Biomolecules:

Carbohydrates

Presented by Group 4
 What Is CARBOHYDRATES?

Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules.

Carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in
foods and drinks. Your body breaks down carbohydrates
into glucose.

Glucose/blood sugar, is the main source of energy for

your body's cells, tissues, and organs.
CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are sugar polymers

Carbohydrate = Carbon + Water

Contains C, H, and , O
[Cn(H²O)n]
 CARBOHYDRATES
General Formula/Structure Classifications

n( )n
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
 MONOSACCHARIDES

2 classification of Classification of Monosaccharides

What is it? Monosaccharides according to the number of Carbon atom.

Aldoses/(CHO) Aldehyde
Dioses- 2 carbons Trioses- 3
First carbon atom.
Compose one carbons Pentose- 5 carbons
sugar/MONOMERS/simple (RNA and DNA) Hexose - 6
Ketoses/(C=O) Ketone
sugars carbons (Glucose, Fructose,
Second Carbon atom of
and Galactose
yhe molecule.
 Examples
FRUCTOSE/ Fruit Sugar GLUCOSE GALACTOSE
- Ketonic sugar that found in - Sugar that found in - Part of Milk Sugar
Plants. Fruits.
Example: Fruit Juice Example: Honey Example: Yogurt
 Isomers
Structural Isomers Stereoisomers

Same formula and connectivity but differ in

Same formula but differ the arrangement of atoms in 3D space/switch
structure/arrangement of atom in the orientation.
molecule.
 DISACCHARIDES

What is it?

Composed of 2
Monosaccharides joined Extracted Water GLYCOSIDIC BOND
together. - type of covalent bond
 Examples

SUCROSE LACTOSE MALTOSE

Table Sugar Milk Sugar
Beef sugar (2 Glucose)
(Glucose and Fructose) (Glucose and Galactose)
 POLYSACCHARIDE

What is it?
Classification of Monosaccharides
according to the number of Carbon atom.

POLYSACCHARIDES It is a long chain of Is linked by

are not sweet Monosaccharides GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
 Examples
1. STARCH - Stored form of sugar in plants (Amylose and Amylopectin (Polymers of Glucose)) -
Bread and Rice.

2. Glycogen - Found in animals and Fungi.

3. Pectin - Soluble fiber found in foods.

4. Cellulose - Polysaccharide that found in cell walls of plants.

5. Chitin - Polysaccharide that found exoskeletons of some animals.

6. Peptidoglycan - Used for support in bacterial cell walls.

What are the roles of
CARBOHYDRATES?

It provides the body with glucose

stores energy
builds macromolecules
sparing protein
assists in lipid metabolism
 Health Connection

WHY DO WE NEED HEALTH CONNECTION OF

CARBOHYDRATES? CARBOHYDRATES

PROVIDING ENERGY.
Carbohydrates are your
Glucose is used by the body for
body's main source of energy:
energy.
They help fuel your brain,
Glucose fuels your activities -
kidneys, heart muscles, and
whether it's going for a jog or
central nervous system.
simply breathing and thinking.
 Conclusion
Contribution
Carbohydrates are one of the four major
essential biomolecules required by living
organisms. Organisms consume them in
several forms, and they are classified into
four groups based on the number of
monomer units their structure has. They
include monosaccharides, disaccharides,
oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Implication
All carbohydrates contain molecules like
glucose, fructose, cellulose, starch,
glycoproteins, and chitin which are involved
in several organismal functions. Their
functions range from providing energy to the
cells, supporting the structural integrity of
cells, to supporting the organism’s growth
and development.
Thank
You