GHANA BAPTIST UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES

NAME: AHAIWEH PRECIOUS CHIAMAKA

LEVEL: 300

INDEX NUMBER: NUR-21-041

COURSE: PEDIATRIC NURSING 2

ASSIGNMENT

1. What are the types of antibodies and their functions, and where
they are found?
2. Chemical agents and physical agents (radiations) that are
carcinogenic in cosmetics and where they are found?

RESPONSES

What are antibodies?

Antibodies are proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance
enters your body. Produced by your immune system, antibodies bind to
these unwanted substances in order to eliminate them from your system.

Another word for antibody is immunoglobulin.

Antibodies are produced by B cells (specialized white blood cells).

When an antigen comes into contact with a B cell, it causes the B cell to
divide and clone. These cloned B cells — or plasma cells — release
millions of antibodies into your bloodstream and lymph system.

Antibodies are located in various areas of your body, including your

skin, lungs, tears, saliva and even breast milk. In fact, high amounts of
antibodies are present in colostrum (a thick fluid secreted by the breasts
for a few days after giving birth). That’s why breastfeeding can boost
your baby’s immune system.

Antibody
Function
Type
Found in saliva, tears, mucus, breast milk and intestinal
IgA fluid, IgA protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens.

This antibody is found on the surface of your B cells.

Though its exact function is unclear, experts think that IgD
IgD
supports B cell maturation and activation.

Found mainly in your skin, lungs and mucus membranes,

IgE antibodies cause your mast cells (a type of white blood
IgE cell) to release histamine and other chemicals into your
bloodstream. IgE antibodies can cause allergic reactions.

This is the most common antibody, making up

approximately 70% to 75% of all immunoglobulins in your
body. It’s found mainly in blood and tissue fluids. IgG
IgG
antibodies help protect your body from viral and bacterial
infections.

Found in your blood and lymph system, IgM antibodies act

as the first line of defense against infections. They also play
IgM a large role in immune regulation

CHEMICAL AGENTS
Chemical carcinogens, like asbestos, tobacco smoke, beverages
containing alcohol, aflatoxin (a fungus that contaminates food) and
arsenic that appears naturally in the air, water and soil.

Formaldehyde, phenacetin, coal tar, benzene, untreated or mildly treated

mineral oils, methylene glycol, ethylene oxide, chromium, cadmium and
its compounds, arsenic, and crystalline silica or quartz.

PHYSICAL AGENTS(RADIATION)
Physical carcinogens include ultraviolet rays from sunlight and ionizing
radiation from X-rays and from radioactive materials in industry and in
the general environment
The following potential carcinogens were identified: parabens (methyl
paraben, propyl paraben, butyl paraben, and ethyl paraben), ethylated
compounds (laureth-4, lautreth-7, or ethylene glycol polymers known as
PEG), formaldehyde donors (imidazolidinyl urea, quaternion 15, and
DMDM hydration), and ethanolamine and their derivatives
(triethanolamine and diazolidinSyl urea), as well as carbon and silica.