AERODYNAMICS 1

Engr. Francis P. Batac

 CHAPTER 5

Basic Aerodynamic
Principles and Applications
Inviscid flow – flow with no friction

Viscous flow – flow with friction

In reality, aerodynamic flow has friction acting on the fluid elements moving withing the
flow field. However, in many practical aerodynamic problems the influence of this internal
friction is very small, and it can be neglected. Such flows can be assumed to have no
friction and hence can be analyzed as inviscid flows. By not dealing with friction, the
analysis of the flow is simplified. However, for some flows the influence of friction is
dominant, and it must be included in any analysis of such flows. The inclusion of friction
usually makes the analysis of the flow more complicated.

For this term, we are going to focus on Inviscid flows.

1. Mass is conserved
2. Newton’s second law (F=ma)
3. Energy is conserved

When these fundamental principles are applied to an aerodynamic flow, certain

equations result, which, in mathematical language, are statements of these principles.
Streamline – is the path taken by a moving fluid element. It is a curve along which the tangent at
any point on the curve always coincides with the fluid velocity vector at that point.

Stream tube – it is a group of adjacent streamlines that acts like an imaginary pipe, it may have
a variable cross section.
 ṁ ṁ
Differentiate AV = constant:
𝜌𝐴𝑉 𝜌𝐴𝑉
ρ ρ ρ

𝐴𝑉 𝐴𝑉
or
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
V1 V2 V1 V2

A2 A1

A1 A2
Convergent Divergent

A1 > A2 A1 < A2
Hence, Hence,
V1 < V2 V1 > V2
 Differentiate ρAV = constant:
(ρAV) = (C)
+
or
𝐴𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 Solution:
V1 V2
Check if incompressible or For 𝐴2 :
A1 compressible:
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
A2 𝑉
𝑀= 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝑉𝑎
𝐴2 =
Given: Required: 𝑉2
30 𝑚/𝑠
2 𝑀= (1.67 𝑚2 )(30 𝑚/𝑠)
𝐴1 = 1.67 𝑚 𝐴2 = ? 340.26 𝑚/𝑠 𝐴2 =
10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉1 = 30 𝑚/𝑠 𝑀 = 0.088
𝐴2 = 5.01𝑚2
𝑉2 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 0.088 < 0.3, 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
 Solution:
V1 V2
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐴 1
=−
𝑉 𝐴 𝑑𝑆
A2
A1 𝑑𝑉 𝑉𝑑𝐴
=−
𝑑𝑆 𝐴𝑑𝑆
Given: Required:
𝑓𝑡
2 𝑑𝑉 90 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑉 =− 𝑠 −0.1
= −0.1 =? 𝑑𝑆 4 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑆 𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑆
𝐴 = 4 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝑓𝑡 = 2.25 𝑠
𝑉 = 90 𝑑𝑆 𝑓𝑡
𝑠
 Solution:
V1 V2 𝑑𝑉
For A1 & A2: For :
𝑑𝑆
𝜋
A2 𝐴1 = 3𝑓𝑡 2 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐴 1
4 =−
A1 𝑉 𝐴 𝑑𝑆
𝐴1 = 7.07 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑑𝑉 𝑉𝑑𝐴
Given: Required: =−
𝜋 2
𝑑𝑆 𝐴𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑉 𝐴2 = 2𝑓𝑡
𝑑1 = 3𝑓𝑡 4 𝑑𝑉 𝑉 𝐴2 − 𝐴1
=?
𝑑2 = 2𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑆 2 =−
𝐴2 = 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑆 𝐴 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
𝑠 = 100 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑉 80 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 2 − 7.07 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑓𝑡 =− 𝑠
𝑉1 = 80 𝑑𝑆 7.07 𝑓𝑡 2 100 𝑓𝑡 − 0 𝑓𝑡
𝑠
𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝑉
= 0.44 𝑠
𝑑𝑆 𝑓𝑡
 Solution:
V1 V2 Check if incompressible or For 𝜌2 :
compressible:
A2 𝑚𝑖 5280 𝑓𝑡 1 ℎ𝑟
A1 𝑉2 = 400
ℎ𝑟 1 𝑚𝑖 3600 𝑠
𝑓𝑡 𝐴 𝑉
Given: Required: 𝑉2 = 586.67
𝑠 (0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3 )(𝐴 )(100
𝑓𝑡
)
𝑠
𝜌1 = 0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3 𝜌2 = ? 𝑉 𝑓𝑡
0.5𝐴 (586.67 𝑠 )
𝑀=
𝑓𝑡 𝑉𝑎
𝑉1 = 100
𝑠 𝑓𝑡 0.000810 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3
586.67
𝑀= 𝑠
𝐴1 𝑓𝑡
𝐴2 = 1116.8
2 𝑠
𝑀 = 0.525
𝑚𝑖
𝑉2 = 400
ℎ𝑟 0.525 > 0.3, 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
V1 V2 Solution:
Check if incompressible or For 𝑉2 :
A2
compressible:
A1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝑉
𝑀= 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝑉𝑎
Given: Required: 𝑉2 =
𝐴2
𝑑1 = 4 𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 =? 200 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑀= 𝜋 2
1116.8 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 𝑓𝑡 (200 𝑓𝑡/𝑠)
𝑑2 = 3.6 𝑖𝑛 𝑉2 = 36
9𝜋 2
𝑀 = 0.179 𝑓𝑡
𝑉1 = 200 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 400
𝜋 4 2
𝜋 2 0.179 < 0.3, 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑉2 = 246.91 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝐴1 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 12 36
2
𝜋 3.6 9𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 12 400
 𝑑𝑝
𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − 𝑃 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
𝐹=− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑉
− 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 × 𝑉
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑝 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑉
 −𝑑𝑝 = 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑉

𝑑𝑝 + 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝑃2 𝑉2
න 𝑑𝑝 + 𝜌 න 𝑉𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝑃1 𝑉1

𝑃2 𝑉 2 𝑉2
𝑃 +𝜌 =0
𝑃1 2 𝑉1

𝑉2 2 𝑉1 2
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 + 𝜌 − =0
2 2

𝜌𝑉1 2 𝜌𝑉2 2
𝑃1 + = 𝑃2 +
2 2
or
𝜌𝑉 2
𝑃+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
2
 𝜌𝑉1 2 𝜌𝑉2 2
𝑃1 + = 𝑃2 +
2 2 V1
V2
P1 P2
or
𝜌𝑉 2
𝑃+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
V1 V2 Solution:
For 𝑉1 :
A2 Check if incompressible or
compressible: 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
A1
𝑉 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝑀= 𝑉1 =
Given: Required: 𝑉𝑎 𝐴1
𝑃1 = 101,325 𝑃𝑎 𝑃2 =? 75 𝑚/𝑠 9𝜋
𝑀= 𝑚2 (75 𝑚/𝑠)
𝑉1 = 10000
𝑑1 = 8 𝑐𝑚 340.26 𝑚/𝑠 𝜋
𝑚2
625
𝑑2 = 6 𝑐𝑚 𝑀 = 0.2204
𝑉1 = 42.1875 𝑚/𝑠
2
𝜋 1𝑚 𝜋 0.2204 < 0.3, 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐴1 = 8 𝑐𝑚 × = 𝑚2
4 100 𝑐𝑚 625
2
𝜋 1𝑚 9𝜋
𝐴2 = 6 𝑐𝑚 × = 𝑚2
4 100 𝑐𝑚 10000
V1 V2 Solution:
For 𝑃2 :
A2
A1

Given: Required:
𝑃1 = 101,325 𝑃𝑎 𝑃2 =?
𝑑1 = 8 𝑐𝑚
𝑑2 = 6 𝑐𝑚

𝜋 1𝑚
2
𝜋 42.1875 𝑚/𝑠 75 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴1 = 8 𝑐𝑚 × = 𝑚2
4 100 𝑐𝑚 625
2
𝜋 1𝑚 9𝜋
𝐴2 = 6 𝑐𝑚 × = 𝑚2
4 100 𝑐𝑚 10000
 Solution:
V1 V2

A2
A1

Given: Required:
𝑄 = 500 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 =?
𝑑1 = 1 𝑓𝑡
𝑑2 = 8 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 2
𝜋 2
𝜋 2
𝐴1 = 1 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 4
2
𝜋 8 𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 12 9
 Solution:
For 𝑃2 :
V1 V2

A1
A2
Given:
𝜌𝐻2 𝑂 = 1.94 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔/𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉1 = 50 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑉2 = 35 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
50 𝑓𝑡
𝑠
35 𝑓𝑡
𝑠

Required:
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 =?
 Solution:
𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
V1 V2 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝜌𝐻2 𝑂

A2
For 𝜌𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 : For 𝑑2 :
A1 𝜌𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 = 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝜌𝐻2 𝑂

Given: 𝜋 2
𝜋 2
𝜌𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 = 0.8
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. = 0.8 4 4
5 2
𝜌𝐴𝑙𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑙 = 2
𝑑1 = 10 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
6
𝑉1 = 40 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

𝑃2 = 𝑃1 − 6𝑝𝑠𝑖

Required:
𝑑2 =?
 Solution:
V1 V2 For 𝑉2 : For 𝑑2 :

A2
A1
40 𝑓𝑡
𝑠

Given:
𝑓𝑡 5 40 𝑓𝑡
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. = 0.8
52.09 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 𝑠
6 52.09 𝑓𝑡
𝑠
5
𝑑1 = 10 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
6 0.73 𝑓𝑡
𝑉1 = 40 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

𝑃2 = 𝑃1 − 6𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 6𝑝𝑠𝑖

Required:
𝑑2 =?
 Solution:
For 𝑉2 : For :
𝐴2 𝑉2
𝐴1
For :
𝐴2 𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. 𝜌𝐻2𝑂
𝐴1
Given:
𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 0.85
𝐴1 = 2 𝑚2
𝐴2
𝐴2 = 1.22 𝑚 × 1𝑚 = 1.22 𝑚2
𝐴1 𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 850
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. = 0.85
Since 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 ; For :
/𝑚3
𝐴2 𝑉2 𝐴2 sin 30 =
Required: 𝐴1 𝐴1
ℎ=
𝑉2 =?
 Solution:
For : For :
3000.8196 𝑃𝑎
1.22 𝑚2
2 𝑚2

Given: 3000.8196 𝑃𝑎

𝐴1 = 2 𝑚2
𝐴2 = 1.22 𝑚 × 1𝑚 = 1.22 𝑚2
𝑠𝑝. 𝑔𝑟. = 0.85

/𝑚3

Required:
𝑉2 =?
Given: Required: Solution:
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝜌 = 1.94 𝑄 =?
𝑓𝑡 3
1
𝑑1 = 4 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
3
1
𝑑2 = 2 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
6
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 − 2 𝑝𝑠𝑖

2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 2 𝑝𝑠𝑖 288 𝑝𝑠𝑓
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 288 𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
1.94 𝜋 𝜋 2
2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
𝜋 1 𝜋 2 144 36
𝐴1 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 3 36
2
𝜋 1 𝜋
𝐴2 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡 2
4 6 144
Given: Required: Solution:
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝜌 = 1.94 𝑄 =?
𝑓𝑡 3
1
𝑑1 = 6 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
2
1
𝑑2 = 4 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
3
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃1 = 10 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 24.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 3556.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
3556.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 2980.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃2 = 6 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 20.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 1.94 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
= 2980.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 36 16
2
𝜋 1 𝜋 2
𝐴1 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 2 16
2
𝜋 1 𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 3 36
Given: Required: Solution:
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝜌 = 1.94 𝑄 =?
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑1 = 12 𝑖𝑛 = 1 𝑓𝑡
1
𝑑2 = 6 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
2
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃1 = 30 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 44.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 6436.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 6436.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 4420.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃2 = 16 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 30.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
1.94 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
= 4420.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
16 4
𝜋 2
𝜋 2
𝐴1 = 1𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 4
2
𝜋 1 𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 2 16
Given: Required: Solution:
2
𝑑1 = 8 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡 𝑄 =?
3
1
𝑑2 = 6 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
2
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃1 = 12 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 26.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 3844.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃2 = 11.95 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 26.65 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 3837.6 𝑝𝑠𝑓
2
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝐴1 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 3 9
2
𝜋 1 𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 2 16
Given: Required: Solution:
2
𝑑1 = 8 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡 𝑄 =? For 𝜌:
3
4.26
1 𝑎ℎ
𝑑2 = 6 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡 𝜌 = 𝜌0 1+
2 𝑇0
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃1 = 12 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 26.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 °𝑅 4.26
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 −0.003566 10,000 𝑓𝑡
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑓𝑡
= 3844.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝜌 = 0.002377 1+
𝑓𝑡 3 519 °𝑅
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃2 = 11.95 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 26.65 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝜌 = 0.001755
= 3837.6 𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝑓𝑡 3
2
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝐴1 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 3 9
2
𝜋 1 𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 2 16
Given: Required: Solution:
2
𝑑1 = 8 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡 𝑄 =?
3
1
𝑑2 = 6 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑡
2
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓
𝑃1 = 12 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 26.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
= 3844.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 3844.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 3837.6 𝑝𝑠𝑓
2116.8 𝑝𝑠𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑃2 = 11.95 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 26.65 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 0.001755 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
16 9
= 3837.6 𝑝𝑠𝑓
2
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝐴1 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 3 9
2
𝜋 1 𝜋 2
𝐴2 = 𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡
4 2 16
 - END -
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