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(Download PDF) Explosion Hazards in The Process Industries 2Nd Edition Rolf K Eckhoff Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
(Download PDF) Explosion Hazards in The Process Industries 2Nd Edition Rolf K Eckhoff Online Ebook All Chapter PDF
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EXPLOSION HAZARDS
IN THE PROCESS
INDUSTRIES
Second Edition
ROLF K. ECKHOFF
University of Bergen, Norway
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and
the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
I dedicate this second edition of this book to my dear wife, Astrid, for her
everlasting love and support, to our eight grandchildren, Gunhild, Sigurd,
Johanne, Elias, Maren, Simen, Martin, and Filip, and to the precious mem-
ory of the two, Åshild and Nora, whom we so sadly lost. The words in Isaiah
42:16 have continued to give me hope and courage.
Rolf K. Eckhoff
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
xi j
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
My very first contact with the area of industrial explosion hazards was during
my postgraduate studies at King’s College, University of London, 1966e68.
In the early 1970s, the Norwegian process industries experienced a series of
serious dust explosions, which confronted me with the challenge to establish
dust-explosion prevention and mitigation as a new field of research and con-
sultancy in Norway, based at the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Bergen.
A few years later, when the oil and gas industry on the Norwegian continen-
tal shelf evolved at great pace, I was faced with the further challenge to start
up CMI’s comprehensive research program on prevention and mitigation of
accidental gas explosions.
In 1991, I approached the University of Bergen (UoB) to discuss the
possibility of establishing process safety technology as a new field of
teaching and research there. I was appointed part-time professor in
1992 and full-time professor in 1996. During the building up of my
own activity at UoB, I was also taking a central role in establishing a
common new framework program of process technology at large within
our faculty of mathematics and natural sciences. We were convinced that
our candidates should build their process safety studies on a foundation
of general process technology (chemical engineering). The result of a
joint effort by many people is a complete 5-year study program in pro-
cess technology, comprising a 3-year bachelor program providing the
general basis, followed by a 2-year master program providing the speci-
alities. Process safety technology is one of several options for the master
studies.
During my time as part-time professor, I developed a short course on
“electrical apparatuses for hazardous areas” published as a 160-page basic text-
book in Norwegian (Tapir, Trondheim, 1996). After joining UoB full time, I
used this book as a central element in a wider basic bachelor-level course on
explosion hazards in the process industries, but I then had to hand out supple-
mentary material on case histories and prevention/mitigation. I therefore
decided to write a completely new textbook, comprising all the material
needed for this course. Because the book might also useful outside Norway,
I chose to write it in English.
The book covers accidental gas/vapor, spray/mist, dust, and explosive/
pyrotechnic/propellant explosions, whereas various types of accidental
xiii j
xiv Preface to First Edition
Rolf K. Eckhoff
Bergen, June 2005
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
The first edition of this book was published in 2005 by Gulf Publishing
Company, Houston, Texas, United States. A corrected reprint appeared
in 2008. In 2013, the copyright was transferred to Elsevier Science. They
decided to produce a second edition of the book to appear in 2015e16,
ie, just about one decade after the appearance of the first edition.
I have, of course, reviewed all the original chapters of the book and
added, modified, and deleted material when this was considered appropriate.
However, the most significant change from the first to the second edi-
tion is the addition of three new chapters. The first is Chapter 3 on “Boiling
Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVEs),” a topic that I deliberately
left out when writing the first edition, but which I later realized would add
to the usefulness of the book. The same applies to the new chapter on
“Water-Vapor Explosions” (Chapter 4).
The third, entirely new Chapter 9 on “Destructive and Harmful Effects
by Pressure, Solid Fragments, and Heat From Accidental Explosions”. I have
for a long time realized that such a chapter had to be included in the second
edition of this book. Finally, I have totally rewritten the previous very brief
and incomplete Chapter 8 on hazards and risk analysis. This chapter now ap-
pears as a considerably expanded and updated Chapter 11 on “Review of
Some Methods of Hazard and Risk Analysis.”
I wish to express my sincere indebtedness to Professor Isabelle Sochet,
cole Nationale Supérieure d’Ingénieurs de Bourges, France, for her kind
E
help and advice in preparing the new Chapter 9. I am also greatly indebted
to five anonymous reviewers of my proposal for the book revision. All five
offered many valuable suggestions, which I have largely followed, and which
have no doubt improved the quality of the book. Finally I wish to thank all
my students for valuable feedback on various aspects of the book, and for
their enthusiasm and interest in the subject.
Rolf K. Eckhoff
Bergen, March 2016
xv j
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
In clouds of dust particles, however, the fuel particles are generally so much
larger than the molecules of the air (often in the range 1e100 mm) that
their movement within the air is controlled by inertial forces, including
gravity, rather than by random molecular motion. The role of inertial
forces increases systematically with increasing particle size and increasing
density of the particle material. Turbulence and other convective move-
ment of the air can prolong the time over which the particles will stay in
suspension.
were able to calculate process and layout hazards related to these events. The
indexes were based on assessment of inherent-safety distances being calcu-
lated by using specific threshold values of various parameters for escalation
effects to take place.
Development of computational tools for predicting and controlling
domino/escalation effects in relation to accidental explosions in the process
industry remains a demanding task.
Figure 2.1 Butane lighter flame. Example of diffusion controlled burning of a combus-
tible gas in air.
Explosion Hazards in the Process Industries
© 2016 Elsevier Inc.
j
ISBN: 9780128032732
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803273-2.00002-5 All rights reserved. 9
10 Explosion Hazards in the Process Industries
Figure 2.9 Turbulent burning velocity as a function of Reynolds number Re. Premixed
gasoline/air in steady-state burner of diameter 16 mm.
From Freytag, H.H., 1965. Handbuch der Raumexplosionen. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim,
Germany, p. 70.
3.
Reuhtova lapsi
— Niin.
— Olisi.
— Tunnen.
— Osaan.
— Ei.
— Jotta ei mihinkään jäisi mitään! Ah, kuinka hyvä olisi, kun ei jäisi
mitään! Tiedättekö, Aljoša, minä aion toisinaan tehdä hirveän paljon
pahaa ja kaikkea huonoa, ja teen sitä kauan salaa, ja yhtäkkiä kaikki
saavat sen tietää. Kaikki ympäröivät minut ja osoittavat minua
sormellaan, ja minä katson kaikkia. Se on hyvin miellyttävää. Miksi
se on niin miellyttävää, Aljoša?
— Mutta eihän se ole vain sitä, että minä sanoin, minähän myös
teen sen.
— Minä uskon.
— Ah, kuinka minä rakastan teitä sen tähden, että te sanotte: minä
uskon. Ja tehän ette ollenkaan, ette ollenkaan valehtele. Mutta
kenties te luulette, että olen puhunut teille tätä kaikkea tahallani,
ärsyttääkseni teitä?
— Kaiketi se on.
— Se on totta.
— En tiedä.
— Hyväkö?
— Minä itse.
— Lähetitte hänelle kirjeen?
— Kirjeen.
— Teitäkin.
— Itken.
— Itken.
4.
Hymni ja salaisuus