www

WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is − All the
resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP. The
World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human
knowledge. The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on the
Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources. It is a
hypertext interface to internet information resources.
Client and server
A host machine that requests for a resource on the Internet is treated as client. The machine
and/or software that manages and replies these requests are called as servers. There are different
types of clients like email client, web client, FTP client the corresponding servers are Email
server, web server and FTP server.
URL
URL refers to Uniform Resource Locator. URLs are used as the address of the documents
available on the World Wide Web. A URL is the fundamental identifier of any resource available
on the web e. g., hypertext pages, images, and sound files. The standard format of a URL has
been specified as –
protocol://hostname/other_information
A protocol is, basically, a specification of the flow of information in a network. The protocol
required for accessing the resources available on the web is called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP). Other protocols supported by the web browsers include telnet, FTP, Gopher, etc. The
name of the protocol is followed by a colon, two forward slashes, and then the hostname. The
hostname refers to the computer having the requested resource. Hostname is followed by a single
forward slash and links to subdirectories or any particular file. The path to the directory holding
the requested file or resource may contain single forward slashes.
Web Browser
Web Browser is a software required to access the resources available on the World Wide Web.
Hence, in order to access any website web browser is required. Examples of web browsers are:
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Netscape Navigator, etc.
Navigating through the pages of a website is termed as web browsing or surfing.
WHAT IS WEB BROWSER?
In the previous section, you have gone through the details about the web addresses.
By now you also know about the Internet and WWW. However, how do you see the
content of a web page that is available at a web address? To visit a website that is
identified by a web address, you need to use a software application. This software
application allows formatted display of information of the desired web page as well as
possible interaction with the website. This software is called the Web Browser. The
information on a web page may be textual, images, audio, video, interactive game etc.
In addition, a web page may contain links called Hyperlinks to other web pages on the
same or different website. Web browser displays these hyperlinks. On clicking these
hyperlinks you will get the display of web page / text / table /picture to which the link
is referencing in the web browser.
Thus, a Web browser is a software application that provides functionality to a client to
display and interact with text, images, and other information located on a Web Server
on the World Wide Web. Following are some of the information about the browser -
• NCSA Mosaic, the first web graphical browser was developed at the National
Center for Supercomputing Applications in the 1993. It was an easy to use
browser. It supported point and click interface which helped to popularize the
Web Browser.
• Although all web browsers display the contents and format as per the standard
versions of Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), however, the appearance of a
Web page may differ between browsers.
• Some of the Web browsers available for personal computers are Internet Explorer,
Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, and Netscape.
Browsers basically provide the following facilities which help users and save their
time, when they are jumping from one website to another that is doing intern et
surfmg:
• Browsers do not require you to "log on" to a server computer (called web server)
and later to "log out" when you have finished accessing information stored on the
web server.
• Browsers allow you to directly visit a website stored on a web server computer,
however, to do so you must type the URL address of the web site you want to
access. Alternatively, you can also click on the hyperlink that refers to that web
site.
• Browsers allow you to create and maintain a personal list of favourite URL
addresses that you are likely to frequently visit in future. Your list is stored on
your own computer from which you are accessing theWWW.
• Most of the browsers store your surfmg information called history. Browsers
maintain a history of the websites visited in a session. These save all the URL
addresses visited during session in the computer through which you are accessing
theWWW.
• Browsers allow you to download information in various formats. The downloaded
information can be saved for later use
Netscape navigator
 The center piece of Netscape communicator is
Netscape navigator, the web browser component
to process and access html documents & other
web server contents.
 The latest version of Netscape Navigator has
added some significant new features to the
release, the most notable of which is an array of
tools that together they call smart browsing
Functions of Netscape Navigator
 Click the back and forward buttons to move
between pages we have already visited in the
current session.
 Click the go menu to view a list of all the
pages we have visited in the current session-
our history list. Select a page to return to it.
 To go to a specific web page, type its address
in the location box. We can pull down a list
from that box to see every page we have ever
typed in directly.
Any element that is present inside a web page is known as a web element. There are different
types of web elements in Selenium:

● Edit box
● Links
● Button
● Image, image link, an image button
● Text area
● Checkbox
● Radio button
● Dropdown list

The table below shows the description of each web element:

Element Description

Edit box Used to enter small amounts of text.

Links Links refers to hyperlinks to other web pages.

Links are used to connect different web pages.

Button A button is used to confirm an input. We can also

use buttons to submit a form.

Image Images make the webpage more interactive.

They attract users and efficiently convey
information. Images can also be used as clickable
buttons.

Text area Text area is used to allow users to write several

lines of text. It shows an area carved inside the
webpage.
 Checkbox A checkbox is used to allow a user to select
multiple options. It is an interactive way of getting
input from the user in the form of bulleted options.

Radio button A radio button enables a user to select a single

option only from a series of options.

Dropdown list A dropdown list is used to display options to the

user in the form of a list. A user can only select a
single option at a time.

What is a Client?
Internet
Concepts
2.6 MICROSOFT INTERNET EXPLORER

Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer) abbreviated as

MSlE, commonly abbreviated to lE, is a graphical web browsers developed by
Microsoft. The Internet Explorer project was started in the summer of 1994 by
Thomas Reardon and after that Benjamin Slivka worked on that project. It included lE
as part of the Microsoft Windows operating systems starting in 1995. It has been one
of the most widely used web browsers.

The versions of lE which are still being used are Internet Explorer 6 and Internet
Explorer 7. Microsoft has already introduced their latest version of Internet Explorer
i.e., Internet Explorer 8.

Internet Explorer 6.0: It was released on August 27,2001, a few months before
Windows XP. This version included Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language
(DHTML) (DHTML allows display of dynamic web pages. DHTML will be defmed
in Block 2 in more details) and partial support of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS),
Document Object Model (DaM). Some of these concepts will be discussed in
Block 2.

Internet Explorer 7: It was released on October 18,2006. It includes tabbed

browsing, a multiple-engine search box, and anti-phishing filer. Please note that
phishing is a fraudulent process of acquiring your critical information like username
and password, credit card details etc., using fake web sites or e-mail or messengers
etc. 1E7 is included with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, and is available
for Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later and Windows Server 2003.

Internet Explorer 8: It is the latest version of Internet Explorer and has been in
development since, August 2007. On March 5, 2008, the first public beta (Beta 1) was
released to the general public. On August 27,2008, the second public beta (Beta 2)
was released. It supports·Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and
Windows Server 2008 on both 32-bit as well as 64-bit architectures.

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Figure 9: Microsoft Internet Explorer

44

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 Concepts of Web
There are a number of other popular browsers that are available free of cost on the Browsers
Internet. Some of these browsers are:

• Mozilla Firefox
• Opera
• Netscape Navigator
• Safari

These browsers support multiple numbers of operating system and very easy to use
web browsers. Figure 10 shows the start window of Mozila's Firefox web browser.

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Figure 10: Mozilla Firefox Web Browser

Mozilla Firefox: Mozilla introduced Firefox as a free and open-source web browser
for Windows, Linux and Mac OS. It is fast, small and easy to use web browser. It
provides many features such as tabbed windows, quick links, security and the ability
to block ads. We will discuss Mozilla Firefox in detail later on this unit.

Opera: Opera is a full-featured internet web browser. Opera is a secure, small, and
powerful web browser. The installation of Opera web browser is fast and easy. It does
not interfere with other programs on your computer, including other browsers. Opera
is famous for its speed in rendering of WebPages, and customizable user interface.

2.6.1 How to Open an Internet Explorer Browser

To browse the internet you first open an Internet browser. To do this, you follow the
steps given below:

• Click the Start button.

• Go to Programs Menu and, highlight and click Internet Explorer.
• Alternatively click the Internet Explorer icon on the Desktop or on the Taskbar.

As soon as you start a browser, the browser window opens and displays a page. This
page is called "the Home" page of your browser. You can change the home page of a
browser to any site of your choice.

45
Netscape Communicator

Netscape Communicator, standard edition, is a group of related tools for working and
communicating over the Internet.

In Netscape Communicator 4.78 and 4.76, these tools include:

* Netscape Navigator[tm] - find and view information on the World Wide Web
* Netscape Messenger - send and receive e-mail
* Netscape Composer - create and publish Web pages

Requirements

Below are the required software and disk space requirements for installing and running
Netscape Communicator.
Operating Systems

The basic Solaris[tm] software end-user cluster (SUNWCuser) must be installed

before you install Netscape Communicator.

Netscape Communicator software 4.78 and 4.76 runs on the Solaris Operating
Environment for SPARC[tm] and Intel Platform Editions, with Solaris versions 2.6, 7,
and 8.

You can install Netscape Communicator on a Common Desktop Environment (CDE)

or OpenWindows[tm] desktop.

Disk Space Requirements

You need 20 Mbytes free disk space to install the Netscape Communicator software.

Downloading Instructions

Solaris 2.6, 7, and 8 Operating Environment

Currently, Netscape Communicator is available for download in English only.

Documentation from Netscape is also provided in English only.

After ensuring you have enough disk space and reviewing your selections, select the
version that corresponds to your platform from those listed below. Before the download
starts, a dialog box appears, enabling you to choose the location where you want to
download the Netscape Communicator file.

Note - Make sure the location exists before you download Netscape.

When the file has finished downloading, continue with the installation instructions that
follow.
Netscape Communicator 4.78 and 4.76

SPARC Platform Edition:

Global - uses 128-bit encryption with S/MIME

Intel Platform Edition:

Global - uses 128-bit encryption with S/MIME

Extracting Netscape Communicator

After downloading the Netscape Communicator package, follow the steps below to install
Netscape Communicator:

1. Become the root user by typing su, then type your root password.

2. Change to the directory where you downloaded the compressed version of Netscape
Communicator:

# cd

3. Check the name of the downloaded Netscape Communicator file.

If the Netscape file does not have a .Z suffix, your browser has uncompressed the
Netscape file automatically. Use the following command to extract its files.

# tar -xf Netscape

If the Netscape file has a .Z suffix, your browser did not uncompress the Netscape file
automatically. Use the following command to uncompress and extract its files.

# zcat Netscape.Z | tar -xf -

Installing Netscape Communicator With pkgadd

1. If you are not root already, become the root user by typing su, then type your root
password.

2. Change to the installation directory where the compressed version of Netscape

Communicator was extracted: Note - When you execute the next step, the Netscape
Communicator package will be installed in the /opt/NSCPcom directory on your
workstation. If you currently have a version of Netscape Communicator on your
workstation and this version came with your Solaris install (bundled), installing this
download version (unbundled) will place two versions of Netscape Communicator on
your workstation. The version of Netscape Communicator bundled with Solaris would be
installed at /usr/dt/appconfig/netscape. If you do not want two versions of Netscape
Communicator on your workstation, it is recommended that you remove the older version
before installing the new downloaded version. To remove the old version, run the
command "pkgrm NSCPcom" as superuser.

3. Install Netscape Communicator by typing:

# pkgadd -d `pwd` NSCPcom

4. Exit superuser by typing exit at the prompt.

Adding Netscape Communicator to your PATH

Determine where your PATH variable is set, and add the Netscape Communicator
directory to your path. The path may be set in the .dtprofile, .login, or .cshrc file.

Add an entry to your PATH for the directory in which Netscape Communicator is
installed. For example, if Netscape Communicator were installed in the default directory,
you would add /opt/NSCPcom to your PATH.

Starting Netscape Communicator

This section describes methods for starting Netscape Communicator from the command
line, from within CDE, and from within the OpenWindows environment.
To start Netscape Communicator 4.78 from within CDE

Click the Web Browser icon.

On Solaris 7 and 8 Operating Environment, this is a planet Earth icon on the left of the
Front Panel.

An entry for the directory where Netscape Communicator 4.78 or 4.76 is installed must
be included in your $PATH if you want Netscape Communicator 4.78 or 4.76 to be your
default browser. In Solaris Operating Environment and prior releases the default is the
HotJava[tm] browser. In the Solaris 8 Operating Environment, the default browser is
Netscape 4.7. See your system administrator if you need help.
To start Netscape Communicator from within OpenWindows

1. Start File Manager and open the folder where you installed Netscape
Communicator.

2. Double-click on the icon with the Netscape Communicator executable.