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Travel and Tourism

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1. Weaver and Lawton Articles

a) Generating region is where the travel lives and will return to this place at the end
of the travel. Destination region is the place where the tourist wants to travel and
transit region is the place the links the tourist generating region to the destination
region.
b) The government of the country from where the tourist come from is termed as
origin government. Origin government by issuing the passport to the tourist
allows the citizens to leave the nation. Travel information is also provided by the
origin government to the tourist. Origin government also provides consular
services in the nations where the citizens will travel (Weaver& Lawton 2014)

2. Cohen’s article
a) Cohen defined tourist as a voluntary, momentary traveler, traveling with the hope
of newness and change felt on a comparatively long non-current round trip.
Tourist is different from emigrant, for tourist the place of departure is his final
destination where as an emigrant is on a one way trip, that is, he move from one
permanent place to other. Tourist is a temporary traveler who has a permanent
place of abode, whereas nomad is a wander around the world for many years,
some settle at one place while some wander for indefinite time period and have
no fixed place of abode (Leiper, 2008)
b) Non-recurrent is when the place is visited rarely, for instance if a travel visited
Morocco in 1996 and then in 2001 and 2010 then Cohen will agree it as a non-
recurrent trip. If a traveler visits a place for sightseeing then Cohen will consider it
as a recurrent trip. Cohen in his article discussed the term relatively long in
psychological sense for example a frequent traveler from Australia to London will
consider the distance as short as he/she is used to it (Cohen, 1974)
3. Smith and Leipers Article

a) According to smith (1987) it is important to have an industrial definition of tourism

to avoid the disappointing consequences of tourism, one of this consequence is
that tourism recurrently endures poor reputation in the eyes of government
officials, industry leaders and so on. The examples of six categories that makeup
tourism industry are hotels, airline, travel agents, restaurants, car rentals and
gasoline stations. car manufacture are not considered as part of tourism
industry by Smith as car manufacturers do not provide any direct retailing
services to the travelers.
b) It is possible to think domestic, inbound and outbound as different industries due
to the difference in their target customers and their main focus is on target rather
than competing with each other. Theme parks, five star hotels and caravan parks
business different industries because they provide services to the tourist however
they are not a close substitutes of the services provided by each of them (Smith,
1988)

4. Urrys and Edson

a) Tourist gaze is the way tourist looks at the world through, the place to gazed is
chosen based in anticipations which is formed through television and
guidebooks. According to Urray tourism is about collecting signs for example
when a tourists visits an old village in England he forms a sign of real old
England based on which the tourist gaze is developed.
b) An unfamiliar place which is not the original plan of the trip is heterogeneous
space, the tourism emerges in conditional process and this space is often located
in non-western destinations. Whereas enclave space requires continues policing
and maintenance, enclave space and is a significant development project owned
by the national and international establishments and gets financial support from
national and domestic companies (Urry, 2002 )
5. Boorstin and McCabe’s article

a) Air conditioned hotel and motor freeways are inferior experience of tourist as they
do not let the tourist feel the change they should experience by traveling from
one place to another for example the Hilton Hotel in America and Istanbul have
same interior and feeling only the view outside the window make the traveler feel
the difference . A local culture that is adopted to serve for tourist is a pseudo-
event and tourist will not notice it until it is advertised properly for e.g. a shadow
play in Java. They are inauthentic experiences as to provide the best experience
and meet the expectations of the tourist people courteously become dishonest to
their rituals to offer the best schedule during the best season and convince they
fabricate the rituals to benefit the tourist.
b) Travelers do not prefer visiting familiar places while tourist prefers visiting place
he/she is familiar with. Travelers take risks during their travel whereas tourist
prefers to be protected by the tourism industry and like to speak their mother
language while travels are willing to be a part of local culture like to speak local
language and try local food and so on (Boorstin, 1963)
References:
 Boorstin, D. J., 1963. The image: or, what happened to the American dream.
Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin.
 Cohen, E., 1974. Who is a tourist? A conceptual clarification. Sociological
review., 22(4), pp. 527-555.
 Leiper, N., 2008. Why ‘the tourism industry’ is misleading as a generic
expression: The case for the plural variation, ‘tourism industries’. Tourism
Management, Volume 29, pp. 237-251.
 Smith, S. L. J., 1988. DEFINING TOURISM A Supply-Side View. Annals- of
Tourism Research, Volume 15, pp. 179-190.
 Urry, J., 2002 . The tourist gaze. 2nd ed. ed. London: SAGE.
 Weaver, D & Lawton, L 2014, Tourism management, 5thedn., John Wiley &
Sons, Milton, Queensland.