ORGANIZED BY -

SAFETYRISE,
MUMBAI, MH

WEBINAR ON
SCAFFOLDING
INSPECTION
& FALL
PREVENTION
 COURSE SECTIONS-

1. IMPORTANCE OF 2. TECHNICAL 3. SCAFFOLDING 4. WORK AT HEIGHT

SCAFFOLDING SAFETY SPECIFICATIONS OF INSPECTION AND FALL
SCAFFOLDING PROCEDURE PREVENTION
 SECTION 1

I M P O R TA N C E O F S C A F F O L D I N G
SAFETY
R E P O RT S AY S -

According to NDTV Survey of

Construction Industry
58%
Accidents happen due to
“Fall From Height”
COMMON CAUSES OF SCAFFOLD
ACCIDENT’S -
OTHERS IMPROPER
5% SCAFFOLD
LACK OF MATERIAL
PLANNING 30%
15%

INCORRECT INADEQUATE
USE OF TRADE
SCAFFOLD KNOWLEDGE
25% 25%

Note: The details prepared by our assessment in last five year from the different industry.
1. IMPROPER SCAFFOLD
MATERIAL -
(CONTRIBUTION 30 %)

✓ Improper Material Selection & Inspection.

✓ Improper Material Handling & Stacking.

✓ Inadequate Material Maintenance & Accountability

✓ Lack of Regular & Periodic Material Inspection.

2. INADEQUATE TRADE
KNOWLEDGE - (CONTRIBUTION 25%)
✓Inexperienced and Untrained Erectors & Dismantlers.

✓Lack of Scaffold Competent Persons at site.

✓Lack of supervision while Erection, In-use and

Dismantling.

✓Lack Awareness of Associated hazards.

3. INCORRECT USE OF SCAFFOLD -
(CONTRIBUTION 25%)

✓Unauthorized Modifications.

✓Violations of Standard Procedure & Regulations.

✓Overloading of Scaffold platform.

✓Lack of User Safety Awareness.

✓Absence of Reporting Culture.

4. LACK OF PLANNING –
(CONTRIBUTION 15%)

• Improper Job Planning, Time estimation &

Scaffold Design.
• Lack of Awareness & Scaffold Methodology.
• Unaware about SIMOP (Simultaneous
Operation).
• Lack of Surveillance and Monitoring.
• Willingness of Middle Management.
 Spotlight on Scaffolding!

✓ Major Scaffolding Collapse Milton Keynes 11th April 2006

✓ 20 Injuries, 3 Major injuries including 1 Fatal
✓ HSE Investigation complete, fatalities due to poorly managed scaffold, fines of £130,000 / 11B/ INR
ScaffoldSpotlight
Collapse -on Scaffolding!
Inadequate Ties
Scaffold Collapse - Overloading
Spotlight on Scaffolding!
Spotlight on Scaffolding!
Spotlight on Scaffolding!
 Spotlight on Scaffolding!

Why do scaffolds collapse?

• Poor Design,
• Poor Construction,
• Inadequate ties or sub-structure,
• Wrong modification,
• Adverse weather – High Winds,
• Overloading,
• Or a combination.
 Spotlight on Scaffolding!

HSE recommends that those arrangements are reviewed regularly and that reviews
take account of factors which include, but are not limited to…
• Scaffold Design,
• Securing scaffolding to structures,
• Loadings on scaffolding, including wind impact,
• Risk of direct impact by construction plant or vehicles,
• Frequency and thoroughness of scaffold inspections,
• Systems for handover of new or adapted scaffolds,
• Competence of Scaffolders,
• Adequacy of the scaffold foundations,
• Prevention of unauthorised modifications.
 • Scaffold Means any Temporary Elevated Platform
(Supported or Suspended) and its supporting
structure, used for supporting Employees or
Materials or Both.
SCAFFOLDING
DEFINITION
N AT I O N A L & I N T E R N AT I O N A L
S TA N DA R D S
STANDARD CODE SPECIFICATION

SAFETY CODE FOR SCAFFOLDS &

INDIAN STANDARD IS 3696:1987
LADDERS

SPECIFICATION FOR METAL

BRITISH STANDARD BS 12810-11
SCAFFOLD, FABRICATED SCAFFOLD

GOOD PRACTICES FOR TUBE &

NASC, UK TG 20
FITTING SCAFFOLDING

COMPLETE GUIDE FOR FRAME

OSHA 29 CFR1926 SUBPART – L FABRICATED, SYSTEM SCAFFOLD &
TUBE FITTING SCAFFOLD
ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES

• SCAFFOLD ERECTOR/ SCAFFOLDER – Must be trained in Erection & Dismantling

technique/ procedure. Certification should be obtained mentioning certified Scaffolder/
Erector.

• SCAFFOLD COMPETENT PERSON – Should Possess experience & trained in Scaffolding

Inspection, Hazard identification and mitigation technique, Must have Certification and
undergone re-training as per requirement.

• SCAFFOLD QUALIFIED PERSON/ REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER – Means a

person involved in Designing of Scaffold as per rated capacities, Must be Registered
Engineer (Civil/ Mechanical) & obtained training field.
T E R M I N O LO GY -
Standard/ Vertical:
The vertical tubes that carry the entire load to the
ground.
Ledger/ Runner:
The horizontal tubes that connect and support the
standards.
Transoms/ Bearer:
Are placed horizontally at right angles across the ledgers
adjacent to each pair of standards.
Bay:
The distance between one standard to other standard.
Kicker Lift:
A lift erected near to the ground.
Lift:
The assembly of ledgers and transoms forming each
horizontal level of a scaffold.
Lift Height:
The vertical distance between two lifts. Measured centre
to center. (2M (Max))
T E R M I N O LO GY -
Sole Board:
A timber, concrete or metal spreader used to distribute the load
from a standard or base plate to the ground.
Brace:
A tube placed diagonally with respect to the vertical or horizontal
members of a scaffold and fixed to them to afford stability.
Toe board:
An up stand normally at the outer edge of a platform intended to
prevent materials or operative’s feet from slipping off the platform.
Guard rail:
A member incorporated into a structure to prevent the fall of a
person from a platform or access way.
Working platform:
The deck from which building operations are carried out.
Load Members:
Vertical, Ledger & Transom
Node Point:
Where Vertical, Ledger & Transom joint together, this is main point
from where the load gets distributed.
AN EXAMPLE OF COMPLETE
SCAFFOLDING
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
(AS PER BS 12810-11) -

• INDEPENDENT TIED SCAFFOLDING,

• SINGLE POLE SCAFFOLDING,

• TOWER SCAFFOLDING,

• MOBILE SCAFFOLDING,

• HANGING/ SLUNG SCAFFOLDING,

• CANTILIVERED SCAFFOLDING,

• BIRDCAGE SCAFFOLDING,
INDEPENDENT
TIED
SCAFFOLDING
(4:1 RATIO ) -
SINGLE POLE/
PUTLOG
SCAFFOLDING
-
 TOWER
SCAFFOLDING
(4 :1 RATIO ) -
 MOBILE
SCAFFOLDING
( R AT I O 3 : 1 )
 HANGING /
SLUNG
SCAFFOLDING
 BIRDCAGE
SCAFFOLDING
CANTILIVERED
SCAFFOLDING -
ERECTION PROCEDURE -

✓ Planning the Job

✓ 100% Materiel Inspection

✓ Firm Foundation

✓ Scaffold Leveling

✓ Scaffold Square

✓ Rigid Scaffold

✓ Plumb
 ✓ Scaffolding Definition?
✓ OSHA stands for/ Standard Code?
✓ Who is Scaffold Competent Person?
✓ What is Node Point?
✓ How to make Scaffold Rigid?

SECTION ✓ How to check Plumbness of

Scaffold?

- 1 - ✓ What is the difference between

Independent & Tower Scaffolding?

QUIZ ✓ What is the Ratio for making Mobile

Scaffold?
✓ Where we use cantilevered scaffold?
✓ What is Node Point?
✓ What is Lift Height(runner to
runner)?
✓ What are the names of Load
Members?
✓ What is code for BS Standard?
 SECTION 2

T E C H N I C A L S P E C I F I C AT I O N S O F
SCAFFOLDING
COUPLERS &
FITTINGS-
COUPLERS &
FITTINGS-
SCAFFOLDING
COMPONENTS-
 SCAFFOLDING
COMPONENTS-
 SCAFFOLDING
COMPONENTS-
 SCAFFOLDING
COMPONENTS-
 SCAFFOLDING
COMPONENTS-
 SCAFFOLDING
COMPONENTS-
 SCAFFOLD LOADING

➢ What is a Dead load?

✓ The dead load shall include the self-weight of the scaffold structure and components
including Working Platforms, Access Platforms, Stairway, Ladder, Screens, Sheeting,
Planks or Any Other Attachments, where appropriate.

➢ What is Live Load?

✓ The live load shall include the following:

• The Weight of Person,

• The weight of Material and Debris,
• The weight of Tools and Equipment.
SCAFFOLDING RATED LOAD CAPACITIES
AS PER OSHA 29 CFR 1926.454

Capacity of Bay length of Bay width of

# Duty of Scaffold
Scaffold Scaffold Scaffold

1 Light Duty Scaffold 125 Kg/m2 3m 1.25m

2 Medium Duty Scaffold 250 Kg/m2 2m 1.25m

3 Heavy Duty Scaffold 375 Kg/m2 1.5m 1.25m

SCAFFOLDING RATED LOAD CAPACITIES
AS PER BS 12811 (NASC TG 20:08)

Capacity of Bay length of Bay width of

# Duty of Scaffold
Scaffold Scaffold Scaffold
1 Very Light Duty 0.75 Kg/m2 2.7m 1.2m
2 Light Duty 150 Kg/m2 2.4m 1.2m
3 General Purpose 200 Kg/m2 2.1m 1.2m
General Purpose
4 200 Kg/m2 1.8m 1.2m
(0.75m Inside board)
5 Heavy Duty 300 Kg/m2 1.8m 0.9m
 SCAFFOLDING RATED LOAD CAPACITIES
DESIGNED FOR CUPLOK SYSTEM

Bay length of Bay width of

# Duty of Scaffold Capacity of Scaffold
Scaffold Scaffold
LIGHT DUTY
1 2.5Mtrs 1.3Mtrs 1.5kn/m2 (150kg)
(Cuplok System)
MEDIUM DUTY
2 1.8Mtrs 1.3Mtrs 2.0kn/m2 (200kg)
(Cuplok System)
HEAVY DUTY
3 1.3Mtrs 0.9Mtrs 2.5kn/m2 (250kg)
(Cuplok System)
PLACING LADDERS:
• Angle 75 degrees or 4 to 1 slope.
• Base on firm even ground,
• On soft ground use sole plate,
• Never use packing to gain height,
• Ladder should project above landing place
sufficiently to provide handhold, should be
minimum 1m or three rungs. 16.75 Inches

• There should be space above rung for adequate

foothold (Landing),
• Tie adequately on Top, Bottom & Mid,
11.5 inches
• If ladder is more than 3M in height, then use mid
tie to prevent swaying ladder such as –
✓ 04M Ladder – 01 Mid Tie
✓ 06M Ladder – 03 Mid Ties
 PROVIDING S E PA R AT E
INTERNAL LADDER ACC E S S B AY
P L AT F O R M C O N S T R U C T I O N :
• Platform should be fully planked and decked.
• Each platform unit shall be installed so that the space between adjacent units and the
space between the platform and the uprights is no more than 1 inch wide, except
where the employer can demonstrate that a wider space is necessary.
• The front edge of all platforms shall not be more than 14 inches from the face of the
work, unless guardrail systems are erected along the front edge and/or personal fall
arrest systems are used in accordance section to protect employees from falling.
 HOOKED METAL PLANK

WITHOUT HOOK METAL PLANK

GUARD RAIL SYSTEM:
• Guardrail systems shall be installed along all open sides and ends of
platforms, guardrail systems shall be installed before the scaffold is
released for use by employees other than erection/dismantling crews.
• The top edge height of top rails or equivalent member on supported
scaffolds shall be installed between 38 inches (950mm) and 45 inches
(1200mm) above the platform surface.
• When mid rails are used, they shall be installed at a height
approximately midway between the top edge of the guardrail system
and the platform surface.
• Each top rail shall capable at-least 200 pounds (90kg) for guardrail
systems installed and the mid rail of at least 150 pounds (66.60kg).
• Capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds
(22.20kg) applied and At least three and one-half inches (90mm) high
from the top edge of the toe board to the level of the walking/ working
surface. (Comments – however we recommend using toe board at-least
6 inches/ 150mm height as safe practices)
BRACING PROCEDURE & RULES:
• On straight run scaffolds, longitudinal bracing across the inner and outer rows
of posts shall be installed diagonally in both directions and shall extend from
the base of the end posts upward to the top of the scaffold at approximately
a 45-degree angle.
Longitudinal Diagonal Brace (Façade Brace) –
• First and Last Bay Compulsory Bracing Required from Bottom to Top.
• After That, Bracing shall be repeated Every Fourth Bay or Every Fifth Post
from the beginning.
Transverse Brace (Ledger brace) –
• First and Last Set of Post, Compulsory T-Bracing required from Bottom to
Top.
• After That, T-Bracing Shall be repeated Every Third Set of Post.
• Bracings being provided to make scaffold rigid or stable at 35 to 55-degree
angle.
• It is permissible to use swivel couplers on boarded lifts, but these must be
fixed as close to the node as possible and in ALL CASES, they must be within
300mm.
 BRACING
PAT T E R N S :
 BRACING
PAT T E R N A S
PER
‘TG 20:08’
GUIDELINES
H E I G H T TO B A S E R AT I O ( 4 : 1 )
• Supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of more than
four to one (4:1) shall be restrained from tipping by guying, tying,
bracing, or equivalent means.
Vertical Ties & It’s Rules:
• First Rule: Tie ratio from Bottom 4:1 (Height: Width).
• Second Rule: Tie ratio from Top shall be 4:1 (Height: Width) from
Platform.
• After that, follow below rule for gap left in between –
• If < 0.9M width need to provide Tie Every 20 Feet.
• If width is more than > 0.9M vertical Tie Every 26 Feet.
• Tie with First and Last Set of Post (Both Ends)
Horizontal Ties & It’s Rules:
• Horizontal Tie shall be provided at every 30 Feet repeatedly.
 AN
EXAMPLE OF
HEIGHT TO
B A S E R AT I O
TYPES OF TIES:
ANCHOR TIE

THROUGH TIE

BOX TIE

BUTTING TIE REVEAL TIE

TYPES OF TIES:

LIP TIE RAKER TIE RETURN & BUTRESS TIE

 ✓ Permissible gap between two planks
from upright?

✓ How to secure platform?

✓ Minimum Height of Guardrail System

from platform?

Platform distance from Face of Work?

SECTION
✓

✓ Face Brace shall be installed on?

- 2 - ✓ Side Brace shall be installed on?

QUIZ ✓ What are all types of ties/ ratio of ties?

✓ What is Height to Base Ratio?

✓ What is the Capacity of Double/ Swivel

Coupler?

✓ How much load a light duty can bear as

per OSHA & BS Standard?

✓ What is the Length & Width for making

Heavy duty as per BS Standard?

✓ Bracing shall be provided maximum

from node points?

✓ What is the ratio to be followed for

providing Ladder?
 SECTION 3

SCAFFOLDING INSPECTION
PROCEDURE
WHEN TO INSPECT SCAFFOLD?

✓ By a Competent Person

✓ Prior to hand over

✓ Every 7 days (Should we inspect scaffolds which have been taken out of service?)

✓ After severe weather

✓ After damage

✓ After modification
 • Competent Person means one who is capable of identifying
existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings working
conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous to
employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them.

COMPETENT
PERSON
 W H AT I S W R O N G ?

The concrete blocks are stacked at

unsafe height, there are no base
plates on some legs, scaffold legs
are bearing on unstable objects,
and there is improper/inadequate
bracing.
W H AT I S W R O N G ?

• The planks are not cleated or

otherwise secured against
displacement,
• There are no guardrails, and
• There is greater than a 14-inch gap
between the building and the scaffold
platform.
IDDENTIFY THE HAZARDS?
 SCAFFOLD
INSPECTION
REGISTER
SCAFFOLD
TA G G I N G
 Mudsills, Base Plates, Foundation,

Posts Plumb,

Scaffold Levelled, Squared,

INSPECTION Proper Bracing in Scaffold,
C AT E G O RY
OVERVIEW Platforms Fully Planked,
CHECK FOR Tie Rules Followed,
PROPER
I N S TA L L AT I O N Guardrails, Mid-rails & Toe Boards,
OF: Ladder Access,

Inspected every work shift by Competent Person.

SCAFFOLDING
INSPECTION
CHECKLIST
P-1
SCAFFOLDING
INSPECTION
CHECKLIST
P-2
 IDENTIFY
2 BAD
O B S E RVAT I O N
AND
4 GOOD
O B S E RVAT I O N
IN SCAFFOLD?
 IDENTIFY
2 BAD
O B S E RVAT I O N
AND
3 GOOD
O B S E RVAT I O N
IN SCAFFOLD?
 IDENTIFY
5 BAD
O B S E RVATI O N
IN THIS
SCAFFOLDING?
 IDENTIFY
2 BAD
O B S E RVATI O N
AND
3 GOOD
O B S E RVATI O N
 IDENTIFY
3 BAD
OBSERVATION
AND
3 GOOD
OBSERVATION
IN SCAFFOLD?
 ✓ Who is Competent Person?
✓ What is the Role of Competent
Person?
✓ Scaffolding Inspection should be
repeated on which interval?
✓ Who will maintain the Scaffolding

SECTION Register?
✓ Scaffolding inspection checklist
- 3 - must be filled only by?

QUIZ ✓ Who will carry inspection checklist?

✓ When to provide Green Tag?
✓ What is the meaning of Red Tag?
✓ Is re-inspection required after high
wind or heavy rain?
✓ What is the qualification for
Scaffolding Inspector?
 SECTION 4

W O R K AT H E I G H T & FA L L
PREVENTION
 DIRECT COST –
• Medical Hospital Expense
• Tool, Equipment, Material Damage
• Project Delays

COST OF IN-DIRECT COST –

ACCIDENT • Life-long Medical Expenses

• Family Income Goes Down
• Children’s Future/ their education
• Difficulty to get Workers
• Time waste in training new workmen
• Loss of expertise/ experience
• Loss of Business and Goodwill
 W H AT I S W O R K AT H E I G H T ?

According Work at Height regulation 2005 – Any place above or below ground where a person could get
injured, if he falls from it.

Access or Egress to a place of work can also be work at height.

FORCE EXPERIENCE DURING
A FA L L -

FALL IN METERS FORCE IN KGS.

0.5M 392KGS

2.0M 1568KGS

 1568KGS for human body is deadly,

 Anchor Points is tested only up to 1200kg !!!
 R E S U LT O F FA L L I N G F R O M H E I G H T

FRACTURE, BONE SPINAL INJURY LOSS OF LIMBS/ INTERNAL SUSPENTION LOSS OF LIFE –
DISPLACEMENT BODY PARTS BLEEDING TRAUMA MOST COMMON
 A –
B –
C –
O F FA L L
PROTECTION
SYSTEM
FA L L FACTO R • ANCHOR SHOULD HAVE MINIMUM LOAD BEARING
CAPACITY OF 1200Kgs.
SAFETY
FAC TO R
 3 Parts –
Should be
• 1. Webbing Strap, inspected before
• 2. Plastic Parts,
every climb.
• 3. Metal Parts.

Should be Use soft

INSPECTION inspected every
year by
detergent and
normal water to
& CARE - manufacturer. wash.

Store in cool &

dry place away
from sun light.
WORK POSITIONING
SYSTEM:

• Provides support to position yourself.

• Makes it possible to work with both hands free.

• Must stop a free fall within 2 ft.

HOW TO CLIMB:

Maintain Maintain a ratio 1:4 against the leaning surface.

Face forward Face forward while climbing the leader.

Maintain Always maintain 3-point contact.

Push Push yourself from legs instead of pulling yourself by arms – reduces fatigue.

Take Take your tools in a separate bag.

Wear Wear gloves to ensure firm grip.

Work in Always work in a pair to ensure that in an event of a fall your partner may help in rescue.
D O N ’ T S – W O R K AT H E I G H T
AC T I V I TY:

Don’t climb/ work at height unless you are trained.

Don’t climb/ work at height without PPE’s.

Don’t climb/ work at height in case of heavy rain/ wind, lighting etc.

Don’t talk on mobile phone while working at height.

Don’t work if under the influence of alcohol.

Never throw any material/ tools from height.

Don’t Allow anyone unless Height Phobia test.

D O ’ S – W O R K AT H E I G H T
AC T I V I TY:

Do use • Do use ladder primarily to climbing purposes.

Do • Do always wear PPE’s.

Do • Do always be 100% tied to the tower.

Do maintain • Do always maintain 3 points of contacts on the tower .

Do work in • Do work in pairs.

Do make • Do make sure straps properly fixed with the equipment.

 DONNING
& DOFFING
OF SAFETY
B E LT S :
 Attempt rescue only
Take the help of
if you are competent
others.
to do so.

Keep the safety of Do not lay down

yourself and victim within first 30
teammates while min – make him sit
doing recuing. against a support.
RESCUE &
FIRST AID
Stabilize the neck. Stop bleeding of
injuries.

Get medical
Loosen harness/ attention if
clothing of victim. consciousness
doesn’t return within
a few minutes.
TYPES OF WORK @ HEIGHT
RESCUE

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF WORK AT HEIGHT RESCUE –

1.SELF RESCUE (SUSPENSION STRIP)
2.ASSISTED RESCUE (WITH RESCUE DEVICE/ KIT)
 SELF
RESCUE
SUSPENSION
STRIP
ASSISTED
RESCUE
 ✓ What is Work at Height?
✓ What is the length of Lanyard?
✓ Where we should be use Shock-
absorber?
✓ How many points contact to be
maintained while climbing
ladder?

SECTION ✓ Which fall factor is acceptable?

- 4 - ✓ Which fall factor is

recommended?

QUIZ ✓ Who should inspect Safety belts

before wearing?
✓ Who should inspect safety belts
yearly?
✓ What is the maximum life of a
safety belt?
✓ Self-rescue to be done by using
which device?
 THAN K YOU SO MUCH
F O R AT T E N D I N G T H E
WEBINAR

O R G A N I Z E D B Y: S A F E TY R I S E T E C H N I C A L S E R V I C E S P V T LT D

PRESENTED BY: GAURAV KUMAR SINGH

TO KNOW MORE ABOUTSAFETYRISE
SERVICES:
SAFETY RISE TECHNICAL
SERVICES PVT. LTD.
203, PRAGATI BUILDING, DAFTARI ROAD,
NEAR STATION, MALAD EAST – 400097.
Contact No: 9819827014
Write Us: training@safetyrise.in
URL: www.safetyrise.com
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