PHYSICAL

SCIENCE

ANGELICA T. OPEÑA
Instructor
Describe the subatomic particles;
Identify the number of protons,
electrons, neutrons, mass
number and atomic number in a
given isotope; and
Describe the early concepts of
atom.
 ATOMIC
ATOMS THEORY
Basic unit of
matter. For over two
centuries,
ELEMENTS scientists
have created
different
A pure substance that is models of
made up of only one atoms.
kind of atom.
ELECTRONS
-tiny, very light particles
-have a negative electrical charge (-)
-move around the outside of the
nucleus
 -

+
+ +
-

- ELECTRONS
PROTONS

-much larger and heavier than electrons

-protons have a positive charge (+)
-located in the nucleus of the atom
 -

+ PROTONS
+ +
-

- ELECTRONS
NEUTRONS
-large and heavy like protons
-neutrons have no electrical charge
-located in the nucleus of the atom
 -

+ PROTONS
+ +
- NEUTRONS

- ELECTRONS
ELEMENTS
 Are the simplest kind of pure
substance.
A substance in which all the atoms
have the same number of protons.
 There are ~ 118 elements, each
made of a different type of atom
(periodic table).
 History of the Periodic Table
Johann Wolfgang Developed the Law of Triads. Each triad was a
group of three elements similar to each other; for
Döbereiner example, alkali formers were grouped together, and
1829 so were salt formers.
John Newlands Developed the Law of Octaves. Group of 8
1863 elements.
Published The Modern Theory of Chemistry in
which he published the use of atomic weights to
Lothar Meyer
group elements. In the work, he arranged 28
1864 elements into 6 families that had similar chemical
and physical traits.
 History of the Periodic Table
Created a framework that became the modern
periodic table. He rearrange the elements and save
Dmitri Mendeleev spaces for elements that weren't discovered yet.
March 6, 1869 He called the elements that were unknown eka-
aluminum, eka-silicon, and eka-boron, and
predicted their characteristics.
Found a gas that didn’t react with anything. He
Lord Rayleigh
named it Argon, which means “lazy one” and was
1894 the first inert (noble) element discovered.
William Ramsey He discovered neon, krypton, and xenon. In 1910
1894 he made and characterized radon.
 History of the Periodic Table
In 1913, he used X-ray to order the elements. He
rearranged the elements on the basis of atomic
Henry Mosely
numbers. The elements in the modern periodic
1913 table are arranged in order of increasing atomic
number.
He was the author of the concept of heavy
elements. He determined how heavy elements that
Glenn Seaborg
were rare in the earth fit in the periodic table. Both
1944 the Lanthanide series and the Actinide series
have similar properties.

CHEMICAL SYMBOLS Chemical
REPRESENT ELEMENTS Symbols are
either one or
two letters.
If one letter, it is
always
capitalized.
If two letters, the
first is
A chemical symbol capitalized, the
implies one atom of that second is lower
element. case.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS SHOW HOW MANY
ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT ARE IN ONE MOLECULE OF AN
ELEMENT OR COMPOUND:
Chemical # of # of atoms # of Carbon
Formula elements total atoms
O2 1 2 0
H2O 2 3 0
C3H8O 3 12 3
 How many atoms of each
element are present in one
molecule of:

(NH4)2SO3
N……………. 2
H…………… 8
S……………. 1
O…………… 3
Great advances in
metallurgy in this
time

Wrote the book “The

Sceptical Chymist”
Discovered oxygen gas and
combustion.

Also discovered that CO2 in

fermenting beer is the same
as in the gaseous products
of combustion.
combustion is the reaction of a
carbon-containing substance
with oxygen to form carbon
dioxide and water and that life Father of Modern
depends on a similar reaction, Chemistry
which today we call
respiration.
Law of conservation of mass
Different compounds may
contain the same element
but still differ in terms of Atomic Theory of
the number of atoms in its matter
composition. Law of Multiple
Proportions
1. All matter is composed of tiny indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of an element are identical in mass
and chemical properties, whereas atoms of
different elements differ in mass and
fundamental chemical properties. Atomic Theory of
3. A chemical compound is a substance that always matter
contains the same atoms in the same ratio.
Law of Multiple
4. In chemical reactions, atoms from one or more Proportions
compounds or elements redistribute or rearrange
in relation to other atoms to form one or more new
compounds. Atoms themselves do not undergo a
change of identity in chemical reactions.
1 Matter is composed of small indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are
identical.
3. Compounds contain atoms of more Atomic Theory of
than one element. matter
Law of Multiple
4. In a compound, atoms of different
Proportions
elements always combine in the same
proportion by mass.
Dalton was wrong about all
elements of the same type being
identical
Atoms of the same element can
have different numbers of
neutrons.
Thus, different mass numbers.
These are called isotopes.
An Isotope is a form of an element that
has the same atomic number (Z) as the
original element but with a different
atomic mass (A) or mass number.
 1 proton 1 proton 1 proton
0 neutrons 1 neutron 2 neutrons
 Mass number
(number of protons
+ neutrons)

A
Z X Elemental
symbol

Atomic number
(number of protons)
Atomic Number
The atomic number (Z) determines the
identity of an element.

It is the number of protons in the nucleus

Atoms are neutral, so it’s also the number of
electrons.
Therefore,
Mass Number

The mass number (A) is the total number

of protons and neutrons.

Protons and neutrons are collectively

referred to as nucleons.
Mass number
(7)

7 Element
3 (Lithium)
Atomic number
(3)
Therefore,
 Rewriting the formula,
we have:
16
8
16
8
Zinc
30
65
30
30
35
 Democritus & Joseph Priestly
Leucippus
Robert Boyle
Oxygen,
Atomic theory Elements Combustion

Antoine Lavoisier
Joseph Proust
Combustion & Law
Law of Definite
of Conservation of
Proportions
Mass

John Dalton
Atomic theory of
matter, Law of
Multiple Proportions
 ATOMIC THEORY TIMELINE

DALTON THOMSON RUTHERFORD BOHR CHADWICK MODERN

 using available data on the atom, J.J. Thompson came
up with the idea of having charges embedded with
Dalton’s Billiard Balls
 Also used cathode ray experiment to discover the
existence of the electron

negative
positive “chocolate”
(evenly distributed)
“dough”
part

note: this model kept Dalton’s key ideas intact

In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray
tube to deduce the presence of a negatively
charged particle: the electron
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray
tube to deduce the presence of a negatively
charged particle: the electron
A. Cathode rays have identical properties regardless
of the element used to produce them. All elements
must contain identically charged electrons.
B. Atoms are neutral, so there must be positive
particles in the atom to balance the negative charge
of the electrons
C. Electrons have so little mass that atoms must
contain other particles that account for most of the
mass
 Robert Millikan
Mass of the
electron is
9.11 x 10-28 g

The oil drop apparatus

1916 – Robert Millikan determines the mass of the

electron: 1/1840 the mass of a hydrogen atom;
has one unit of negative charge
Ernest Rutherford discovered
a huge flaw in the previous
concept of the atom during his
now famous gold foil
experiment.
 Discovered the Nucleus and
the Positive Protons
 Surmised atoms are made
of mostly empty space
 Didn’t know about the
Neutrons
 Famous Gold Foil
Experiment
• Particles shot through thin sheet of gold
• Most shots went straight through
• A small amount were deflected
• Hence… The atoms must be made of mostly empty space
with a small dense nucleus
 If previous models were correct
alpha particles would have passed
straight through the gold foil.
 Rutherford found that most (99%) of the alpha particles that
he shot at the gold went straight through
 From these experiments Rutherford concluded that the atom
had a dense positive core, with the rest composed of mostly
empty space with the occasional negatively charged electron

-
-
-
+

- -
note: this model completely changed the definition of atom
* Most of the particles passed right through
* A few particles were deflected
* VERY FEW were greatly deflected

“Like howitzer shells bouncing

off of tissue paper!”
Conclusions:
#1 The nucleus is small
#2 The nucleus is dense
#3 The nucleus is positively
charged
 Discovered that electrons
exist in several distinct layers
or levels
 “Jimmy Neutron Model”
 Travel around nucleus like
planets travel around sun
 Electrons Orbit
 Electrons can jump between
levels with energy being
added/released
 Niels Bohr proposed that electrons
revolve around the central positive
nucleus (like planets in the solar
system)

negative electrons

3 positive protons
 Found that Electrons live in
fuzzy regions or “clouds”
not distinct orbits
 Improved on Bohr’s
findings
 Electron location can not be
predicted
 Quantum Mechanical
Model
the current understanding of the atom
is based on Quantum Mechanics
this model sees the electrons not as
individual particles, but as behaving
like a cloud - the electron can be
“anywhere” in a certain energy level
electrons can be found
anywhere in these “shells”

note: the electrons

are still quantized
no electrons can
be found here
 Chadwick revised Rutherford’s
theory, and proposed that the
nucleus contains positively charged
protons and neutral particles called
neutrons.
 Chadwick's discovery forced a
revision of the cloud model, and
scientists sometimes refer to the
revised version as the James
Chadwick atomic model.
ATOMIC THEORY SUMMARY