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The Laboratory
GUINEA
PIG
Second Edition
Donna J. Clemons
Jennifer L. Seeman

A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series

The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series
Series Editor
Mark A. Suckow, D.V.M.
Freimann Life Science Center
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana

Published Titles

The Laboratory Canine

The Laboratory Cat
The Laboratory Guinea Pig, Second Edition
The Laboratory Hamster and Gerbil
The Laboratory Mouse
The Laboratory Nonhuman Primate
The Laboratory Rabbit, Second Edition
The Laboratory Rat
The Laboratory Small Ruminant
The Laboratory Swine, Second Edition
The Laboratory Xenopus sp.
The Laboratory Zebrafish
A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series

Covance Laboratories, Inc.

Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

Covance Laboratories, Inc.

Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Photographs by Robert K. Werberig and Dr. Robert L. Hall. Illustrations by Michael G. Tashwer.

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC

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No claim to original U.S. Government works

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 dedication
D.J.C. I owe a debt of thanks to several colleagues for the help and
patience that allowed me to have a part in this project. In particular,
my appreciation to Mr. Mike Taschwer for putting his exceptional
talents and hard work into the preparation of illustrations for this
book; to the exceptional library staff at Covance, who generously and
patiently answered our calls for research assistance; and to Dr. Bob
Hall for his contribution in photography and clinical pathology. Last,
but most importantly, thanks to my husband, Mark, for his endless
and ongoing encouragement and support of my career.

J.S. I would like to express my thanks to Steve Van Adestine for

his patience and photography skills, along with Carolyn Dugan, who
modeled for the pictures. My veterinary technicians went out of their
way to assist in the shoot and, as always, provided phenomenal sup-
port for the entire process. I extend my appreciation for their exper-
tise and attention to detail. Finally, my thanks to Dr. Mike Koch for
advising me throughout the revision process.

v
 contents
in memorium................................................................................xiii
preface........................................................................................... xv
the authors.................................................................................. xvii

1 important biological features...................................................1

introduction............................................................................1
breeds.....................................................................................2
behavior..................................................................................6
Individual Behavior............................................................6
Social Behavior and Communication.................................6
Aggression and Reproductive Behavior..............................8
anatomic and physiologic features...........................................9
External Anatomy..............................................................9
Dentition......................................................................... 10
Skeletal System............................................................... 10
Hemolymphatic System....................................................13
Gastrointestinal System...................................................13
Respiratory System.......................................................... 14
Urogenital System............................................................ 14
Miscellaneous Unique Physiologic Features and
Normative Values.............................................................15
Hematology................................................................19
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function........................ 21
Miscellaneous Physiologic and Anatomic Features...........22
Reproduction...................................................................22

vii
viii     contents

2 husbandry.............................................................................25
housing.................................................................................26
environmental conditions......................................................33
environmental enrichment....................................................34
nutrition................................................................................35
sanitation..............................................................................38
transportation....................................................................... 41
record keeping.......................................................................42

3 management.........................................................................45
regulatory agencies and compliance......................................45
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).......45
The National Institutes of Health (NIH), Public Health
Service (PHS)...................................................................45
The United States Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)......46
Association for Assessment and Accreditation of
Laboratory Animal Care International, Inc. (AAALAC
International)...................................................................46
institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)...........47
occupational health and zoonotic diseases............................48
animal health monitoring program........................................50

4 veterinary care......................................................................53
basic veterinary supplies.......................................................53
physical examination of the guinea pig..................................54
quarantine............................................................................55
clinical signs of illness in guinea pigs....................................55
common clinical problems.....................................................56
Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy)..........................................56
Bordetella bronchiseptica..................................................58
Streptococcus pneumoniae................................................59
Cervical Lymphadenitis...................................................60
Antibiotic Toxicity............................................................ 61
Pregnancy Toxemia..........................................................62
Salmonellosis...................................................................63
Alopecia...........................................................................64
Malocclusion....................................................................68
Protozoal Diseases...........................................................69
Viral Diseases..................................................................70
 contents     ix

Pododermatitis.................................................................71
Conjunctivitis..................................................................72
general treatment of a disease...............................................72
disease prevention through sanitation................................... 74
anesthesia and analgesia...................................................... 74
Principles of General Anesthesia......................................75
Characteristics of Commonly Used Injectable
Anesthetics......................................................................76
Atropine.....................................................................76
Ketamine...................................................................76
Xylazine, medetomidine, dexmedetomidine.................76
Methohexital..............................................................77
Pentobarbital.............................................................77
Fentanyl and droperidol.............................................77
Principles of Gas Anesthesia............................................77
Characteristics of Commonly Used Gas Anesthetics.........79
Halothane..................................................................79
Isoflurane...................................................................79
Principles of Local Anesthesia..........................................80
Lidocaine...................................................................80
Proparacaine..............................................................80
Sedation and Tranquilization of Guinea Pigs...................80
Analgesia.........................................................................80
Perianesthetic Management............................................. 81
Preanesthetic care...................................................... 81
Anesthetic care..........................................................82
Postanesthetic care....................................................84
aseptic surgery......................................................................84
postsurgical management......................................................85
euthanasia............................................................................86

5 experimental methodology.....................................................87
restraint................................................................................87
Manual Restraint.............................................................88
Restraint Devices.............................................................89
sampling techniques.............................................................89
Blood Collection...............................................................89
Procedure................................................................... 91
Procedure...................................................................92
Procedure...................................................................94
Procedure...................................................................94
x     contents

Procedure...................................................................96
Technique..................................................................98
Urine Collection...............................................................98
Milk Collection.................................................................99
compound administration techniques..................................100
Intravascular (IV)..........................................................100
Technique................................................................100
Procedure................................................................. 101
Intramuscular (IM)........................................................ 102
Procedure................................................................. 102
Subcutaneous (SC)........................................................ 103
Procedure................................................................. 103
Intraperitoneal (IP)......................................................... 103
Procedure................................................................. 104
Intradermal (ID)............................................................. 104
Procedure................................................................. 104
Oral (PO)........................................................................106
Procedure................................................................. 107
Procedure................................................................. 108
Intracerebroventricular.................................................. 108
Aural—Inner Ear........................................................... 109
adjuvants............................................................................ 109
safety testing procedures..................................................... 109
Magnusson Maximization Test—Dermal/Intradermal
Method.......................................................................... 110
Procedure................................................................. 110
Buehler Closed-Patch Sensitization Test......................... 111
Procedure................................................................. 111
Guinea Pig Antigenicity (Anaphylaxis) Test.................... 112
Procedure................................................................. 112
Sereny Test.................................................................... 113
necropsy.............................................................................. 113
Method.......................................................................... 114

6 resources............................................................................. 117
organizations....................................................................... 117
publications......................................................................... 119
Books............................................................................ 119
Periodicals.....................................................................120
online resources.................................................................. 121
animal sources.................................................................... 121
 contents     xi

feed.....................................................................................122
equipment...........................................................................123
Possible Sources of Cages and Research and
Veterinary Supplies........................................................123
Contact Information for Sources....................................123
commercial laboratories for animal health monitoring.........125
references................................................................................... 127
 in memorium

Lizabeth A. Terril, DVM, MS

Co-author of the first edition of The Laboratory Guinea Pig

The revision of this publication brought back a lot of memories,

fond memories of the time I spent working with Dr. Terrill in our
postdoctoral years at the University of Missouri. We collaborated on
research projects, contributions to the ACLAM education series, and
later this book.
She was taken from us much too young, dying from complications
of diabetes just a short time before the publication of the first edition
of this book. Her disease, diagnosed when she was seven years old,
brought her to laboratory animal medicine, but it didn’t define her
life. Her life was instead defined by humor, love of animals, love of
her son, and an incessant curiosity about the mechanisms of biology
and disease.
Together she and I worked on defining a guinea pig model of neu-
ropathy, one we hoped would be relevant to unlocking the secrets
of diabetic neuropathy. In the process, we learned a lot about the

xiii
care, handling, and research with our disease model, the laboratory
guinea pig.
Dr. Terrill was a graduate of the Oklahoma State School of
Veterinary Medicine. She went on to complete a postdoctoral fel-
lowship and master’s degree in laboratory animal medicine at the
University of Missouri before joining the Laboratory Animal Program
at Purdue University. She remains in the hearts and minds of those
who knew her.

Donna J. Clemons
 preface
The use of laboratory animals, including guinea pigs, continues to be
an important part of biomedical research. In many instances, indi-
viduals performing such research are responsible for animal facility
management, animal husbandry, regulatory compliance, and perfor-
mance of technical procedures directly related to the research proj-
ect. To help meet these responsibilities, this handbook was written
to provide a quick reference source for investigators, technicians, and
animal caretakers charged with the care and/or use of guinea pigs
for research, teaching, or testing. It should be particularly valuable
to small institutions or facilities lacking a large, well-organized ani-
mal resource unit and to individuals who need to conduct research
on guinea pigs for the first time.
This handbook is organized into six chapters: “Important Biological
Features” (Chapter 1), “Husbandry” (Chapter 2), “Management”
(Chapter 3), “Veterinary Care” (Chapter 4), “Experimental Methodology”
(Chapter 5), and “Resources” (Chapter 6). Basic information and com-
mon procedures are presented in detail. Alternative techniques and
details of procedures and methods beyond the scope of this hand-
book are referenced extensively, so that the user is directed toward
additional information without having to wade through a burden-
some volume of detail here. This handbook should thus be viewed
as a basic reference source and not as an exhaustive review of the
biology of the guinea pig.
The last chapter, “Resources,” provides the user with lists of pos-
sible sources of additional information and suppliers of guinea pigs,
feed, sanitation equipment, cages, and veterinary and research sup-
plies. The lists are not exhaustive and do not imply endorsement
of listed suppliers over suppliers not listed. Rather, these lists are

xv
 important biological features     9

Parturition occurs after a 58- to 75-day gestation, and may occur

at any time of day. Labor is short, taking only five minutes from the
start of labor until the first pup is born. Females may pull young with
their teeth and then grasp and lick them clean. Fetal membranes are
usually consumed, often with the help of other adult guinea pigs.10
The precocial young begin to crawl toward their mother within min-
utes, and before they are one day old are usually walking, eating,
and grooming. The mother passively allows nursing, and further
maternal attention is limited to anogenital grooming.18 The young
will follow their mother or, less often, other adults who tolerate them.
Fostering is common, as domestic guinea pigs do not appear to
discriminate well between their own offspring and other juveniles.
Guinea pigs begin to nibble forage and solid food within the first few
days of life, and are typically weaned around three weeks of age.9,10

anatomic and physiologic features

Cooper and Schiller’s Anatomy of the Guinea Pig provides detailed
information about all aspects of guinea pig anatomy.19 Unique and
important physiologic and anatomic features of the guinea pig
include the following.

External Anatomy
• The guinea pig is a short, squat animal with a blunt head and
short neck. The body is square with a rounded, tailless rump.
Males are generally larger than females.
• Both sexes have a single pair of abdominal mammae.
• Prominent mystacial vibrissae (whiskers) are present, with
six parallel rows above the upper lip. Also present are mental
vibrissae (under the chin), nasal vibrissae (on the dorsolateral
nose), and supraorbital/infraorbital vibrissae (rostral/dorsal
and inferior to the eye).
• The mouth is triangular with a split upper lip.
• External ears are large, oval, and sparsely haired.
• Cavia have four toes on the front foot but only three on the
rear foot. Foot soles are hairless with well-defined footpads.
• The female perineum (Figure 5) has a single pair of lat-
eral labia. Slightly protruding, the urethral orifice is located
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 PATTIES À LA PONTIFE. (ENTRÉE.)

(A fast day, or Maigre dish.)

Mince, but not very small, the yolks of six fresh hard-boiled eggs;
mince also and mix with them a couple of fine truffles,[120] a large
saltspoonful of salt, half the quantity of mace and nutmeg, and a
fourth as much of cayenne. Moisten these ingredients with a
spoonful of thick cream, or béchamel maigre (see page 109), or with
a dessertspoonful of clarified butter; line the patty-moulds, fill them
with the mixture, cover, and bake them from twelve to fifteen minutes
in a moderate oven. They are excellent made with the cream-crust of
page 347.
120. The bottled ones will answer well for these.
Yolks hard-boiled eggs, 6; truffles, 2 large; seasoning of salt,
mace, nutmeg, and cayenne; cream, or béchamel maigre, 1
tablespoonful, or clarified butter, 1 dessertspoonful: baked moderate
oven, 12 to 15 minutes.
Obs.—A spoonful or two of jellied stock or gravy, or of good white
sauce, converts these into admirable patties: the same ingredients
make also very superior rolls or cannelons. For Patties à la
Cardinale, small mushroom-buttons stewed as for partridges,
Chapter XIII., before they are minced, must be substituted for
truffles; and the butter in which they are simmered should be added
with them to the eggs.
 EXCELLENT MEAT ROLLS.

Pound, as for potting (see page 305), and with the same
proportion of butter and of seasonings, some half-roasted veal,
chicken, or turkey. Make some forcemeat by the receipt No. 1,
Chapter VI., and form it into small rolls, not larger than a finger; wrap
twice or thrice as much of the pounded meat equally round each of
these, first moistening it with a teaspoonful of water; fold them in
good puff-paste, and bake them from fifteen to twenty minutes, or
until the crust is perfectly done. A small quantity of the lean of a
boiled ham may be finely minced and pounded with the veal, and
very small mushrooms, prepared as for a partridge (page 329), may
be substituted for the forcemeat.
 SMALL VOLS-AU-VENTS, OR PATTY-CASES.

These are quickly and easily made with two round paste-cutters,
of which one should be little more than half the size of the other: to
give the pastry a better appearance, they should be fluted. Roll out
some of the lightest puff-paste to a half-inch of thickness, and with
the larger of the tins cut the number of patties required; then dip the
edge of the small shape into hot water, and press it about half
through them. Bake them in a moderately quick oven from ten to
twelve minutes, and when they are done, with the point of a sharp
knife, take out the small rounds of crust from the tops, and scoop all
the crumb from the inside of the patties, which may then be filled
with shrimps, oysters, lobster, chicken, pheasant, or any other of the
ordinary varieties of patty meat, prepared with white sauce. Fried
crumbs may be laid over them instead of the covers, or these last
can be replaced.
For sweet dishes, glaze the pastry, and fill it with rich whipped
cream, preserve, or boiled custard; if with the last of these put it back
into a very gentle oven until the custards are set.
 ANOTHER RECEIPT FOR TARTLETS.

For a dozen tartlets, cut twenty-four rounds of paste of the usual

size, and form twelve of them into rings by pressing the small cutter
quite through them; moisten these with cold water, or white of egg,
and lay them on the remainder of the rounds of paste, so as to form
the rims of the tartlets. Bake them from ten to twelve minutes, fill
them with preserve while they are still warm, and place over it a
small ornament of paste cut from the remnants, and baked gently of
a light colour. Serve the tartlets cold, or if wanted hot for table put
them back into the oven for one minute after they are filled.
 A SEFTON, OR VEAL CUSTARD.

Pour boiling, a pint of rich, clear, pale veal gravy on six fresh eggs,
which have been well beaten and strained: sprinkle in directly the
grated rind of a fine lemon, a little cayenne, some salt if needed, and
a quarter-teaspoonful of mace. Put a paste border round a dish, pour
in, first two ounces of clarified butter, and then the other ingredients;
bake the Sefton in a very slow oven from twenty-five to thirty
minutes, or until it is quite firm in the middle, and send it to table with
a little good gravy. Very highly flavoured game stock, in which a few
mushrooms have been stewed, may be used for this dish with great
advantage in lieu of veal gravy; and a sauce made of the smallest
mushroom buttons, may be served with it in either case. The mixture
can be baked in a whole paste, if preferred so, or in well buttered
cups; then turned out and covered with the sauce before it is sent to
table.
Rich veal or game stock, 1 pint; fresh eggs, 6; rind, 1 lemon; little
salt and cayenne; pounded mace, 1/4 teaspoonful; butter, 2 oz.:
baked, 25 to 30 minutes, slow oven.
 APPLE CAKE, OR GERMAN TART.

Work together with the fingers, ten ounces of butter and a pound
of flour, until they resemble fine crumbs of bread; throw in a small
pinch of salt, and make them into a firm smooth paste with the yolks
of two eggs and a spoonful or two of water. Butter thickly, a plain tin
cake, or pie mould (those which open at the sides, see plate, page
344, are best adapted for the purpose); roll out the paste thin, place
the mould upon it, trim a bit to its exact size, cover the bottom of the
mould with this, then cut a band the height of the sides, and press it
smoothly round them, joining the edge, which must be moistened
with egg or water, to the bottom crust; and fasten upon them, to
prevent their separation, a narrow and thin band of paste, also
moistened. Next, fill the mould nearly from the brim with the following
marmalade, which must be quite cold when it is put in. Boil together,
over a gentle fire at first, but more quickly afterwards, three pounds
of good apples with fourteen ounces of pounded sugar, or of the
finest Lisbon, the strained juice of a large lemon, three ounces of
fresh butter, and a teaspoonful of pounded cinnamon, or the lightly
grated rind of a couple of lemons: when the whole is perfectly
smooth and dry, turn it into a pan to cool, and let it be quite cold
before it is put into the paste. In early autumn, a larger proportion of
sugar may be required, but this can be regulated by the taste. When
the mould is filled, roll out the cover, lay it carefully over the
marmalade that it may not touch it; and when the cake is securely
closed, trim off the superfluous paste, add a little pounded sugar to
the parings, spread them out very thin, and cut them into leaves to
ornament the top of the cake, round which they may be placed as a
sort of wreath.[121] Bake it for an hour in a moderately brisk oven;
take it from the mould, and should the sides not be sufficiently
coloured put it back for a few minutes into the oven upon a baking
tin. Lay a paper over the top, when it is of a fine light brown, to
prevent its being too deeply coloured. This cake should be served
hot.
121. Or, instead of these, fasten on it with a little white of egg, after it is taken from
the oven, some ready-baked leaves of almond-paste (see page 355), either
plain or coloured.
Paste: flour, 1 lb.; butter, 10 oz.; yolks of eggs, 2; little water.
Marmalade: apples, 3 lbs.; sugar, 14 oz. (more if needed); juice of
lemon, 1; rinds of lemons, 2; butter, 3 oz.: baked, 1 hour.
 TOURTE MERINGUÉE, OR TART WITH ROYAL ICING.[122]
122. The limits to which we are obliged to confine this volume, compel us to omit
many receipts which we would gladly insert; we have, therefore, rejected
those which may be found in almost every English cookery book, for such as
are, we apprehend, less known to the reader: this will account for the small
number of receipts for pies and fruit tarts to be found in the present chapter.

Lay a band of fine paste round the rim of a tart-dish, fill it with any
kind of fruit mixed with a moderate proportion of sugar, roll out the
cover very evenly, moisten the edges of the paste, press them
together carefully, and trim them off close to the dish; spread equally
over the top, to within rather more than an inch of the edge all round,
the whites of three fresh eggs beaten to a quite solid froth and mixed
quickly at the moment of using them with three tablespoonsful of dry
sifted sugar. Put the tart into a moderately brisk oven, and when the
crust has risen well and the icing is set, either lay a sheet of writing-
paper lightly over it, or draw it to a part of the oven where it will not
take too much colour. This is now a fashionable mode of icing tarts,
and greatly improves their appearance.
Bake half an hour.
 A GOOD APPLE TART.

A pound and a quarter of apples weighed after they are pared and
cored, will be sufficient for a small tart, and four ounces more for one
of moderate size. Lay a border of English puff-paste, or of cream-
crust round the dish, just dip the apples into water, arrange them
very compactly in it, higher in the centre than at the sides, and strew
amongst them from three to four ounces of pounded sugar, or more
should they be very acid: the grated rind and the strained juice of
half a lemon will much improve their flavour. Lay on the cover rolled
thin, and ice it or not at pleasure. Send the tart to a moderate oven
for about half an hour. This may be converted into the old-fashioned
creamed apple tart, by cutting out the cover while it is still quite hot,
leaving only about an inch-wide border of paste round the edge, and
pouring over the apples when they have become cold, from half to
three-quarters of a pint of rich boiled custard. The cover divided into
triangular sippets, was formerly stuck round the inside of the tart, but
ornamental leaves of pale puff-paste have a better effect. Well-
drained whipped cream may be substituted for the custard, and be
piled high, and lightly over the fruit.
 TART OF VERY YOUNG GREEN APPLES. (GOOD.)

Take very young apples from the tree before the cores are formed,
clear off the buds and stalks, wash them well, and fill a tart-dish with
them after having rolled them in plenty of sugar, or strew layers of
sugar between them; add a very small quantity of water and bake
the tart rather slowly, that the fruit may be tender quite through. It will
resemble a green apricot-tart if carefully made. We give this receipt
from recollection, having had the dish served often formerly, and
having found it very good.
 BARBERRY TART.

Barberries, with half their weight of fine brown sugar, when they
are thoroughly ripe, and with two ounces more when they are not
quite so, make an admirable tart. For one of moderate size, put into
a dish bordered with paste three quarters of a pound of barberries
stripped from their stalks, and six ounces of sugar in alternate layers;
pour over them three tablespoonsful of water, put on the cover, and
bake the tart for half an hour. Another way of making it is, to line a
shallow tin pan with very thin crust, to mix the fruit and sugar well
together with a spoon before they are laid in, and to put bars of paste
across instead of a cover; or it may be baked without either.[123]
123. The French make their fruit-tarts generally thus, in large shallow pans.
Plums, split and stoned (or if of small kinds, left entire), cherries and currants
freed from the stalks, and various other fruits, all rolled in plenty of sugar, are
baked in the uncovered crust; or this is baked by itself, and then filled
afterwards with fruit previously stewed tender.
 THE LADY’S TOURTE, AND CHRISTMAS TOURTE À LA
CHÂTELAINE.

To make this Tourte, which, when filled, is

of pretty appearance, two paste-cutters are
requisite, one the size, or nearly so, of the
inside of the dish in which the entremets is
Lady’s Tourte. to be served, the other not more than an
inch in diameter, and both of them fluted, as
will be seen by the engraving. To make the
paste for it, throw a small half saltspoonful of salt into half a pound of
the finest flour, and break lightly into it four ounces of fresh butter,
which should be firm. Make these up smoothly with cold milk or
water, of which nearly a quarter of a pint will be sufficient, unless the
butter should be very hard, when a spoonful or two more must be
added. Roll the paste out as lightly as possible twice or thrice if
needful, to blend the butter thoroughly with it, and each time either
fold it in three by wrapping the ends over each other, or fold it over
and over like a roll pudding. An additional ounce, or even two, of
butter can be used for it when very rich pastry is liked, but the tourte
will not then retain its form so well. Roll it out evenly to something
more than three-quarters of an inch in thickness, and press the large
cutter firmly through it; draw away the superfluous paste, and lay the
tourte on a lightly floured baking-tin. Roll the remainder of the paste
until it is less than a quarter of an inch thick, and stamp out with the
smaller cutter—of which the edge should be dipped into hot water, or
slightly encrusted with flour—as many rounds as will form the border
of the tourte. In placing them upon it, lay the edge of one over the
other just sufficiently to give a shell-like appearance to the whole;
and with the finger press lightly on the opposite part of the round to
make it adhere to the under paste. Next, with a sharp-pointed knife,
make an incision very evenly round the inside of the tourte nearly
close to the border, but be extremely careful not to cut too deeply
into the paste. Bake it in a gentle oven, from twenty to thirty minutes.
When it is done, detach the crust from the centre, where it has been
marked with the knife, take out part of the crumb, fill the space high
with apricot-jam, or with any other choice preserve, set it again for an
instant into the oven, and serve it hot or cold. Spikes of blanched
almonds, filberts, or pistachio-nuts, may be strewed over the
preserve, when they are considered an improvement; and the border
of the pastry may be glazed or ornamented to the fancy; but if well
made, it will generally please in its quite simple form. It may be
converted into a delicious entrée, by filling it either with oysters, or
sliced sweetbreads, stewed, and served in thick, rich, white sauce,
or béchamel. Lobster also prepared and moulded as for the new
lobster patties of page 359, will form a superior dish even to these.
Obs.—Six ounces of flour, and three of butter, will make sufficient
paste for this tourte, when it is required only of the usual moderate
size. If richer paste be used for it, it must have two or three additional
turns or rollings to prevent its losing its form in the oven.
Christmas Tourte à la Châtelaine.—Make the case for this tourte
as for the preceding one, and put sufficient mincemeat to fill it
handsomely into a jar, cover it very securely with paste, or with two
or three folds of thick paper, and bake it gently for half an hour or
longer, should the currants, raisins, &c., not be fully tender. Take out
the inside of the tourte, heap the hot mincemeat in it, pour a little
fresh brandy over; just touch it with a strip of lighted writing-paper at
the door of the dining-room, and serve it in a blaze; or if better liked
so, serve it very hot without the brandy, and with Devonshire cream
as an accompaniment.[124]
124. Sufficient of cream for this purpose can easily be prepared from good milk.
 GENOISES À LA REINE, OR HER MAJESTY’S PASTRY.

Make some nouilles (see page 5), with the yolks of four fresh
eggs, and when they are all cut as directed there, drop them lightly
into a pint and a half of boiling cream (new milk will answer quite as
well, or a portion of each may be used), in which six ounces of fresh
butter have been dissolved. When these have boiled quickly for a
minute or two, during which time they must be stirred to prevent their
gathering into lumps, add a small pinch of salt, and six ounces of
sugar on which the rinds of two lemons have been rasped; place the
saucepan over a clear and very gentle fire, and when the mixture
has simmered from thirty to forty minutes take it off, stir briskly in the
yolks of six eggs, and pour it out upon a delicately clean baking-tin
which has been slightly rubbed in every part with butter; level the
nouilles with a knife to something less than a quarter of an inch of
thickness, and let them be very evenly spread; put them into a
moderate oven, and bake them of a fine equal brown: should any air-
bladders appear, pierce them with the point of a knife. On taking the
paste from the oven, divide it into two equal parts; turn one of these,
the underside uppermost, on to a clean tin or a large dish, and
spread quickly over it a jar of fine apricot-jam, place the other half
upon it, the brown side outwards, and leave the paste to become
cold; then stamp it out with a round or diamond-shaped cutter, and
arrange the genoises tastefully in a dish. This pastry will be found
delicious the day it is baked, but its excellence is destroyed by
keeping. Peach, green-gage, or magnum bonum jam, will serve for it
quite as well as apricot. We strongly recommend to our readers this
preparation, baked in pattypans, and served hot; or the whole
quantity made into a pudding. From the smaller ones a little may be
taken out with a teaspoon, and replaced with some preserve just
before they are sent to table; or they may thus be eaten cold.
Nouilles of 4 eggs; cream or milk, 1-1/2 pint; butter, 6 oz.; sugar 6
oz.; rasped rinds of lemons, 2; grain of salt: 30 to 40 minutes. Yolks
of eggs, 6: baked from 15 to 25 minutes.
 ALMOND PASTE.

For a single dish of pastry, blanch seven ounces of fine Jordan

almonds and one of bitter;[125] throw them into cold water as they
are done, and let them remain in it for an hour or two; then wipe, and
pound them to the finest paste, moistening them occasionally with a
few drops of cold water, to prevent their oiling; next, add to, and mix
thoroughly with them, seven ounces of highly-refined, dried, and
sifted sugar; put them into a small preserving-pan, or enamelled
stewpan, and stir them over a clear and very gentle fire until they are
so dry as not to adhere to the finger when touched; turn the paste
immediately into an earthen pan or jar, and when cold it will be ready
for use.
125. When these are objected to, use half a pound of the sweet almonds.
Jordan almonds, 7 oz.; bitter almonds, 1 oz.; cold water, 1
tablespoonful; sugar, 7 oz.
Obs.—The pan in which the paste is dried, should by no means be
placed upon the fire, but high above it on a bar or trevet: should it be
allowed by accident to harden too much, it must be sprinkled
plentifully with water, broken up quite small, and worked, as it
warms, with a strong wooden spoon to a smooth paste again. We
have found this method perfectly successful; but, if time will permit, it
should be moistened some hours before it is again set over the fire.
 TARTLETS OF ALMOND PASTE.

Butter slightly the smallest-sized pattypans, and line them with the
almond-paste rolled as thin as possible; cut it with a sharp knife
close to their edges, and bake or rather dry the tartlets slowly at the
mouth of a very cool oven. If at all coloured, they should be only of
the palest brown; but they will become perfectly crisp without losing
their whiteness if left for some hours in a very gently-heated stove or
oven. They should be taken from the pans when two-thirds done,
and laid, reversed, upon a sheet of paper placed on a dish or board,
before they are put back into the oven. At the instant of serving, fill
them with bright-coloured whipped cream, or with peach or apricot
jam; if the preserve be used, lay over it a small star or other
ornament cut from the same paste, and dried with the tartlets. Sifted
sugar, instead of flour, must be dredged upon the board and roller in
using almond paste. Leaves and flowers formed of it, and dried
gradually until perfectly crisp, will keep for a long time in a tin box or
canister, and they form elegant decorations for pastry. When a fluted
cutter the size of the pattypans is at hand, it will be an improvement
to cut out the paste with it, and then to press it lightly into them, as it
is rather apt to break when pared off with a knife. To colour it,
prepared cochineal, or spinach-green, must be added to it in the
mortar.
 FAIRY FANCIES.

(Fantaisies de Fées.)
A small, but very
inexpensive set of
tin cutters must be
had for this pretty
form of pastry,
which is, however,
quite worthy of so slight a cost. The short crust, of page 349,
answers for it better than puff paste. Roll it thin and very even, and
with the larger tin, shaped thus, cut out a dozen or more of small
sheets; then, with a couple of round cutters, of which one should be
about an inch in diameter, and the other only half the size, form four
times the number of rings, and lay them on the sheets in the manner
shown in the engraving. The easier mode of placing them regularly,
is to raise each ring without removing the small cutter from it, to
moisten it with a camel’s hair brush dipped in white of egg, and to lay
it on the paste as it is gently loosened from the tin When all the
pastry is prepared, set it into a very gentle oven, that it may become
crisp and yet remain quite pale. Before it is sent to table, fill the four
divisions of each fantaisie with preserve of a different colour. For
example: one ring with apple or strawberry jelly, another with apricot
jam, a third with peach or green-gage, and a fourth with raspberry
jelly. The cases may be iced, and ornamented in various ways
before they are baked. They are prettiest when formed of white
almond-paste, with pink or pale green rings: they may then be filled,
at the instant of serving, with well-drained whipped cream.
 MINCEMEAT.

(Author’s Receipt.)
To one pound of an unsalted ox-tongue, boiled tender and cut free
from the rind, add two pounds of fine stoned raisins, two of beef
kidney-suet, two pounds and a half of currants well cleaned and
dried, two of good apples, two and a half of fine Lisbon sugar, from
half to a whole pound of candied peel according to the taste, the
grated rinds of two large lemons, and two more boiled quite tender,
and chopped up entirely, with the exception of the pips, two small
nutmegs, half an ounce of salt, a large teaspoonful of pounded
mace, rather more of ginger in powder, half a pint of brandy, and as
much good sherry or Madeira. Mince these ingredients separately,
and mix the others all well before the brandy and the wine are
added; press the whole into a jar or jars, and keep it closely covered.
It should be stored for a few days before it is used, and will remain
good for many weeks. Some persons like a slight flavouring of
cloves in addition to the other spices; others add the juice of two or
three lemons, and a larger quantity of brandy. The inside of a tender
and well-roasted sirloin of beef will answer quite as well as the
tongue.
Of a fresh-boiled ox-tongue, or inside of roasted sirloin, 1 lb.;
stoned raisins and minced apples, each 2 lbs.; currants and fine
Lisbon sugar, each 2-1/2 lbs.; candied orange, lemon or citron rind, 8
to 16 oz.; boiled lemons, 2 large; rinds of two others, grated; salt, 1/2
oz.; nutmegs, 2 small; pounded mace, 1 large teaspoonful, and
rather more of ginger; good sherry or Madeira, 1/2 pint; brandy, 1/2
pint.
Obs.—The lemons will be sufficiently boiled in from one hour to
one and a quarter.
 SUPERLATIVE MINCEMEAT.

Take four large lemons, with their weight of golden pippins pared
and cored, of jar-raisins, currants, candied citron and orange-rind,
and the finest suet, and a fourth part more of pounded sugar. Boil the
lemons tender, chop them small, but be careful first to extract all the
pips; add them to the other ingredients, after all have been prepared
with great nicety, and mix the whole well with from three to four
glasses of good brandy. Apportion salt and spice by the preceding
receipt. We think that the weight of one lemon, in meat, improves
this mixture; or, in lieu of it, a small quantity of crushed macaroons
added just before it is baked.
 MINCE PIES. (ENTREMETS.)

Butter some tin pattypans well, and line them evenly with fine puff
paste rolled thin; fill them with mincemeat, moisten the edges of the
covers, which should be nearly a quarter of an inch thick, close the
pies carefully, trim off the superfluous paste, make a small aperture
in the centre of the crust with a fork or the point of a knife, ice the
pies or not, at pleasure, and bake them half an hour in a well-heated
but not fierce oven: lay a paper over them when they are partially
done, should they appear likely to take too much colour.
1/2 hour.