nhIN ilAw[
We did not receive a warm swnUM in~Gw svwgq nhIN imilAw[
welcome.
She did not know how to peel auh Adrk iC`lxw nhIN jwxdI[
ginger.
The mother did not fold the bed mwqw jI ny cwdr qih nhIN kIqI[
sheet.
Did he talk about me? kI ausny myrw ijkr kIqw?
Did you go there yesterday? kI qusIN k`l au`Qy gey?
Did the Chief Minister hoist the kI mùK mMqrI ny JMfw lihrwieAw?
flag?
Did you not collect fine from him? kI qusIN ausqoN jurmwnw nhIN ilAw?
Did the chef serve the food? kI Kwnswmy ny Kwxw proisAw?
FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE

Punjabi – vwk dy AMq iv`c – gw, gy, gI
English – Will /shall +v1
The guests will take food at home mihmwx rotI Gr hI Kwxgy[
only.
He will complete the work by auh mMglvwr q`k kMm Kqm kr
Tuesday. lvygw[
My father will pay my debt. myry ipqw jI myrw krjw cukwauxgy[
She will definitely deceive you. auh jrUr quhwnUM DoKw dyvygI[
The wrestler will win the pihlvwn kuSqI ij`q lvygw[
fight/bout.
I will not disappoint you. mYN quhwnUM inrwS nhIN krWgw[
We shall not complain against AsIN quhwfI iSkwieq nhIN krWgy[
you.
The maid will not wash the kMmvwlI brqn swP nhIN krygI[
utensils.
We shall keep our surroundings AsIN Awpxw cOigrdw swP r`KWgy[
clean.
The students will not litter the ividAwrQI AwpxI jmwq iv`c gMd
class. nhIN pwauxgy
Will you appear in the interview kIqusIN k`l ieMtrivaU iv`c Swiml
tomorrow? hovogy?
Shall we go to mountains this kI AsIN ies swl phwVW iv`c
year? jwvWgy?
Will you prepare the bill today? kI qusIN A~j ib`l bxw lvogy?
Will he ever learn how to speak? kI ausnUM kdy bolx dw qrIkw
Awvygw?
Will she prepare tea for us? kI auh swfy leI cwh bxwvygI?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Punjabi – vwk dy AMq iv`c – irhw hY, rhI hY, rhy hn
English – is/am/are +V1+ing
The leader is beating about the nyqw jI ie`Dr au`Dr dIAW g`lW mwr
bush. rhy hn[
She is wringing out the towel. auh qolIAw incoV rhI hY[
Ramesh is preparing for his next rmyS Awpxy k`l dy iemiqhwn dI
day’s exam. iqAwrI kr irhw hY
The teacher is motivating us to do AiDAwpk swnUM cMgy kMm krn leI
good deeds. pRyirq kr irhw hY[
The father is ironing the clothes. ipqwjI k`pVy iesqrI kr rhy hn[
She is not listening to me. auh myrI g`l nhI sux rhI hY[
Children are not walking in a b`cy kqwr iv`c nhIN c`l rhy hn[
queue.
I am not doubting your mYN quhwfI kwblIAq qy S`k nhIN kr
competence. irhw hW[
The judge is not delivering the j`j shI PYslw nhI dy irhw hY[
right verdict
The politicians are not befooling rwjnyqw swnUM mUrK nhI bxw rhy hn[
us.
Are you avoiding me? kI qusIN mYnUM njrAMdwj kr rhy ho?
Is the officer exploiting the kI APsr mulwjmW dw SoSx kr irhw
employees? hY?
Is he not receiving my call? kI auh myrw Pon nhI cu`k irhw hY?
Are you sitting in the sun? kI qusIN Du`py bYTy ho?
Is he bringing his luggage along kI auh Awpxw smwn nwl ilAw irhw
with him? hY?
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Punjabi – vwk dy AMq iv`c – irhw sI, rhI sI, rhy sn
English – was/were +V1+ing
He was making fun of me. auh myrw mjwk aufw irhw sI[
She was combing her hair in front auh SISy swhmxy Awpxy vwl vwh rhI
of the mirror. sI[
My mother was giving me a piece jdoN qusIN Pon kIqw myry mwqw jI mYnUM
of advice when you called me up. slwh dy rhy sn
The child was trying to befool his b`cw Awpxy ipqw nUM mUrK bnwaux dI
father. koiSS kr irhw sI[
Bholi was not arguing with her BolI Awpxy ipqw jI nwl bihs nhI
father. kr rhI sI[
The musician was not composing sMgIqkwr ie`k nvIN Dun nhI bxw
a new tune. irhw sI [
Ram Lal was not worrying about rwm lwl AwpxI DI dI icMqw nhI kr
his daughter. irhw sI[
The child was not crying. b`cw ro nhI irhw sI[
The host was not serving food to myjbwn mihmwn nUM Kwxw nhI pros
the guest. irhw sI[
Were you trying to defend him? kI qusIN auhdy bcwau dI koiSS kr rhy
sI?
Was the principal attesting the kI ipRMsIpl auh smyN kwgj qsdIk
papers at that time? kr irhw sI?
Was Ramesh apologizing for his kI aus smyN rmyS AwpxI glqI leI
mistake at that time? mwPI mMg irhw sI?
Was the child relishing the food jdoN mYN ausnUM bulwieAw, qW kI b`cw
when I called him? Bojn dw AwnMd mwn irhw sI?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Punjabi – vwk dy AMq iv`c – irhw hovygw, rhI hovygI, rhy hoxgy
English – will/shall be +V1+ing
He will be working in a bank next auh Agly swl bYNk iv`c nOkrI kr
year. irhw hovygw[
We shall be preparing for our AsIN Awpxy iemiqhwn dI iqAwrI kr
examination. rhy hovWgy[
The gardener will be watering the aus smyN mwlI buitAW nUM pwxI dy irhw

plants at that time. hovygw[
The sun will be setting when I mYN jdoN Gr pu`jwgW sUrj Asq ho irhw
reach home. hovygw[
We shall not be resting when you jdoN qusIN swnMU imlx Awaugy, AsIN
visit us. Awrwm nhIN kr rhy hovWgy[
He will not be taking dinner jdoN qusIN ausdy Gr jwaugy, auh rwq
when you go to his house. dw Kwxw nhIN Kw irhw hovygw[
We shall not be staying there for AsIN ie`k hPqy q`k au`Qy nhIN rih rhy
a week. hovWgy[
It will not be raining then. qd aùQy bwirS nhIN ho rhI hovygI[
Will it not be raining there then? kI qd aùQy bwirS nhIN ho rhI hovygI?
Will the students be standing in jdoN qusIN Kyf dy mYdwn iv`c pu`jogy, kI
the queues when you reach the ividAwrQI kqwrW iv`c KVyH hoxgy?
playground?
Will the trees be shedding off its kI isqMbr iv`c dr`KqW dy p~qy JV
leaves in September? rhy hoxgy?
Will the police be chasing the kI klH svyry s~q vjy puils cor dw
thief at 7a.m. tomorrow? ip~Cw kr rhI hovygI?
Obey your elders. 2Awpxy vìfAW dI AwigAw dw pwlx
kro
Beware of pickpockets. 3.jyb kqirAW qoN bco
Let him go. 4.ausnUM jwx idau[
Hurry up. 5.jldI kro
Don’t trouble me. 1.mYnUM qMg nw kro[
Do not make fun of the poor. 2 grIb dw mjwk nw aufwau
Do not spread rumours. 3.APvwhW nw PYlwau[
Do not backbite anyone. 4.iksy dI cuglI nw kro[
Do not talk nonsense. 5.bkvws nw kro[
Do not walk barefooted. 1.nMgy pYr nw c`lo[
Take care of your health. 2.AwpxI ishq dw iKAwl r`Ko[

Do not waste your time. 3.smW brbwd nw kro[
Make proper use of your time. 4.smyN dw shI iesqymwl kro[
Keep to the left. 5K`by h`Q c`lo[
Call the police. 6.puils nUM bulwau[
Do practice. 7.AiBAws kro[
Do your work yourself. 8Awpxw kMm Awp kro[
Take care. 9.Awpxw iDAwn r`Ko[
Work hard. 10.imhnq kro[
The sun has set. 1.sUrj fu`b igAw hY[
A light breeze has started 2.hlkI ijhI hvw c`lxI SurU ho geI
blowing. hY
Many people have gathered 3.bhuq swry lok stySn dy bwhr
outside the station. iek`Ty ho gey sn[
I want this book. 4.mYnUM ieh ikqwb cwhIdI hY[
Geography is my favourite 5.BUgol myrw psMdIdw ivSw hY[
subject.
I have got late for the school. 6.mYnUM skUl phuMcx iv`c dyr ho geI
hY[
She will remain awake till you 7.jd q`k qusIN khogy,auh jwgdI rhygI
ask.
The gardner is watering the 8.mwlI poidAW nUM pwxI dy irhw hY[
plants.
It is a very interesting story. 9.ieh bhuq hI idlcsp khwxI hY[
He may come today. 10.auh Swied A`j Aw jwvy[
He can work continuously for 1.auh keI GMty lgwqwr kMm kr skdw
many hours. hY[
Rekha is my favourite actor. 2.ryKw myrI mnBwauNdI AiBnyqrI hY[
Smoking is injurious to health. 3.isgryt pIxw ishq leI hwnIkwrk
hY[
He is an orphan. 4.auh AnwQ hY[
Dowery system is a curse on 5.dhyj dI pRQw smwj au`pr ie`k klMk

society. hY[
She is elder to me in age. 6.auh aumr iv`c myry qoN v`fI hY[
There is no love lost between the 7.donoN BrwvW dI Awps iv`c nhIN
two brothers. bxdI[
Haridwar is the most famous 8.hirduAwr Bwrq dw sB qoN pRis`D
pilgrimage of India. qIrQ sQwn hY[
Dr. A.P.J. Kalam is a world level 9.fw. ey pI jy Abdul klwm ie`k
orator. ivSv p`DrI vkqw sn[
India is at second level in terms 10.jnsMiKAw iv`c Bwrq ivSv iv`c
of population in the world. dUjy sQwn qy hY[
He is a good artist. 1.auh ie`k vDIAw klwkwr hY[
The sun is very bright today. 2.A`j Du`p bhuq qyj hY[
Don’t you trust me. 3.kI quhwnUM myry au`pr Brosw nhIN?
The judge issued bail to him. 4.j`j ny ausnUM jmwnq dy id`qI hY[
Barking dogs seldom bite. 5.jo g`jdy hn auh v`sdy nhI[
He is making a fool of you. 6.auh quhwfw au`lU iKc irhw hY[
Never invite curse of the poor. 7.grIb dI bdduAw kdy nw lau[
This road has not been repaired. 8.ies sVk dI murMmq nhIN kIqI
geI[
As you sow, so shall you reap. 9.ijhw krogy iqhw Brogy[
Should I wiat for you? 10.kI mYN quhwfw ieMqjwr krW?
Dengue is spreading in the city. 1.Sihr iv`c fYNgU PYl irhw hY[
What is happening there? 2.au`Qy kI ho irhw?
Unity is strength. 3.eykqw iv`c bl hY[
Satisfaction in life is a bliss. 4.jIvn iv`c sMquStI vI ie`k vrdwn
hY[
The whole essay was by heart to 5.ausnUM swrw lyK jubwnI Xwd sI[
him.
Cleanliness is a good habit. 6.swP-sPweI krnw ie`k cMgI Awdq
hY[
Why is the child crying? 7.b`cw ikauN ro irhw hY?

To keep the surroundings clean is 8.vwqwvrx swP r`Kxw hr nwgirk dw
every citizen’s duty. Prj hY[
The patient is getting better. 9.rogI dI hwlq ibhqr ho rhI hY[

Education gives man wisdom. 10.ivìdAw mnu`K nUM soJI idMdI hY[
He is hard nut to crack. 1.auh tyFI KIr hY[
Concentrate on your studies. 2.pVHweI iv`c Awpxw mn lgwau[
Do you help the poor? 3.kI qusIN grIbW dI mdd krdy ho[
I will not be able to pocket this 4.mYN ieh Apmwn nUM sihx nhIN kr
insult. skWgw[
Is travelling by air safe? 5.kI hvweI Xwqrw surìKAq hY?
I hugged him. 6.mYN ausnUM gly lgw ilAw[
Why is his tongue so sharp? 7.ausdI jubwn ieMnI ikauN cldI hY?
It was very cold night. 8.auh rwq bhuq TMfI sI[
You are endangering your future. 9.qusIN Awpxw Biv`K Kqry iv`c pw rhy
ho[
It was pitch dark outside. 10.bwhr Gu`p hnyrw sI[
DETERMINERS
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate article, a, an, or the, or leave the space blank if no article is
needed.
Exercise 1
. I want _______ apple from that basket. 1. an
2. _______ church on the corner is progressive. 2. The
3. Miss Lin speaks _______ Chinese. 3. no article needed
4. I borrowed _______ pencil from your pile of pencils and pens. 4. a
5. One of the students said, “ _______ professor is late today.” 5. the
6. Ali likes to play _______ volleyball. 6. no article needed
7. I bought _______ umbrella to go out in the rain. 7. an
8. My daughter is learning to play _______ violin at her school. 8. the
9. Please give me _______ cake that is on the counter. 9. the
10. I lived on _______ Main Street when I first came to town. 10. no article
needed
Exercise 2 (Unsolved)
1. Albany is the capital of _______ New York State. 1. no article needed

2. My husband’s family speaks _______ Polish. 2. no article needed
3. _______ apple a day keeps the doctor away. 3. An
4. _______ ink in my pen is red. 4. The
5. Our neighbours have _______ cat and _______ dog. 5. a, a
6. He is _______ idiot. 6. an
7. You are doing _______ good job. 7. a
8. It is _______ rotten plum. 8. a
9. This is _______ used fork. 9. a
10. _______ historian writes history books. 10. no article needed
Exercise 3
1. He is _______ honest man. 1. an
2. It was _______ horrible movie. 2. a.
3. We went for _______ opera show at Sydney Opera House. 3. an
4. Spanish is _______ easy language. 4. an
5. Their car does 100 miles _______ hour. 5. an
6. Mathura is _______ holy city. 6. a
7. Cactus is _______ thorny plant. 7. a
8. Which is _______ longest tunnel in the world? 8. the
9. _______ honourable discharge is every employee’s right. 9. An
10. He is _______ intelligent man. 10. an
Exercise 4
1. It is _______ big table. 1. a
2. There is _______ stairway in the lobby. 2. a
3. Give me _______ paper clip. 3. a
4. Dog is _______ faithful animal. 4. a
5. I have _______ unusual feeling. 5. an
6. We saw _______ interesting movie. 6. an
7. He won _______ early bird prize in the party. 7. an
8. It was _______ daring idea. 8. a
9. _______ sun rises in the east. 9. The
10. We gave away _______ prizes. 10. the
Exercise 5
1. The brick hit him in _______ face. 1. the
2. He went _______ home. 2. No article needed
3. She is going to _______ cinema. 3. the
4. _______ idea can change your life. 4. An
5. _______ higher you go _______ cooler it is. 5. The, the
6. Southall is _______ Punjab of England. 6. the
7. He is _______ most intelligent child of the family. 7. the
8. _______ umbrella is _______ useful thing. 8. An, a
9. He has _______ soft corner for the poor. 9. a
10. I gave him _______ hundred rupee note. 10. a

Exercise 6
1. I bought _______ pair of shoes. 1. a
2. He gave me _______ beautiful gift. 2. a
3. I have _______ one-rupee note. 3. a
4. He is _______ senior teacher. 4. a
5. Have you read _______ Bible? 5. the
6. P.K. Shinh is _______ M.A. 6. an
7. It is _______ best he could do. 7. the
8. She is _______ N.C.C. officer. 8. an
9. It was _______ pleasant day. 9. a
10. He is _______ cowardly person. 10. a
Exercise 7
1. She has _______ headache. 1. a
2. I have got _______ cold. 2. a
3. What is on _______ radio tonight? 3. the
4. This is _______ historical moment. 4. an
5. He has _______ few friends in his class. 5. a
6. He is studying in _______ European university. 6. a
7. He is _______ worst player of the team. 7. the
8. Rose is _______ taller of the two sisters. 8. the
9. He is _______ great comedian. 9. a
10. Wordsworth wrote poems about _____ nature. 10. no article
needed
Exercise 8
1. New York is _______ big city. 1. a
2. _______ cow is _______ useful animal. 2. The , a
3. Honesty is _______ best policy. 3. the
4. France is _______ great country. 4. a
5. The sun rises in _______ east. 5. the
6. I saw him when he was _______ child. 6. a
7. Who has not seen _______ tiger? 7. a
8. _______ milk is very nutritious. 8. no article needed
9. Man is after all _______ animal. 9. an
10. How beautiful _______ stars are! 10. the
Exercise 9
1. God has created _______ universe. 1. the
2. Gold is _______ precious metal. 2. a
3. Kalidasa is _______ Shakespeare of India. 3. the
4. This is _______ best book I have ever read. 4. the
5. _______ cat killed _______ rat. 5. The, the
6. _______ cat is on _______ roof. 6. The, the
7. Mahatma Gandhi was _______ great leader of India. 7. a
8. The stone hit me on _______ head. 8. the

9. John is _______ smallest boy in the class but Peter is ___biggest. 9. the, the
10. I would like to buy _______ pair of stockings and _____ couple of 10. a, a
shirts.
Exercise 10
1. Many _______ flower is born to blush unseen. 1. a
2. He is _______ Newton of his age. 2. the
3. I admire _______ wisdom of Solomon. 3. the
4. _______ whole class will participate in the programme. 4. The
5. _______ Himalayas protect the plains of India from the cold winds of the 5. The
North. 6. an
6. I watched _______ interesting film yesterday. 7. a
7. I bought _______ laptop for my daughter. 8. The
8. _______ laptop that I bought for my daughter was very expensive. 9. the
9. My daughter didn’t like _______ laptop I gave her. She said that it was 10. a
too big for her.
10. So, I got it exchanged for _______ smaller model.
Exercise 11
1. She absolutely loved _______ new model. 1. the
2. My son has been asking for _______ smart phone for a while. 2. a
3. He was _______ only child of his parents. 3. the
4. Siddhartha was _______ kind-hearted prince. 4. a
5. His parents shielded him from _______ miseries of _______ world. 5. no article needed,
6. Sri Lanka is _______ island country in _______ Indian Ocean. the
7. I prefer _______ mountains to the seaside. 6. an, the
8. We went to _______ same school. 7. the
9. My brother is going out with _______ Chinese girl. 8. the
10. I am looking forward to being _______ grandmother. 9. a
10. a
Exercises 12
1. Have they got _______ matches? 1. any
2. He used his shoe as _______ hammer. 2. a
3. Harsh fed _______ dogs. 3. his/these
4. There are _______ children in the park. 4. no/many/some/a few
5. Who invented _______ telephone? 5. the
6. He is _______ oldest in his family. 6. the
7. They met _______ nice Asian girls on holiday. 7. many/some/ a few
8. I think there is _______ ice cream in the fridge. 8. an/some/a little
9. Let us go and bathe in _______ river. 9. the/that
10. Have you seen _______ Red Fort? 10. the
Exercise 13
1. Have you got _______ English friends? 1. any
2. No, I haven’t got _______ English friends. 2. any

3. But I have _______ English penfriends. 3. some
4. He has _______ friends at all. 4. no
5. She has _______ close friend. They spend all their time together. 5. a
6. Would you like _______ more orange juice? 6. some
7. I have hardly _______ money left. 7. any
8. I never have _______ luck with the lottery. 8. any
9. Have you got _______ money? 9. any
10. Yes, I’ve got _______ 10. some
Exercise 14 (Solved)
1. There are _______ animals in this zoo. 1. many / some
2. He is _______ man of _______ words. 2. a, few
3. How _______ milk do you need? 3. much
4. _______ time has passed now. 4. Much
5. He is _______ same boy who cheated me. 5. the
6. Is there _______ water in the glass? 6. any
7. _______ he and his brother passed the exam. 7. Both
8. He can write with _______ hand. 8. either
9. _______ people would be cruel to the blind. 9. Few
10. I shall finish _______ novel within two days. 10. this
Exercise 15
1. I always keep _______ pen in my pocket. 1. a
2. He has _______ good habits. 2. many
3. She wants the advice of _______ doctor. 3. a
4. She fell to _______ ground. 4. the
5. The bullet hit on _______ spot. 5. the
6. _______ path of duty leads to glory. 6. The
7. He is _______ author of great versatility. 7. the
8. He gave up _______ evil ways to attain salvation. 8. his
9. Unemployment has been increasing at _______ alarming rate. 9. an
10. Keep the enemy at _______ arm’s length. 10. a
Exercise 16
1. He is _______ Indian Muslim. 1. an
2. She wrote _______ letter quickly. 2. the
3. She threw her arms round _______ baby. 3. her
4. I have _______ expectations from anyone. 4. no
5. I think of _______ Ganges. 5. the
6. _______ list of new books has been released. 6. A
7. He is _______ international Grandmaster of Chess. 7. an
8. He tore away _______ resignation letter. 8. his
9. Singing is _______ passion. 9. my
10. _______ road leads to Srinagar. 10. This
Exercise 17
1. I have _______ relatives in this town. 1. no/some /many /few

2. An umbrella is _______ useful thing. 2. a
3. I have got _______ rice. 3. some
4. You can find _______ wild animals in Rajaji National Park. 4. many
5. _______ of _______ rare books have been destroyed by foreign 5. Many, the
invaders. 6. the/ his
6. He has lost all _______ money in gambling. 7. any
7. I do not have _______ extra dress for the evening party. 8. all
8. Everybody should respect _______ religions. 9. a
9. I purchased _______ new house. 10. my
10. Painting is _______ profession.
Exercise 18
1. Where shall I send _______ packet? 1. this
2. He sat on _______ seat beside his bed. 2. the
3. Sudha knew _______ languages. 3. many
4. Hassan lost _______ sympathy the teacher had for him. 4. the little
5. How _______ money does he need? 5. much
6. _______ the papers were lying on the floor. 6. All
7. There was hardly _______ effort by Hassan to overcome his bad 7. any
habits. 8. many
8. We have _______ things to finish before we go. 9. the
9. I had to take _______ responsibility. 10. many
10. The big hall has _______ windows
Exercise 19
1. How many students were there in _______ class? 1. the
2. She is proud of _______ culinary skills. 2. her
3. Philip was _______ great violinist. 3. a
4. He did not make _______ mistake in the final match. 4. any
5. Do you need _______ further information on this issue? 5. any
6. How _______ cups of tea do you take daily? 6. many
7. No part of _______ ashes should be retained. 7. these
8. We have _______ spare cash to be distributed. 8. some
9. He handed _______ cup to Socrates. 9. a
10. Did you hear _______ noise? 10. any
Exercise 20
1. He always keeps _______ money in his wallet for emergencies. 1. some
2. _______ sun sets in the west. 2. The
3. The doctor advised me to eat _______ apple every morning. 3. an
4. There aren’t _______ students in the library. 4. any
5. I haven’t got _______ pictures in my bedroom. 5. any
6. She gave a cookie to _______ child. 6. each
7. I’ve got to solve _______ math problems before I go to sleep. 7. some/these
8. (With a bowl of cherries on your lap) _______ cherries are delicious! 8. these
9. My mother doesn’t drink _______ coffee. 9. much

10. Could you bring me _______ books I left in the garden? 10. the
Exercise 21
1. I am a man of _______ words. 1. a few
2. _______ hobby is a must for proper use of time. 2. A
3. _______ idle man’s mind is a devil’s workshop. 3. An
4. There is hardly _______ person who doesn’t have a hobby. 4. any
5. You have many pens but _______ works well. 5. none
6. There are _______ horses in this stable. 6. many
7. She wasted _______ money she had. 7. the little
8. Wait for me in _______ hall . 8. the
9. I want _______ sugar in my coffee. 9. a little
10. _______ friends he has , love him. 10. The few
Exercise 22
1. I caught the thief by _______ neck. 1. the
2. I get up early in _______ morning. 2. the
3. _______ people are living in slums in Mumbai. 3. Many
4. _______ the dirty linen has been washed. 4. All
5. _______ students were absent today. 5. Some
6. One must keep _______ promise. 6. one’s
7. My father is _______ advocate. 7. an
8. _______ Seeta and Geeta ran the race. 8. Both
9. Children should respect _______ elders. 9. their
10. He is a gentleman. I like _______ behaviour. 10. his
Exercise 23
1. I have _______ enemies. 1. no
2. _______ person must get the share. 2. Each
3. He gave me all _______ clothes he had. 3. the
4. Rabindra Nath Tagore has written _______ great poems. 4. many
5. I have done _______ best. 5. the
6. The police could not find _______ lost Bike. 6. the
7. He recites _______ Gita every morning. 7. the
8. He has committed _______ crimes. 8. many
9. I have made _______ friends in a short span of time. 9. many
10. Do you have _______ change in your purse? 10. any
Exercise 24
1. I have read _______ books written by Graham Greene. 1. many
2. _______ player was given a medal. 2. Each
3. Both the books are not expensive. You can buy _______ of them. 3. either
4. There is _______ hope of his survival. 4. little
5. He can take _______ dress he likes. 5. any
6. We do not expect _______ mercy from him. 6. any
7. Will you lend me _______ money? 7. some

8. Miss Keller learnt _______ new words that day. 8. many
9. How _______ money do you want? 9. much
10. _______ plant is dying. 10. That
Exercise 25
1. He tried to save _______ boy. 1. the
2. It makes _______ flesh crawl to hear you. 2. my
3. There is _______ end to it. 3. no
4. I am not in favour of _______ religious ceremonies. 4. any
5. What is _______ matter with your tooth? 5. the
6. She toils up _______ hill. 6.the
7. She sank into _______ chair. 7. The
8. I waited for him for _______ while. 8. a
9. _______ unity and diversity of India is its strength. 9. The
10. Thin men are _______ divers. 10.the
Exercise 26
1. Let’s go for _______ walk. 1. a
2. I must sign _______ Will. 2. the
3. Why couldn’t you have come _______ day earlier? 3. a
4. _______ type of life lasted for ten years. 4. This
5. Pasteur released _______ saliva into a tube. 5. the
6. I covered _______ face and wept. 6. my
7. What is _______ strange outcry? 7. this
8. She asked her friend to lend _______ money. 8. some
9. It is _______ opinion that these birds are mad. 9. my
10. In _______ seconds she put down her head. 10. a few
Exercise 27
1. _______ book is useful to me. 1. This
2. There is not _______ coffee in the mug. 2. much
3. That is _______ pen. 3. my
4. _______ police was called to help. 4. The
5. We need _______ more water today. 5. some
6. They had taken _______ milk that day. 6. more
7. _______ dress do you like? 7. Which
8. Give me _______ curd. 8. some
9. _______ child likes chocolates. 9. Every
10. He stood _______ in the class. 10. first
Exercise 28
1. He has done you _______ harm. 1. no
2. His father is _______ M.P. 2. an
3. English is _______ universal language. 3. a
4. Do you still get _______ message from him? 4. any
5. He is _______ honest officer. 5. an

6. Jack and Jill went up _______ hill. 6. the
7. _______ were drowned. 7. All
8. _______ milk was spilt. 8. Some
9. _______ can do it if they try. 9. Anybody
10. _______ of these roads leads to the airport. 10. Either
Exercise 29
1. _______ fool can do that. 1. Only
2. _______ took it in turn. 2. He
3. _______ of the accusations is true. 3. Some
4. It was _______ festival of spring. 4. the
5. He hurried towards _______ friends. 5. his
6. Nehru has been attached to _______ Ganga. 6. the
7. I had left home without _______ money in my pocket. 7. any
8. May I ask _______ one to tea? 8. any
9. Then _______ noise was repeated. 9. the
10. There is _______ time for Spain to choose from. 10.no
Exercise 30
1. He returned _______ books after reading. 1. my
2. They gave the children _______ toys. 2. many
3. He liked _______ shirt that I gave him. 3.the
4. It was _______ bitterly cold night. 4. a
5. We were sitting on _______ deck of the launch. 5. a
6. They were carrying water on _______ heads. 6. their
7. I glanced at _______ watch. 7. my
8. You must take _______ dog out. 8. your
9. Everyone seemed to be in _______ hurry. 9. a
10. There were still _______ questions unanswered. 10. many
Exercise 31
1. I have _______ axe. 1. an
2. Please give me _______ fruit to eat. 2. some
3. He wrote _______ essay. 3. an
4. There are _______ people whom I know in this town. 4. many
5. December is _______ last month of _______ year. 5. the, the
6. _______ Adi Granth is a sacred book of _______ Sikhs. 6. The, the
7. She is as pure as _______ angel. 7. an
8. Children were happy to see _______ elephant. 8. an
9. Kashi is _______ holy city. 9. a
10. Failures are_______ pillars of success. 10. the
Exercise 32
1. _______ team won the Kabbaddi finals in 2014? 1. Which
2. He applied for _______ job. 2. a
3. There were _______ people at the platform. 3. many

4. The old man gave all _______ clothes he had. 4. the
5. Only _______ friends were invited for my birthday party. 5. a few
6. He bought _______ bananas. 6. some
7. How _______ butter do you need? 7. much
8. He could take _______ of the dresses. 8. all
9. There were _______ children in the ground. 9. many
10. He could not finish _______ homework. 10. his
Exercise 33
1. How _______ money did he steal? 1. much
2. On Sundays, there is not _______ traffic on this road. 2. much
3. He has spilt _______ ink on his new dress. 3. a little
4. There is too _______ sugar in Coca Cola. 4. much
5. It rained heavily. Only _______ students came to school. 5. a few
6. She has not given _______ response so far. 6. any
7. Are you proud of _______ beauty? 7. your
8. He bought _______ new car. 8. a
9. Have you drawn _______ new sketch? 9. any
10. Is there _______ milk left in the glass? 10. any
Exercise 34
1. Can you bring me _______ glass of water? 1. A
2. _______ can I help you? 2. How
3. I have not seen _______ movie in the past one month. 3. Any
4. Please show me _______ new prints. 4. Some
5. _______ shops are newly built. 5. These
6. Dashrath had _______ sons. 6. Four
7. He was _______ to none. 7. Second
8. Do you have _______ work to do now? 8. Any
9. Ravi is _______ smarter of the two. 9. The
10. _______ the Kaurvas were killed. 10. All
Exercise 35
1. He said he would have _______ milk. 1. some
2. He is leading _______ group of volunteers. 2. a
3. Have you read _______ these books? 3. all
4. Very _______ politicians are honest these days. 4. few
5. Shiv Batalvi is _______ Keats of Punjabi poetry. 5. the
6. The Muslims bury _______ dead. 6. their
7. He removed _______ hat on entering the main hall. 7. his
8. Is _______ statement correct? 8. this
9. He takes his medicine thrice _______ day. 9. a
10. _______ grapes were a bit too high. 10. The
Fill in the blanks with a To-Infinitive:

EXAMPLES

Exercise 1
1. I would like _______ a good story. (read) 1. To read
2. He wanted _______ some new clothes for party. (buy) 2. To buy
3. I plan _______ a new factory. (open) 3. To open
4. I would like _______ to the party with you. (come) 4. To come
5. I am learning _______ English. (speak) 5. To speak
6. She helped me _______ my suitcases. (carry) 6. To carry
7. He decided _______ Biology. (study) 7. To study
8. He asked _______ with us. (come) 8. To come
9. I promise _______ you tomorrow. (help) 9. To help
10. We hope _______ Goa next month. (visit) 10. To visit
Exercise 2
1. He is quick _______. (respond) 1. to respond
2. We are delighted _______ you. (see) 2. to see
3. I was quick _______. (reply) 3. to reply
4. It is time _______ now. (sleep) 4. to sleep
5. It is not right _______ faults with others. (find) 5. to find
6. This apple is ripe _______ (eat) 6. to eat
7. They had no time _______ (waste) 7. to waste
8. He likes _______ old songs. (sing) 8. to sing
9. I didn’t want _______ yet. (leave) 9. to leave
10. You have _______ this sum. (solve) 10. to solve
Exercise 3
1. _______ (err) is human. 1. To err
2. He is too weak _______ (walk) 2. To walk
3. Everyone wants _______ (make) money quickly. 3. To make
4. I have _______ (pick) some books from table. 4. To pick
5. _______ (waste) time is a folly. 5. To waste
6. Do you have anything more _______ (tell)? 6. To tell
7. She seems _______ (be) happy. 7. To be
8. I find it sensible _______ (remain) silent. 8. To remain
9. This room is _______ (let) 9. To let
10. _______ (toil) is the lot of mankind. 10. To toil
Exercise 4
1. Children love _______ (play) 1. To play
2. They like _______ (read) newspapers 2. To read
3. This is not the time _______ (quarrel). 3. To quarrel
4. He finds this word difficult _______ (pronounce). 4. To pronounce
5. I want _______ (write) a book. 5. To write
6. I asked him _______ (complete) his work first. 6. To complete
7. He had a plan _______ (follow). 7. To follow
8. You need _______ (do) a lot. 8. To do
9. The match was about _______ (begin). 9. To begin
10. Aliens are here _______ (stay) now. 10. To stay
Exercise 5
1. He asked the girl _______ (pick) up a pebble. 1. To pick

2. Students are anxious _______ (learn) 2. To learn
3. He wanted _______ (help) the poor. 3. To help
4. It is a criminal offence _______ (hit) anyone with a stick. 4. To hit
5. Give the beggar something _______ (eat). 5. To eat
6. He refused _______ (accept) our proposal. 6. To accept
7. You are advised not _______ (mislead) your friends. 7. To mislead
8. I gave him a chance _______ (rethink) his stance. 8. To rethink
9. He doesn’t dare _______ (tell) me a lie. 9. To tell
10. The judge began _______ (pronounce) his final judgment. 10. To pronounce
Fill in the blanks with Bare-Infinitive :
Exercise 9
1. She made the child _______ (smile). 1. Smile
2. The coach made the players _______ (play). 2. Play
3. He did more than _______ (lend) me money. 3. Lend
4. We can see the water level _______ (rise) in the river. 4. Rise
5. Need I _______ (warn) you? 5. Warn
6. I have seen him _______ (work) for success. 6. Work
7. He can _______ (understand) many European languages. 7. Understand
8. A soldier must _______ (aim) to kill. 8. Aim
9. I saw the tiger _______ (cross) the road. 9. Cross
10. We had nothing to do but _______ (sleep) in the afternoon. 10. sleep
GERUND
Complete the following sentences using Gerund :
1. I am afraid of _______ (tell) the truth. 1. Telling
2. She never ceased _______ (talk) of increasing prices. 2. Talking
3. He regrets _______ (say) such words. 3. Saying
4. What about _______ (take) a cup of tea? 4. Taking
5. How about _______ (sleep) in the verandah? 5. Sleeping
6. I hate _______ (tell) lies. 6. Telling
7. He advises _______ (do) more activities before resting. 7. Doing
8. Fans enjoy _______ (see) a good game. 8. Seeing
9. They enjoyed _______ (see) him win the trophy. 9. seeing
10. Avoid _______ (eat) sweets. 10. eating
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Exercise 20 (Unsolved)
Fill in the blanks with Present Participle :
1. The movie, now, _______ (play) at the city theatre is my favourite. 1. Playing
2. My mother is _______ (prepare) a cake for my birthday. 2. Preparing
3. The ship sailing to Mexico is _______ (leave) tonight. 3. Leaving
4. The letters _______ (need) immediate answers are on the desk. 4. Needing
5. The _______ (bore) class ended just a few minutes ago. 5. boring
Past Participle
Exercise 22
1. Julie wasn’t at home, she had _______ (go) to the shop. 1. Gone
2. We’ve already _______ (have) lunch. 2. Had
3. This was the first time she had _______ (do) her homework 3. Done

4. They have _______ (begin) painting the living room. 4. Begun
5. We have _______ (keep) this secret for three years. 5. Kept
6. He has never _______ (drive) a motorbike before. 6. Drove
7. I have _______ (be) sick all week. 7. Been
8. By the time we arrived, the children had _______ (eat) all the 8. Eaten
chocolates.
9. The books had _______ (fall) off the table, and were all over the floor. 9. Fallen
10. The patient _______ (die) before the doctor arrived.” 10.died
Exercise 24
Fill in the blanks with an appropriate Participle :
1. I‘d _______ (lend) my umbrella to John, so I got wet. 1. Lend
2. I’ve been looking for ages, but I haven’t _______ (find) my keys yet. 2. Found
3. The birds have _______ (fly) south for the winter. 3. Flown
4. She has finally _______ (come). 4. Come
5. Don’t worry, we haven’t _______ (forget) about the meeting. 5. Forgotten
6. It had _______ (become) very cold, so we went inside. 6. Become
7. You have _______ (buy) a lot of new clothes recently. 7. Bought
8. I’d _______ (get) a lovely new bike for my birthday, so I was keen to try it. 8. Get
9. She’d _______ (bring) a cake to the party, but we didn’t eat it. 9. Bring
10. Have you _______ (choose) your university yet? 10. chosen
Exercise 25
1. Have you ever _______ (drink) Turkish coffee? 1. Drunk
2. I’ve _______ (give) some money to Julia. 2. Given
3. Had you _______ (hear) of this band before you came to the USA? 3. Heard
4. She has _______ (know) about the problem for three months. 4. Known
5. Why has John _______ (leave) already? 5. Left
6. While he was ploughing his fields, a scorpion _______ (sting) him. 6. Stung
7. His father looked _______ (worry) 7. Worried
8. He became _______ (discourage). 8. Discoura
9. It was a _______ (tire) exercise. 9. Tiring
10. They shall be _______ (write) a letter. 10. writing
Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verb (To-Infinitive, the Gerund or the Participle)
given in brackets.
Exercise 26
1. _______ (Find) fault is easy. 1. To find fault is easy.
2. It is not worth _______ (read). 2. It is not worth reading.
3. I found the snake _______ (kill). 3. I found the snake killed.
4. He made me _______ (listen) to old songs. 4. He made me listen to old songs.
5. He was busy _______ (pack). 5. He was busy packing.
6. Don’t make me _______ (laugh). 6. Don’t make me laugh.
7. The light is too weak _______ (read). 7. The light is too weak to read.
8. He enjoys _______ (smoke). 8. He enjoys smoking.
9. Most boys like _______ (play) games. 9. Most boys like playing games.
10. They let him _______ (speak). 10. They let him speak.
Exercise 27
1. He told me _______ (go). 1. He told me to go.

2. The parcel is heavy _______ (carry). 2. The parcel is too heavy to carry.
3. We found the child _______ (cry). 3. We found the child crying.
4. He wanted _______ (study) medicine. 4. He wanted to study medicine.
5. _______ (jog) is a good exercise. 5. Jogging is a good exercise.
6. It is a sin _______ (tell) a lie. 6. It is a sin to tell a lie.
7. _______ (smoke) is injurious to health. 7. Smoking is injurious to health.
8. He does nothing but _______ (complain). 8. He does nothing but complain.
9. Kids like _______ (play) games. 9. Kids like playing games.
10. We decided _______ (wait) for her. 10. We decided to wait for her.
JOINING PAIR OF SENTENCES BY USING INFINITIVES
1. I bought a book so that I could read. 1. I bought a book to read.
2. We watch movies so that we can enjoy. 2. We watch movies to enjoy.
3. He paints so that he could earn some 3. He paints to earn some money.
money. 4. They met at my place to discuss
4. They met at my place. They discussed some current problems.
some current problems. 5. He went to the school to meet the
5. He went to the school. He met the Principal.
Principal. 6. The poor man had five children to
6. The poor man had five children. He must provide for.
provide for them. 7. Turn to the left for my house.
7. Turn to the left. You will find my house. 8. My teacher will be delighted to
8. My teacher will learn about my success. He learn about my success.
will be delighted.
9. This box is very big. He can’t lift it. 9. This box is too big for him to lift.
10. I had no money.I could buy no clothes. 10. I had no money to buy any clothes.
Exercise 11
1. The table was very big. Two boys could not 1. The table was too big for the Two
lift it. boys to lift it.
2. She buys antique paintings. It is her passion. 2. To buy antique paintings. is her
3. He takes light breakfast. He wants to control passion.
his weight. 3. He takes light breakfast to control his
4. I have some problems. I must solve them. weight.
5. He went to Delhi. He has to attend a marriage. 4. I have some problems to solve.
5. He went to Delhi to attend a marriage.
Combine the following sentences by using a gerund :

1. The police arrived at the accident spot. 1. On arriving at the accident spot, the
They helped the victims. police helped the victims.
2. He completed his race. He sat in a 2. After completing the race, he sat in a
corner. corner.
3. He goes to his office. He finds it 3. He finds his office closed on reaching
closed. there.
4. They have to write an essay everyday. 4. They don’t like writing an essay every
They don’t like it. day.
5. He heard the news of my arrival. He 5. He was overjoyed on hearing the news
was overjoyed. of my arrival.

6. She began to grumble over her 6. Nobody liked her grumbling over her
problems. Nobody liked it. problems.
7. He acts on the stage. He wins many 7. He wins many prizes by acting on the
prizes. stage.
Exercise 16
1. He serves his nation. He gets satisfaction. 1. On serving his nation he gets satisfaction.
2. She eats fruits. She keeps herself fit. 2. She keeps herself fit by eating fruits.
3. The boys were flying kites. They spent 3. The boys spent the whole evening on
the whole evening. flying kites.
4. A boy has stolen his book. There was 4. There was enough proof of the boy
enough proof of that. stealing his book.
5. Follow traffic rules. It is everyone’s duty. 5. Following traffic rules is everyone’s duty.
Combine the following pairs of sentences by making use of a participle :
1. The children saw the gardener. They ran 1. Seeing the gardener, the children ran
away. away.
2. The pickpocket found the police around. 2. Finding the police around, the
He disappeared. pickpocket disappeared.
3. He heard the school bell. He started 3. Hearing the school bell, he started
running. running.
4. She went home. She was ill. 4. Being ill she went home.
5. I was hungry. I prepared some noodles. 5. Being hungry I prepared some
6. He found his book. He started reading noodles.
it. 6. Finding his book he started reading.
7. Parth finished his homework. He went 7. Finishing his homework Parth went
out to play. out to play.
8. The mayor was busy. He had no time to 8. Being busy the Mayor had no time to
meet anyone. meet anyone.
9. The bus reached the last stop, He got 9. The bus reaching the last stop he got
down. down.
10. It was raining. No one could go out. 10. It being a rainy day no one could go
11. We saw a beggar. He was limping. out.
12. They missed their train. They began to 11. We saw a limping beggar.
walk back. 12. Having missed their train they began
13. I saw her result. I began to dance. to walk back.
13. Seeing her result I began to dance.
Do as directed :
Exercise 29
1. She has no choice but _______ (tell) the truth. (Fill up 1. She has no choice but to tell the
the blank with an Infinitive) truth.
2. His mother made him _______ (take) the medicine 2. His mother made him take the
immediately. (Fill in the blank with an Infinitive) medicine immediately.
3. Every team has a manager. He manages the 3. Every team has a manager to
administrative needs of the team. (Combine these manage their administrative needs of
sentences into a single sentence using To-Infinitive) the team.
4. _______ (play) carom amuses every child. (Fill in the 4. Playing carom amuses every child.

blank with a Gerund) 5. The teacher prevented him from
5. The teacher prevented him from _______ (quarrel) quarrelling with his classmates.
with his classmates. (Fill in the blank with a Gerund) 6. The fire fighters entered the burnt
6. The fire fighters entered the _______ (burn) house. house.
(Fill in the blank with a Participle) 7. Having hurt his toe, he stopped
7. He hurt his toe. He stopped walking. (Combine into a walking.
single sentences using a Participle) 8. You will pass only by studying
8. You will pass only by _______ (study) regularly. (Fill regularly.
up the blank with a Gerund.) 9. He came to collect his money.
9. He came _______ (collect) his money. (Fill in the 10. I saw a man walking on the rope.
blank with To-Infinitive)
10. I saw a man _______ (walk) on the rope. (Fill in the
blank with a Participle)
Exercise 30
1. I am always ready _______ (learn) new things. 1. I am always ready to
(Fill up the blank with an To-Infinitive) learn new things
2. He was asked _______ (explain) his behaviour. 2. He was asked to explain
(Fill in the blank with To-Infinitive) his behaviour.
3. Shelly drove very fast. 3. Shelly drove very fast to
She reached her class in time. reach her class in time.
(Combine these sentences into a single sentence using an 4. Theywill get the contract
Infinitive) only by cooperating with
4. They will get the contract only by _______ (cooperate) with each other.
each other. 5. Children kept on playing
(Fill in the blank with a Gerund) in the sun.
5. Children kept on _______ (play) in the sun. 6. The singing bird stole
(Fill in the blank with a Gerund) the show.
6. The _______ (sing) bird stole the show. 7. Opening the door, Ravi
(Fill up the blank with a Participle) entered the room.
7. Ravi opened the lock. 8. Swimming is a healthy
He entered the room. exercise.
(Combine into a single sentences using Participle) 9. He has the abilityto top
8. (swim) is a healthy exercise. (Fill up the blank with a Gerund) in the exam.
9. He has the ability _______ (top) in the exam. 10. Following the right
(Fill in the blank with an Infinitive) path, he achieved his aim.
10. _______ (follow) the right path, he achieved his aim.
(Fill up the blank with a Participle)
Exercise 31
1. He is eager _______ (succeed). (Fill in the blank with 1. He is eager to succeed.
To-Infinitive) 2. Let me try this sum.
2. Let me _______ (try) this sum. (Fill in the blank with To- 3. He has to manage affairs
Infinitive) of his big farm.
3. He has a big farm. 4. Reading novels is his
He manages affairs of the farm. (Combine these sentences favorite pastime.
into a single sentence using an Infinitive) 5. I never enjoyed to go to
4. _______ (read) novels was his favourite pastime. (Fill in the dentist.

the blank with a Gerund) 6. The doctor was attending
5. I never enjoyed _______ (go) to the dentist. (Fill in the the wounded soldier.
blank with a Gerund) 7. After stealing the money
6. The doctor was attending the _______ (wound) soldier. the servant wanted to hide
(Fill in the blank with a Participle) it somewhere.
7. The servant stole some money. He wanted to hide it 8. A miser hates wasting his
somewhere. (Combine into a single sentences using money.
Participle) 9. He refused to sit for a test.
8. A miser hates _______ (waste) his money. 10. Being thrown out of the
(Fill in the blank with a Gerund. party he wanted to start a
9. He refused _______ (sit) for a test. new group now.
(Fill in the blank with To-Infinitive)
10. _______ (throw out) from the party, he wanted to start a
new group now. (Fill in the blank with a Participle)
USING AND REMOVING ‘TOO’

1. The milk is too hot for me to drink. 1. The milk is so hot that I cannot drink it.
2. He is too weak to run. 2. He is so weak that he cannot run.
3. This box is too heavy for her to lift. 3. This box is so heavy that she cannot lift it.
4. He is too proud to learn. 4. He is so proud that he cannot learn.
5. She was too old to walk fast. 5. She was so old that she could not walk fast.
6. He is too happy to tell. 6. He is so happy that he cannot tell.
7. The wall is too high for me to jump 7. The wall is so high that I cannot jump over
over it. it.
8. He is too slow to catch her. 8. He is so slow that he cannot catch her.
9. I am too busy to join you in 9. I am so busy that I cannot join you in
celebrations. celebrations.
10. He spoke too fast to be understood. 10. He spoke so fast that he could not be
understood.
Exercise for Practice
1. The teacher is too weak to control 1. The teacher is so weak that he cannot control
the class. the class.
2. The case is too urgent to be 2. The case is so urgent that it cannot be
postponed. postponed.
3. He is too composed to lose 3. He is so composed that cannot lose temper.
temper. 4. She is so practical that she cannot understand
4. She is too practical to understand real love.
real love. 5. These fruits are so good that these cannot be
5. These fruits are too cheap to be cheap.
good. 6. That man is so arrogant that he cannot be
6. That man is too arrogant to be pleased.
pleased. 7. This news is so good that it cannot be true.
7. This news is too good to be true. 8. The tree is so tall that I cannot climb it.
8. The tree was too tall for me to 9. The iron is so hot that I cannot touch it.
climb it. 10. He is so slow that he cannot learn.
9. The iron is too hot for me to 11. He was so late that he could not attend the

touch. meeting.
10. He is too slow to learn. 12. She is very strong for her opponents.
11. He was too late to attend the 13. She is so proud that she cannot listen.
meeting. 14. She was so busy that she could not go to
12. She is too strong for her cinema.
opponents. 15. The soldiers are so disciplined that they
13. She is too proud to listen cannot violate the rules.
14. She was too busy to go to cinema. 16. It is so foggy outside that one cannot see
15. The soldiers are too disciplined to anything.
violate rules. 17. He is so smart that cannot lose his focus
16. It is too foggy outside to see 18. Tea is sweeter than it should be
anything. 19. She is so old that she cannot walk.
17. He is too smart to lose his focus. 20. She is so weak that she can’t sit.
18. Tea is too sweet than it should be. 21. He is so slow that he cannot win the race.
19. She is too old to walk. 22. He is so stupid that he cannot handle such a
20. She is too weak to sit. situation.
21. He is too slow to win the race. 23. This news is so good that it cannot be true.
22. He is too stupid to handle such a 24. He is so arrogant that no one can like him.
situation. 25. It is never so late that one cannot tell the
23. This news is too good to be true. truth.
24. He is too arrogant to like. 26. He is very talented.
25. It is never too late to tell the truth. 27. The water in the pool was so cold that she
26. He is too talented. could not swim in it.
27. The water in the pool is too cold
to swim in it.

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XII EASY English Notes 2020

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GENERAL

1. Hassan’s Attendance Problem

2. The March King

Character Sketch -John Philip Sousa

3.Thinking Out Of the Box: Lateral Thinking

Lateral Thinking – Theme

Character Sketch-Bus conductor

Prepared by: Urvashi, Lecturer-in-English, GSSSS Balluana, Fazilka Page 2

7. The Story of My Life

Two Gentlemen of Verona- Theme

9. In Celebration Of Being Alive

10. Ghadari Babas In Kalapani Jail

Prepared by: Urvashi, Lecturer-in-English, GSSSS Balluana, Fazilka Page 3

1. THE SCHOOL FOR SYMPATHY

The School for Sympathy- Theme

Character Sketch- Miss Beam

5. THE BARBER'S TRADE UNION

Prepared by: Urvashi, Lecturer-in-English, GSSSS Balluana, Fazilka Page 4

Justify Title- The Bull Beneath The Earth

1. PRAYER OF THE WOODS

Quenching your thirst as you journey on

Q1. How can woods give us heat as well as coldness?

Prepared by: Urvashi, Lecturer-in-English, GSSSS Balluana, Fazilka Page 5

Ans. The friendly shade – personification.

Screening you from the summer sun –Alliteration.

Q3. List the things woods give us.

Ans. Woods give us furniture, fruits, handles for tools

Q4. What does ‘refreshing draughts’ refer to?

Ans. It refers to juicy fruits.

I am the handle of your hoe, the door of your homestead, the

wood of your cradle, and the shell of your coffin.

I am the bread of kindness and the flower of beauty.

‘ye who pass by, listen to my prayer:

wood accompanies us from birth till death.

explains the above statement.

i. Business and love

Ans. iii. Kind feelings and loveliness

Q3. Who is the speaker in the poem?

Ans. Woods are the speaker in the poem.

Q4. What is the prayer of the woods to human beings?

Ans. The woods pray not to harm them.

Prepared by: Urvashi, Lecturer-in-English, GSSSS Balluana, Fazilka Page 6

reap with thanksgiving.

And he is your board and your fireside.

For you come to him with your hunger, and

seek him for peace

Q1. Name the poem and the poet.

Ans. In return we receive love and thanksgiving.

Q3. How is a friend our fireside?

Ans. By showing sympathy and love friend is our fireside.

Ans. Love and support is the most important to give to a friend.

3. THE ECHOING GREEN

the merry bells ring, to welcome the spring

The skylark and thrush, the birds of the bush,

sing louder around, to the bells’ cheerful sound

Prepared by: Urvashi, Lecturer-in-English, GSSSS Balluana, Fazilka Page 7

Q1. Name the poem and the poet.

Q3 Name the birds which sing to welcome the spring.

Ans. The birds are – The skylark and the thrush.

Ans. The merry bells are ringing to welcome the spring.

4.ONCE UPON A TIME

shake hands without my heart.

I have also learnt to say ‘goodbye’, when I mean ‘good riddance’