Course & Code: Library & Web Technology

LEVEL : LIS
Semester: Autumn 2023
Assignment No. 02
SYED IHTISHAM UL HASSAN SHAH
20PLR04625
Name.
Course.Bs library and information science
User id.
Semester.Autumn 2023
Code book.9212.

Assignment no. 2
Q.1 Discuss online resources for stock trading and company
information with examples.
There are numerous online resources available for stock trading and
company information.
Here’s an overview with examples:
Brokerage Platforms:
E-Trade: E*-*Trade offers a user-friendly interface, research tools, and a
variety of educational resources. It provides real-time quotes, technical
analysis, and a customizable dashboard.
TD Ameritrade: Now part of Charles Schwab, TD Ameritrade offers
advanced trading tools, a wide range of investment options, and a
comprehensive educational platform.
Robin hood: Known for its commission-free trades, Robinhood is a
popular platform for beginners. It provides a simple interface and basic
research tools.
Financial News Websites:
Bloomberg: Bloomberg provides comprehensive financial news, market
analysis, and company insights. It covers a wide range of financial
instruments and global markets.
CNBC: CNBC offers real-time market coverage, business news, and
expert analysis. It also provides video content and interviews with
industry leaders.
Reuters: Reuters is a reliable source for financial news, offering global
coverage on markets, companies, and economic events.
Stock Screeners:
Finviz: Finviz allows users to screen stocks based on various criteria such
as market cap, dividend yield, and technical patterns. It provides a
visual representation of stock data.
Yahoo Finance: Yahoo Finance offers a robust stock screener with filters
for fundamentals, technicals, and various financial metrics.
Financial Statements and Filings:
SEC EDGAR Database: The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s
EDGAR database provides access to company filings, including annual
reports (10-K), quarterly reports (10-Q), and other disclosures.
Yahoo Finance (again): Yahoo Finance provides access to company
financial statements, balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow
statements.
Stock Charts and Technical Analysis:
Trading View:Trading View is a popular platform for analyzing stock
charts and conducting technical analysis. It offers a wide range of
indicators and drawing tools.
Stock Charts: Stock Charts provides customizable charts and technical
analysis tools. It’s known for its advanced charting capabilities.
Social Trading Platforms:
Ettore: Ettore is a social trading platform that allows users to follow and
copy the trades of successful investors. It combines social interaction
with investment strategies.
ZuluTrade: Zulu Trade is another social trading platform that enables
users to follow and copy trades from professional traders.
Educational Resources:
Investopedia: Investopedia is a comprehensive educational resource
covering various aspects of investing, trading strategies, and financial
concepts.
Khan Academy: Khan Academy provides free educational content on
finance and investing, suitable for beginners.
When using these resources, it’s crucial to verify information from
multiple sources and consider the credibility of the platforms.
Additionally, users should stay informed about market conditions,
economic indicators, and global events that may impact financial
markets.
Online Resources for Company Information:
Dive Deep with Examples
Finding comprehensive information about companies is crucial for
various purposes, from investment decisions to competitor analysis.
Luckily, numerous online resources can help you gather insightful
details. Here’s a breakdown of different resource types and examples:
Free Resources:

 Company Websites: The go-to source for official information like

mission statements, leadership profiles, press releases, and
financial reports (public companies). Ex: Apple, Nike
 Government Registries: Search for basic company details like
registration status, ownership, and legal documents. Ex: US
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), UK Companies House
 Trade Associations: Industry-specific associations offer reports,
news, and member directories. Ex: National Retail Federation
(NRF), Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM)
 News & Media Outlets: Read news articles, interviews, and
analyses about the company. Ex: Bloomberg, The Wall Street
Journal, Forbes
 Social Media: Gain insights into company culture, branding, and
customer interaction. Ex: Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook
Freemium & Paid Resources:
 Business Databases: Access comprehensive reports, financials,
industry analysis, and competitor data. Ex: S&P Global Market
Intelligence, Factiva, Mergent Intellect
 Market Research Reports: In-depth studies on specific companies,
markets, and trends. Ex: Gartner, Forrester, Euromonitor
International
 Business Directories: Extensive listings with contact information,
financials, and news. Ex: Dun & Bradstreet, Hoovers, DMI Business
Directories
 Social Listening Tools: Analyze social media conversations about
the company and its competitors. Ex: Brandwatch, Sprout Social,
Buzzsumo
Choosing the Right Resource:
Consider your specific needs when selecting resources. Here are some
factors to keep in mind:
 Company Type: Publicly traded companies generally have more
information available compared to private companies.
 Level of Detail: Free resources often provide basic information,
while paid options offer deeper insights and analysis.
 Industry Specificity: Industry-specific resources can be valuable for
targeted research.
 Budget: Many free resources are available, but paid options may
be necessary for comprehensive research.
Additional Tips:
 Combine resources: Use a mix of free and paid resources to gather
a well-rounded view.
 Be critical: Evaluate the source’s credibility and potential biases.
 Stay updated: Company information can change, so revisit your
research regularly.
Q.2 Define HTML. Also explain the process of creating a web page for
a library using HTML.
Answer.

HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is the standard markup

language used to create and design web pages. It consists of a series of
elements, each represented by tags, which define the structure and
content of a web page. HTML allows you to create headings,
paragraphs, links, images, forms, and other elements that make up the
content of a webpage.
To create a web page for a library using HTML, follow these steps:
Set Up the HTML Document:
Start by creating the basic structure of your HTML document. Use the <!
DOCTYPE html> declaration to specify the HTML version, and enclose
the entire document in <html> tags. Within the <html> tags, include
two main sections: <head> and <body>.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Library Web Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<!—Content goes here 
</body>
</html>
Add Head Content:
Inside the <head> section, provide metadata and link to external
resources like stylesheets or scripts. Include a title for your webpage
using the <title> tag.
<head>
<title>Library Web Page</title>
<!—Add meta tags, stylesheets, or scripts here if needed 
</head>
Create the Page Content:
In the <body> section, start adding content relevant to a library
webpage. Use tags like <header>, <nav>, <section>, <article>, <footer>,
etc., to structure the page logically.
<body>
<header>
<h1>Welcome to Our Library</h1>
</header>

<nav>
<!—Navigation links can go here 
</nav>

<section>
<article>
<h2>Book Collection</h2>
<!—Information about the book collection 
</article>

<article>
<h2>Library Events</h2>
<!—Details about upcoming events 
</article>
</section>

<footer>
<!—Footer content, e.g., contact information 
</footer>
</body>
Add Multimedia:
Include images or other multimedia elements using the <img> tag.
<article>
<h2>Library Events</h2>
<imgsrc=”event_image.jpg” alt=”Event Image”>
<!—Details about upcoming events 
</article>
Create Links:
Use the <a> tag to create links to other pages or external resources.
<nav>
<a href=”#book-collection”>Book Collection</a>
<a href=”#events”>Library Events</a>
</nav>
Add Forms (Optional):
If your library webpage includes forms, use the <form> tag along with
input elements.
<form action=”/submit_form” method=”post”>
<!—Form elements go here 
</form>
Testing and Debugging:
Save your HTML file and open it in a web browser to see how it looks.
Use browser developer tools to inspect and debug any issues.

Additional Styling (Optional):

Enhance the visual presentation by adding CSS styles. Link an external
stylesheet or use the <style> tag within the <head> section.
<head>
<title>Library Web Page</title>
<link rel=”stylesheet” href=”styles.css”>
</head>
Publishing:
Once satisfied with your webpage, upload it to a web server for public
access.Remember, this is a basic overview, and the complexity can
increase based on specific features and interactivity you want to add to
your library webpage.
Creating a Library Website with HTML: A Step-by-Step Guide
Crafting a library website requires more than just HTML, but
understanding its role is crucial. HTML provides the basic structure and
content, while CSS shapes the visual style, and JavaScript adds
interactivity. Here’s how HTML lays the foundation:
 1. Planning and Content:

 Outline key sections: What does your library offer? Consider

sections for home, hours, collections, events, programs, services,
staff, contact, etc.
Gather content: Prepare text, images, logos, and any links you want to
include.
2. Setting Up the HTML File:

 Create a new file: Save it with a .html extension (e.g., index.html).

 Basic structure: Add the essential HTML tags:
 <!DOCTYPE html>: Declares the document type.
 <html>: The root element containing all content.
 <head>: Holds website information like title and meta
descriptions.
 <body>: Where the visible content of the page resides.
3. Building the Page Structure:

 Headings: Use <h1> for the main title, <h2> for sections, and so
on.
 Paragraphs: Wrap text in <p> tags.
Lists: Use <ul> for unordered lists and <ol> for ordered lists.
 Images: Insert images using <img> tags with src attribute for the
image source.
  Links: Create links with <a> tags, specifying the target URL with
the href attribute.
4. Organizing with Sections:

 Divide content into sections: Use <div> tags with class names for
styling flexibility.
 Navigation: Create a navigation bar using <ul> and <li> tags for
links to different sections.
5. Remember:

 Closing tags: Most HTML tags need closing tags (e.g., </p> after a
paragraph).
 Semantic tags: Use appropriate tags like <header> for headers and
<footer> for footers.
 Comments: Add HTML comments (``) for your notes, invisible to
users.
Beyond HTML:

 CSS: Style your website with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) for
visual appeal.
 JavaScript: Add interactivity like search bars or contact forms.
Content Management Systems (CMS): Consider tools like WordPress for
easier management.
Additional Tips:

 Keep it simple and user-friendly.

  Ensure accessibility for people with disabilities.
 Test your website on different devices and browsers.
 Remember, this is just a starting point. You can find numerous
online resources and tutorials to delve deeper into HTML, CSS,
and web development for creating a unique and functional library
website.

Q.3 How to make a website accessible for disabled people? Discuss

with examples.
Answer.
Creating an accessible website is crucial to ensure that people with
disabilities can use and navigate it effectively.
Here are some key principles and examples for making a website
accessible:
Semantic HTML:
Use proper HTML elements to structure content. For example, use
<nav>, <header>, <main>, <footer>, etc., appropriately.
Instead of using generic <div> tags for clickable elements, use <button>
for interactive elements.
Text Alternatives:
Provide descriptive alt text for images using the alt attribute in the
<img> tag.
For complex images or charts, provide additional explanations in the
text.
Keyboard Navigation:

Ensure that all interactive elements are accessible using the keyboard.
Test your website’s navigation using only the Tab key.
Focus Styles:

Clearly highlight the focused element with a visible and distinct focus
style.
Avoid relying solely on color changes to indicate focus.
Contrast Ratio:

Maintain sufficient contrast between text and background colors.

Tools like WebAIM’s Contrast Checker can help ensure readability.
Headings and Structure:

Use proper heading tags (<h1> to <h6>) to create a logical document

structure.
Screen readers use headings to provide users with a way to navigate
and understand the content.
Forms and Labels:

Associate form labels with form controls using the <label> element.
Provide helpful error messages and instructions for form validation.
Captions and Transcripts:

Include captions for videos and transcripts for audio content.

This benefits users with hearing impairments and those who might not
be able to play audio.
Responsive Design:

Ensure your website is responsive and works well on various devices

and screen sizes.
Test for accessibility on different devices, including mobile phones and
tablets.
Aria Roles and Attributes:

Use ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes

when necessary to enhance accessibility.
Example: <div role=”navigation”> for a navigation menu.
Skip Navigation Link:

Include a “skip to content” link at the beginning of the page to allow

keyboard users to skip repeated navigation elements.
Testing:
 Regularly test your website using accessibility tools and browsers
with accessibility features.
 Conduct usability testing with individuals who have disabilities.
  Remember, creating an accessible website is an ongoing process.
Regularly update and review your site’s accessibility to
accommodate evolving standards and technologies.
Q.4 What do you understand by librarians’ users’ guide’. Explain with
examples.
Answer.
A librarian’s users’ guide is a comprehensive document designed to
assist library patrons in navigating and utilizing library resources and
services effectively. It serves as an instructional tool, providing detailed
information on library policies, procedures, and available resources to
enhance the user’s experience.
Here are key components typically found in a librarian’s users’ guide:
Library Introduction:
Overview of the library’s mission and goals.
Introduction to the library’s physical layout and key departments.
Library Collections:
 Explanation of various collections, such as books, journals,
multimedia, and digital resources.
 Guidance on how materials are organized and classified, e.g.,
using the Dewey Decimal System.
Library Services:
 Detailed information on services offered, including borrowing
policies, interlibrary loans, and reference assistance.
 Explanation of any special services, such as research support,
computer access, and study spaces.
Online Catalog and Databases:
  Instructions on using the library’s online catalog to search for
materials.
 Guidance on accessing and navigating electronic databases and
other online resources.
Reference and Research Assistance:
 Information on how users can seek help from library staff for
research questions or locating specific information.
 Examples of reference tools available, such as dictionaries,
encyclopedias, and citation guides.
Library Policies:
 Clear presentation of library rules and policies, including loan
periods, fines, and code of conduct.
 Information on how to report lost or damaged materials and the
consequences of violating library policies.
Technology and Equipment:
 Details on available technology, such as computers, printers, and
scanners.
 Instructions on how to use library equipment and access Wi-Fi.
Events and Programs:
 Information on upcoming library events, workshops, and
educational programs.
 Examples of past events to illustrate the diverse offerings available
to users.
Accessibility:
 Guidance on accessing library resources for users with disabilities.
  Information on any assistive technologies or accommodations
available.
Feedback and Suggestions:
 A mechanism for users to provide feedback and suggestions for
improving library services.
 Contact information for library staff who can address user
inquiries.
 Example: A librarian’s users’ guide might include step-by-step
instructions on using the online catalog to search for a book,
details on how to reserve study rooms, and information on the
library’s policy for renewing borrowed materials.
Q.5 Write short notes on the following:
a. File Transfer Programs (FTP)
b. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
c. Shopping Search Engines
d. WhatsApp
e. ALA information resources
f. Anti-virus software
Answer.
a. File Transfer Programs (FTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used for the
transfer of files between a client and a server on a computer network.
Here’s a breakdown of the key aspects:
Client-Server Model:
Client: Initiates file transfer requests.
Server: Listens for client requests, responds, and manages file access.
Modes of FTP:
Active Mode: Client opens a random port for data transfer; server
connects to this port.
Passive Mode: Client opens a control channel, and server provides a
random port for data transfer.
FTP Commands:
USER/PASS: Authentication.
PWD: Print working directory.
CWD: Change working directory.
LIST/NLST: List files in the current directory.
RETR: Retrieve a file from the server.
STOR: Store a file on the server.
DELE: Delete a file on the server.
QUIT: Terminate the FTP session.
FTP Connection Types:
Explicit SSL/TLS: Security is negotiated before file transfer.
Implicit SSL/TLS: Security is assumed upon connection.
Data Transfer Modes:
ASCII Mode: Suitable for text files, translates line endings.
Binary Mode: Suitable for non-text files, transfers data as-is.
Security Considerations:
SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol): Secure alternative to FTP.
FTPS (FTP Secure): FTP over SSL/TLS.
Common FTP Implementations:
Vsftpd: Very Secure FTP Daemon for Unix-based systems.
Profited: Versatile FTP server for Unix/Linux.
FileZilla: Cross-platform client and server.
Use Cases:
Web Development: Uploading website files.
Data Backup: Transferring files to remote servers.
Software Distribution: Distributing files to multiple locations.
Remember, while FTP is widely used, its security vulnerabilities led to
the development of more secure alternatives like SFTP and FTPS. It’s
crucial to use encryption and secure authentication methods when
using FTP for sensitive data transfer.
b. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Definition:
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe
the presentation of a document written in HTML (or XML). It defines
how elements of a web page should be displayed, specifying layout,
colors, fonts, and other visual aspects.
Separation of Content and Style:
CSS enables the separation of document structure (HTML) from its
presentation. This separation enhances the maintainability and
flexibility of web pages.
Selectors and Declarations:
CSS operates on a rule-based system. A rule consists of a selector
(identifying the HTML element) and a set of declarations (styling
instructions). For example:
Css
P{
Color: blue;
Font-size: 16px;
}
Selectors:
Selectors target HTML elements to apply styling. They can be simple
(e.g., p for paragraphs) or complex, targeting specific elements within a
hierarchy.
Properties and Values:
Declarations within CSS rules consist of properties and values.
Properties (e.g., color, font-size) define the aspect being styled, while
values (e.g., blue, 16px) specify how the property should be styled.
Box Model:
CSS treats each HTML element as a rectangular box, incorporating
properties like margin, border, padding, and content. This box model
defines the spacing and layout of elements on a web page.
Responsive Design:
CSS facilitates responsive web design, allowing developers to create
layouts that adapt to different screen sizes and devices. Techniques like
media queries help adjust styles based on viewport characteristics.
Inheritance:
CSS properties can be inherited from parent elements to their children.
This enables consistent styling throughout a document and reduces the
need for redundant code.
Specificity:
Specificity determines which styles take precedence when conflicting
rules apply. It is crucial for understanding how styles are applied in
complex web pages with multiple rules.
External, Internal, and Inline Styles:
CSS can be applied externally (linked as a separate file), internally
(defined within a <style> tag in the HTML document), or inline (applied
directly to a specific HTML element).
Vendor Prefixes:
Some CSS properties require vendor prefixes (e.g., -webkit-, -moz-, -
ms-) to ensure compatibility with different browsers during periods of
experimental or proprietary feature implementation.
Transitions and Animations:
CSS supports transitions and animations, allowing developers to create
dynamic and visually appealing effects without relying on JavaScript or
other scripting languages.
Flexbox and Grid Layout:
CSS introduces layout models like Flexbox and Grid, providing powerful
tools for creating complex and responsive page layouts with ease.
CSS Preprocessors:
Developers often use CSS preprocessors like Sass or Less to enhance the
capabilities of CSS. These preprocessors introduce variables, functions,
and other features that make stylesheet development more efficient.
Browser Developer Tools:
Browsers offer developer tools that allow real-time inspection and
manipulation of CSS. This aids in debugging and fine-tuning styles
during the development process.
CSS is fundamental to modern web development, contributing to the
visual appeal, responsiveness, and overall user experience of websites
and web applications.
C. Shopping Search Engines
Shopping search engines are online platforms designed to help users
find and compare products from various retailers across the internet.
These tools aim to simplify the shopping experience by aggregating
product information, prices, and reviews. Here’s a detailed overview:
Aggregation of Product Listings:
Shopping search engines gather and display product listings from
numerous online retailers. Users can explore a wide range of products
within a specific category.
Product Information:
Detailed product information, including specifications, features, and
images, is provided to help users make informed purchasing decisions.
Price Comparison:
One of the primary functions of shopping search engines is to compare
prices for the same product across different online stores. This allows
users to find the best deal available.
Filtering and Sorting Options:
Users can refine their search results based on various criteria, such as
price range, brand, customer ratings, and specific features. Sorting
options help prioritize results based on relevance or price.
Reviews and Ratings:
Shopping search engines often incorporate user reviews and ratings.
This user-generated content provides insights into the quality and
satisfaction level associated with a particular product.
Notification and Price Tracking:
Some platforms offer features that allow users to set price alerts or
track the price history of a product. Users receive notifications when
prices drop or reach a specified threshold.
Deals and Discounts:
Shopping search engines may highlight special deals, discounts, or
promotions available on various platforms, helping users save money on
their purchases.
Mobile Apps:
Many shopping search engines offer dedicated mobile apps, providing a
convenient way for users to browse and compare products on their
smartphones or tablets.
Secure Shopping:
Reputable shopping search engines prioritize user security. They direct
users to secure checkout pages on the respective retailer’s website,
ensuring safe transactions.
Comprehensive Search Index:
These platforms aim to have a comprehensive index of products,
covering a wide range of categories and items, from electronics and
clothing to home goods and more.
Affiliate Marketing Integration:
Shopping search engines may participate in affiliate marketing, earning
a commission for sales generated through their platform. This business
model incentivizes them to provide accurate and up-to-date
information.
Wish list and Save for Later:
Users can save products to wishlists or create lists for future reference.
This feature is beneficial for users who want to track products over time
before making a purchase.
User-Friendly Interface:
A well-designed, user-friendly interface enhances the overall shopping
experience, making it easy for users to navigate, compare products, and
make purchasing decisions.
Examples of popular shopping search engines include Google Shopping,
Shopzilla, PriceGrabber, and NexTag. These platforms have become
integral tools for online shoppers seeking convenience, savings, and
reliable information.
D .WhatsApp
WhatsApp is a widely used messaging application that enables users to
send text messages, make voice and video calls, share media files, and
engage in group chats.
Here’s a comprehensive overview:
Messaging:
Users can send text messages, emojis, and multimedia content like
photos, videos, and voice messages to individuals or groups.
Voice and Video Calls:
WhatsApp allows users to make free voice and video calls over the
internet, providing a cost-effective alternative to traditional phone calls.
End-to-End Encryption:
WhatsApp incorporates end-to-end encryption, ensuring that only the
intended recipient can read messages, enhancing privacy and security.
Groups:
Users can create and participate in group chats, facilitating
communication among multiple people simultaneously.
Status Updates:
Users can post text, photos, or videos as a status update, visible to their
contacts for 24 hours, similar to stories on other platforms.
WhatsApp Web:
WhatsApp Web enables users to access their WhatsApp account
through a web browser on a computer, allowing for seamless
interaction between devices.
Business Features:
WhatsApp Business provides tools for small businesses, including a
business profile, automated responses, and the ability to create a
catalog of products or services.
Location Sharing:
Users can share their real-time location with others, making it
convenient for meet-ups or coordinating with friends.
Document Sharing:
WhatsApp supports the sharing of documents in various formats,
enhancing its utility for professional communication.
Status Privacy Settings:
Users can customize who can view their status updates, providing
control over the audience for shared content.
Multi-Platform Support:
WhatsApp is available for various platforms, including iOS, Android, and
desktop operating systems, offering flexibility in usage.
Contact Synchronization:
The app syncs with users’ phone contacts, automatically identifying and
adding contacts who also use WhatsApp.
Voice Messages:
In addition to text messages, users can send voice messages, which can
be particularly useful for quick communication.
Media Compression:
WhatsApp automatically compresses images and videos to reduce file
sizes, making it more efficient for sharing multimedia content.
Two-Step Verification:
Users can add an extra layer of security to their account with two-step
verification, requiring a PIN code when registering the phone number
with WhatsApp.
WhatsApp has become a ubiquitous communication tool, offering a
user-friendly interface and a range of features for both personal and
professional use.
E . ALA information resources
It appears there might be a slight error or misunderstanding in your
request. “E . ALA” doesn’t directly correspond to a specific term or
concept in the context of information resources. However, I can provide
information on the American Library Association (ALA), assuming that
“ALA” is related to this organization. Please clarify or provide additional
details if you were referring to something else.
American Library Association (ALA):
Overview:
The American Library Association (ALA) is a professional organization
that advocates for libraries and library professionals.
Mission:
ALA’s mission includes promoting the highest quality library and
information services and ensuring equitable access to information for
all.
Divisions:
ALA has various divisions focusing on specific aspects of librarianship,
such as the Association for Library Collections and Technical Services
(ALCTS) and the Public Library Association (PLA).
Publications:
ALA publishes a range of materials, including journals like the “American
Libraries” magazine, which covers library-related news, trends, and best
practices.
Conferences:
ALA organizes conferences, including the annual ALA Annual
Conference, bringing together librarians, educators, and information
professionals to share knowledge.
Advocacy:
ALA advocates for intellectual freedom, privacy, and access to
information. It plays a key role in shaping public policy related to
libraries.
ALA Accreditation:
ALA is involved in accrediting library and information science programs
in universities, ensuring high standards for education in the field.
Resources:
ALA provides resources and tools for library professionals, supporting
them in areas like continuing education, professional development, and
staying current with industry trends.
Intellectual Freedom:
ALA is known for its strong stance on intellectual freedom, defending
the right to access information without censorship.
ALA Code of Ethics:
The organization has a Code of Ethics guiding library professionals in
their responsibilities and ethical conduct.
If “E . ALA” refers to something else, please provide more context or
clarify, and I’ll do my best to assist you.

f.Anti-virus software
Antivirus software is a type of program designed to detect, prevent, and
remove malicious software (malware) from computer systems. Here’s
an overview of its key aspects:
Purpose:
Detection: Antivirus software aims to identify and flag malicious
programs, including viruses, worms, trojan horses, spyware, adware,
and more.
Prevention: It works to prevent malware from infecting a system by
employing real-time scanning and monitoring of files and processes.
Components:
Virus Database: Antivirus programs maintain a database of known
malware signatures. These signatures are unique characteristics of
known threats.
Scanner: The scanner examines files, programs, and processes on a
computer for patterns matching those in the virus database.
Functionality:
Real-Time Protection: Constantly monitors system activities to detect
and block threats as they occur.
Scheduled Scans: Allows users to set up regular scans of their system to
ensure comprehensive coverage.
On-Demand Scans: Users can manually initiate scans of specific files,
folders, or the entire system.
Heuristic-Based Detection:
Uses heuristics to identify potential new or previously unknown threats
based on suspicious behavior or characteristics rather than known
signatures.
Quarantine:
When a potential threat is detected, the antivirus software may isolate
the file in a quarantine area to prevent it from causing harm while
allowing users to review and take further action.
Updates:
Regularly updates its virus database to include new signatures, ensuring
it stays effective against the latest threats.
Firewall Integration:
Some antivirus solutions include firewall features to monitor and
control network traffic, adding an extra layer of protection against
online threats.
Performance Impact:
Antivirus software should strike a balance between effective protection
and minimal impact on system performance. Some users may
experience slower system performance during scans.
Types of Scans:
Full Scan: Scans the entire system.
Quick Scan: Targets common infection areas for a faster check.
Custom Scan: Allows users to choose specific files or directories for
scanning.
Limitations:
Antivirus software is not foolproof and may not detect zero-day threats
(newly emerging malware) until their signatures are added to the
database.
User Education:
Users play a crucial role in maintaining security by avoiding suspicious
links, practicing safe browsing habits, and being cautious with email
attachments.
In summary, antivirus software is a vital tool in the ongoing battle
against malware, employing various techniques to protect computer
systems and sensitive data. Regular updates and user awareness are
essential for maintaining effective cybersecurity.