Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Lecture Content:

• Statically Determinate Members:

- Stresses in the uncracked section due to prestress (with worked example)
- Kern of a section (See “L2_colrevnotes.pdf”)

• Decompression Moment

• Cracking Moment

• Example for uncracked section finding decompression and cracking moments

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Force and Moment Due to Prestress

From WRHF

The compressive force 𝑃 in the concrete cross-section is at an eccentricity 𝑒, and

is equivalent to an axial compressive force 𝑃 and a moment 𝑀𝑃 , where 𝑀𝑃 = −𝑃𝑒.
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Stresses in the Uncracked Concrete Section

Stress due to prestress (𝑃 and 𝑀𝑃 ):

𝑷 𝑷𝒆
𝝈= + 𝒚
𝑨𝒈 𝑰𝒈
Where
𝐴𝑔 = gross cross-section area
𝐼𝑔 = gross section moment of inertia
NOTE:
1) Compressive stress taken as positive.
2)This applies for statically determinant structures, but different
approach needed for statically indeterminant structures.
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Stresses in the Uncracked Concrete Section

Add Self-weight

Stress due to 𝑃 +𝑀𝑃 Stress due to 𝑃 +𝑀𝑃 +𝑀𝐺

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Stresses in the Uncracked Concrete Section

Stress due to Stress due to Stress due to eccentric

+ =
axial force 𝑃 moment 𝑃𝑒 prestress
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Example: Calculation of Stresses in Uncracked Section Due to Prestress

If strand is at the centroid:

Assume the initial prestress force 𝑃𝑖 is 115 kN,

and 20% loss for the effective prestress force 𝑃𝑒 .

At transfer
𝑃𝑖 115 × 103
𝜎= = = 3.83 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑔 150 × 200

After losses
𝑃𝑒 0.8 × 115 × 103
𝜎= = = 3.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑔 150 × 200
Uniform Stress 𝜎
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Example: Calculation of Stresses in Uncracked Section Due to Prestress

If prestressed cable is at edge of kern of section (L2_colrevnotes.pdf):

𝑃𝑒 𝑒𝑦𝑡
= −3.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑔

Axial Stress + Bending Stress =

𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑒 𝑒𝑦𝑏 6.14 𝑀𝑃𝑎
= 3.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 3.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑔 𝐼𝑔
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Lecture Content:

• Statically Determinate Members:

- Stresses in the uncracked section due to prestress (with worked example)
- Kern of a section (See “L2_colrevnotes.pdf”)

• Decompression Moment

• Cracking Moment

• Example for uncracked section finding decompression and cracking moments

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Stress Distribution with Increasing Applied Moment M

Prestress Only Decompression Cracking

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment
Stresses in the uncracked section due to prestress and applied moment M:

𝑷 𝑷𝒆 𝑴
𝝈= + 𝒚− 𝒚
𝑨𝒈 𝑰𝒈 𝑰𝒈

Decompression moment 𝑴𝟎 is the moment which cause the concrete stress in

the bottom fibre to become zero (in the simply supported beam example being
considered here).
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment
For simply supported beam with downward applied load:
𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀0 𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀0
− − +
𝐴𝑔 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡 𝐴𝑔 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡
yt C C

+ =
y
yb C
T

𝑃 𝑃𝑒 −𝑀0 0
+
𝐴𝑔 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏
Stress due to
Stress due to Prestress
Decompression Moment
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment

𝑷 𝑷𝒆
𝑴𝟎 = 𝒁 𝒃 + = 𝒁𝒃 𝝈𝒄𝒑.𝒇
𝑨𝒈 𝒁 𝒃
Where
𝝈𝒄𝒑.𝒇 = the compression stress due to prestress, at the extreme fibre
where cracking occurs.
𝑰𝒈
𝒁𝒃 = elastic section modulus at the bottom of the gross section = 𝒚
𝒃
𝑰𝒈
𝒁𝒕 = elastic section modulus at the top of the gross section = 𝒚
𝒕

Important Note:
𝝈𝒄𝒑.𝒇 is calculated using the value of prestress force that is present after losses
have occurred, i.e. 𝑷 = 𝑷𝒆 .
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Lecture Content:

• Statically Determinate Members:

- Stresses in the uncracked section due to prestress (with worked example)
- Kern of a section (See “L2_colrevnotes.pdf”)

• Decompression Moment

• Cracking Moment

• Example for uncracked section finding decompression and cracking moments

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Cracking Moment
The concrete beam will crack when stress at bottom reaches the
′
characteristic flexural tensile strength 𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 , where 𝒇′𝒄𝒕.𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒇′𝒄 (Cl.
3.1.1.3 AS 3600:2018)
Another term 𝝈𝒄𝒔 is introduced to determine the cracking moment (Cl.
8.5.3.1 AS 3600:2018):
𝑰𝒈
𝑴𝒄𝒓 = 𝝈𝒄𝒑.𝒇 + 𝒇′𝒄𝒕.𝒇 − 𝝈𝒄𝒔
𝒚𝒃
Where
𝝈𝒄𝒔 = the maximum shrinkage induced tensile stress on the uncracked section
at the extreme fibre at which cracking occurs
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Cracking Moment

𝒇′𝒄𝒕.𝒇 − 𝝈𝒄𝒔

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Section Action Stress due to Stress due to Resultant
Prestress Cracking Stress
Moment

From Cavill
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Lecture Content:

• Statically Determinate Members:

- Stresses in the uncracked section due to prestress (with worked example)
- Kern of a section (See “L2_colrevnotes.pdf”)

• Decompression Moment

• Cracking Moment

• Example for uncracked section finding decompression and cracking moments

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment and Cracking Moment in a

Partially Prestressed Concrete T-beam
A prestressed concrete beam with the T-shaped cross-section shown below is simply supported
on a 25 m span and is subjected to a live load of 14.8 kN/m in addition to its self-weight.

Ec = 30,000 MPa 1500

Es = 200,000 MPa
250
fsy = 500 MPa
Ep = 190,000 MPa 675
815
pe = 854 MPa (effective prestress) 900

o* = 1.5 (creep factor) Ap = 3640 mm2

cs = 1 MPa As = 8040 mm2
= max. shrinkage induced tensile stress 300 (10-N32)
fc’ = 40 MPa
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment and Cracking Moment in a

Partially Prestressed Concrete T-beam
Find the properties of the gross section and hence the decompression moment and the cracking
moment at the middle of the beam.
(1) Properties of the Gross Section
𝐴𝑔 = 300 × 900 + 1200 × 250 = 570,000 𝑚𝑚2

𝑑𝑔 = distance to the centroid of the section (measured from the top)

300 × 900 × 450 + 1200 × 250 × 125

𝑑𝑔 = = 279 𝑚𝑚
570,000
𝑒 = 675 − 279 = 396 𝑚𝑚

300×9003 1200×2503
𝐼𝑔 = + 300 × 900 × (450 − 279)2 + + 1200 × 250 × (279 − 125)2
12 12

= 34.8 × 109 𝑚𝑚4

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment and Cracking Moment in a

Partially Prestressed Concrete T-beam
Effective prestress force (i.e. after losses) 𝑃𝑒

𝑃𝑒 = 𝜎𝑝𝑒 × 𝐴𝑃 = 854 × 3640 = 3109 × 103 𝑁

(2) Decompression Moment

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment and Cracking Moment in a

Partially Prestressed Concrete T-beam
Effect of prestress: stress in the concrete due to 𝑃𝑒 and −𝑃𝑒 𝑒:

3109 × 103 3109 × 103 × 396 × 621

𝜎𝑐𝑝.𝑓 = + = 27.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
570,000 34.8 × 109
Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment and Cracking Moment in a

Partially Prestressed Concrete T-beam
Stress distribution due to applied moment:

Hence

𝑀0 𝑦𝑏
= 𝜎𝑐𝑝.𝑓
𝐼𝑔
𝐼𝑔 34.8×109
𝑀0 = 𝜎𝑐𝑝.𝑓 = × 27.4 = 1535 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑦𝑏 621

Note: Shrinkage-induced tensile stress is not considered in this calculation

Lecture 2 CVEN90016 Concrete Design & Technology

Decompression Moment and Cracking Moment in a

Partially Prestressed Concrete T-beam
(3) Cracking Moment:

′ 𝑃𝑒 𝑃𝑒 𝑒 ′
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑍(𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 − 𝜎𝑐𝑠 + + ) = 𝑍(𝑓𝑐𝑡.𝑓 − 𝜎𝑐𝑠 + 𝜎𝑐𝑝.𝑓 )
𝐴𝑔 𝑍

Since 𝜎𝑐𝑠 is assumed to be 1 MPa:

34.8 × 109
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = × 3.8 − 1 + 27.4 = 1692 𝑘𝑁𝑚
621

Reminder:
𝜎𝑐𝑠 is the maximum shrinkage induced tensile stress on the uncracked section at the
extreme fibre at which cracking occurs