GACULA, JESSA MAE C.

02/19/2024

BSE-2A/BEED & BECED 1

RISE OF NATIONALISM

Nationalism is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or
becoming attached to one's nation.

In the history of the Philippines, the birth of nationalism went rather slowly due to topography,
language problems and colonial policy. Nationalism is not a product of a sudden outburst of sentiment.
It is brought about by certain factors that gradually develop. It is like a seed nourished by common
ideals and aspiration for national unity.

Here are the factors of the rise or development of nationalism in the Philippines:

 Opening of the Philippines to World Trade

 Influx of liberal ideas
 Secularization Movement
 Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. De la Torre
 Cavite Mutiny
 Execution of GOMBURZA

The Opening of the Philippines to world trade, it followed the rise of the middle class, intelligentsia
or ilustrado. Some of them went abroad to study and learned about liberalism and enjoyed freedom
they did not enjoy in the Philippines.

Influx of Liberal Ideas. The possibility of applying Western thoughts as a means to solve existing
problems in the country. The intellectuals of the country gained access to western political thought
from the books and newspapers brought by foreign travelers- Ideologies of the French and American
Revolution: Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu, Jefferson

Secularization Movement. Where the secular priests asked to administer the parishes from the regular
priests. Regular priests belonged to religious orders. Their main task was to spread Christianity. Secular
priests were trained to run the parishes. And were under the supervision of the bishops. Many of the
secular priests were native Filipinos, thus they received sympathy from the natives to run the parishes
which resulted conflict with the regular priests mostly Spaniards.

Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. De la Torre. A liberal Spaniard who practiced liberal and democratic
principles.

Cavite Mutiny. Around 200 Filipino Soldiers in Cavite arsenal initiated revolutions against Gov. Gen
Rafael de Izqulerdo of the abolition of their privileges such as exemption from polo y servicio or the
forced labor and payment of annual tribute.

Execution of GOMBURZA. Executed by the Spanish colonizers on charges of subversion (charged as

supporters of the Cavite Mutiny). Please be reminded that their death was remembered by Jose Rizal
until he dedicated his second novel to them, the El Filibusterismo. In conclusion, these events in
Philippine history, the characteristics of nationalism were felt and put into practice.

Opening of Manila Ports to World Trade

 The growing numbers of foreign merchants in Manila spurred the integration of the Philippines
into an international commercial system linking industrialized Europe and North America with
sources of raw materials and markets in the Americas and Asia.
  In principle, non-Spanish Europeans were not allowed to reside in Manila or elsewhere in the
islands, but in fact British, American, French, and other foreign merchants circumvented this
prohibition by flying the flags of Asian States or conniving with local officials
 In 1834 the crown abolished the Royal Company of the Philippines and formally recognized free
trade, opening the port of Manila to unrestricted foreign commerce.
 By 1856 there were thirteen foreign trading firms in Manila, of which seven were British and
two Americans; between 1855 and 1873 the Spanish opened new ports to foreign trade,
including Iloilo on Panay, Zamboanga in the western portion of Mindanao, Cebu on Cebu, and
Legaspi in the Bicol area of Southern Luzon. The growing prominence of steam over sail
navigation and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 contributed to spectacular increases in
the volume of trade.

The Rise of the Export Crop Economy

 By the late nineteenth century, three crops-tobacco, abaca, and sugar-dominated Philippine
exports. The government monopoly on tobacco had been abolished in 1880, but Philippine
cigars maintained their high reputation.
 Because of the growth of worldwide shipping, Philippine abaca, which was considered the best
material for ropes and cordage, grew in importance and after 1850 alternated with sugar as the
islands’ most important export.
 Sugarcane had been produced and refined using crude methods at least as early as the
 Beginning of the eighteenth century. The opening of the port of Iloilo in Panay in 1855 and
 The encouragement of the British vice consul in that town, Nicholas Loney, led to the
development of the previously unsettled island of Negros as the center of the Philippine sugar
industry, exporting it’s product to Britain and Australia.
 Loney arranged liberal credit terms for landlords to invest in the new crop, encouraged the
migration of labor from the neighboring and overpopulated island of Panay, and introduces
steam-driven sugar refineries that replaced the traditional method of producing low-grade
sugar in loaves. The population of Negros tripled.
 Local “sugar barons” – the owners of the sugar plantations-became a potent political and
economic force by the end of the nineteenth century.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

An economic revolution which started with the invention of the steam engine and resulted in the use of
equipment in the manufacturing sector in the cities of Europe. The Industrial Revolution refers to the
transformation of manufacturing brought about by the invention and use of the machines. This
development started in England and later on spread into Belgium, France, Germany, and even in the
United States.

The Industrial Revolution that started in the west had a consequence to the Philippine economy. It
brought modernization to agricultural industries and domestic as well as foreign trade. Through this
revolution, it open Philippines to world commerce. Ports and cities were built. Foreign industry
increased and merchant as well as financial banks were established. El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel
II was the oldest bank in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia founded in 1851 and currently known as
the Bank of the Philippine Islands. It marked the start of the banking and finance industry in the
Philippines. The British and Americans improved machinery for agricultural products. As a cause, this
revolution gave birth to Filipino middle class. This composed of the illustrados who belong to the
landed upper class but regarded by the friars as filibusteros or rebels. Lastly, it offers safer, faster, and
more comfortable mode of transportation and communication which enabled Philippines to interact
with other country.