UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE

Health care Technology Management

Assignment 4
BY GROUP 6

Submitted to Mr.MUHAMMED

Submision date. Tahsas 4/2015EC

C
 GROUP MEMBERS;

NAME ID

BETELHEM TEKLKEGIORGIS 00796/12

02097/12
BEKALU NIGATIE
00557/12
KINDU DEMEKE
04954/12
EYERUSALEM ABEBE
HABTE FEKADU 00920/12

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Content

Page

abstract3
introduction.............................................................................................................4
repair....................................................................................................................... 5
maintenance............................................................................................................6
what is the diffence between repair and maintenance.......................................12
summary................................................................................................................14
Reference……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….15

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 Abstract
In the present day of Ethiopia there are many medical equipment and medical machines that
are in a bad condition. Not because they can’t be used again but because of our own lack of
interest as well as resources. We as a biomedical engineering students have taught over this
issue and agreed that fixing one medical equipment have great impact on helping too many
patients thus we prepared this paper to create know how on repair and maintenance. The
paper contains the definitions of maintenance and repair, their main differences and types of
maintenance as well as types of repair in the biomedical engineering world.

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Introduction
Repair and maintenance are the main categories of health care technology management
essential for functioning health system. Medical devices are used for diagnosis and treatment of
illness and disease, as well as patient rehabilitation.
WHO has two specific objectives of repair and maintenance which include:
 To challenge the international community to establish a framework for the development
of national essential health technology programs that will have a positive impact on the
burden of disease and ensure effective use of resources;
 To challenge the business and scientific communities to identify and adapt innovative
technologies that can have a significant impact on public health.
Medical equipment maintenance can be divided into two major categories: inspection and
preventive maintenance (IPM), and corrective maintenance (CM).
And Repair on the other hand is an action we take to restore an asset to proper working
conditions. And close definition as corrective maintenance.

REPAIR
Repair is an action we take to restore an asset to proper working conditions. The level of repair
we need to perform corresponds to the level of failure that is causing asset malfunction. We
can differentiate between two basic types of equipment failures:
1. Partial failure: The asset can generally still be used, but it doesn’t offer full functionality and
might be unsafe (for example, a car with bald tires or broken AC). Oftentimes, the maintenance
team can perform quick corrective actions to restore the equipment to full functionality before
the identified issue leads to complete failure.
2. Complete failure: The asset can’t be used until it is repaired. The amount of resources that
will be spent on the repair will depend on the root failure cause that needs to be addressed. If
we return to the car example, there is a big difference between changing a flat tire and
replacing the car engine. Both cause complete failure, but the time and money you will have to
spend on repair are like night and day.
Equipment breakdowns can be very expensive. Some are the results of human error, freaky
accidents, and natural wear and tear that happens over many years of use. Those factors are
impossible to control.

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 That being said, most breakdowns (and subsequently major repairs) are preventable which
leads us to (proactive) maintenance.

MAINTENANCE
Maintenance is often used as an umbrella term that covers all maintenance work performed
on assets. This includes maintenance activities like:
•visual inspections, functional checks, and other types of routine maintenance,
•performing spare parts replacements and other types of preventative maintenance work,
•installing new asset in a facility,
•upgrading a building with a new HVAC or lighting system,
•upgrading existing assets,
•installing/retrofitting condition-monitoring sensors performing repairs,

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The five types of maintenance
There are five machine maintenance types: preventative maintenance, predictive
maintenance, corrective maintenance, routine maintenance, and emergency maintenance.
Each of these types is essential but ideally, you’ll be able to avoid corrective and emergency
maintenance by scheduling predictive, preventative, and routine service for your equipment

1. Preventative maintenance
Inspecting and maintaining equipment at regular intervals so that tiny problems can be
addressed before they become big headaches. In a perfect world, preventative maintenance
would prevent all breakdowns and malfunctions.
Performance inspections; these activities are designed to test the operating status of a medical
device. Tests compare the performance of the device to technical specifications established by
the manufacturer in their maintenance or service manual. These inspections are not meant to
extend the life of equipment, but merely to assess its current condition. Performance
inspections are sometimes referred to as ‘performance assurance inspections’.
Safety inspections; these are performed to ensure the device is electrically and mechanically
safe. These inspections may also include checks for radiation safety or dangerous gas or
chemical pollutants. When these inspections are done, the results are compared to country or
regional standards as well as to manufacturer’s specifications. The frequency of safety
inspections may be different than planned maintenance and performance inspections, and are
usually based on regulatory requirements.

2. Predictive maintenance
Predictive maintenance this activity involves a forecasting technique to determine the rate of
failure of certain types of replaceable components (e.g. batteries, valves, pumps, seals). The

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maintenance interval is then set so components are replaced before they fail, ensuring the
equipment continues to operate reliably. In health care this is primarily done in a facility that
has a large number of medical devices from a single manufacturer or model.
Preventive maintenance (PM) PM involves maintenance performed to extend the life of the
device and prevent failure. PM is usually scheduled at specific intervals and includes specific
maintenance activities such as lubrication, cleaning (e.g. Filters) or replacing parts that are
expected to wear (e.g. bearings) or which have a finite life (e.g. tubing). The procedures and
intervals are usually established by the manufacturer. In special cases the user may change the
frequency to accommodate local environmental conditions. Preventive maintenance is
sometimes referred to as ‘planned maintenance’ or ‘scheduled maintenance’.

 Preventative maintenance vs. predictive maintenance

The main difference between predictive and preventative maintenance is that predictive
maintenance doesn’t call for maintenance on a set schedule. Instead, predictive maintenance
reflects the actual condition of equipment, not best practices.

3. Routine maintenance
Routine maintenance is regularly scheduled, ongoing maintenance that identifies problems and
prevents equipment failure before its too late. The term “routine maintenance” is often used
interchangeably with “preventative maintenance” since both are planned, scheduled, and
intended to solve tiny problems before they become significant issues.
Routine maintenance includes tasks like cleaning machinery and replacing parts that are
beginning to deteriorate.

4. Corrective maintenance
Corrective maintenance aims to identify and solve problems with equipment right away.
Corrective maintenance is relatively simple something breaks, and a technician comes out to
identify the problem then fix it as soon as possible.
Corrective maintenance can be a quick process, a lengthy one, or something in between. The
steps of corrective maintenance are as follows: Equipment failure diagnosis of the problem,
fixing or replacing the faulty component, testing the equipment, and ensuring the equipment is
working correctly again.
Corrective maintenance can be expensive and cause work stoppages or slowdowns. That’s why
so many businesses are keen on preventative and predictive maintenance measures.

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5. Emergency maintenance
Like corrective maintenance, emergency maintenance seeks to correct an urgent problem
quickly. When emergency maintenance is required, the equipment failure causes either health
and safety concerns or an unacceptable dip in productivity.
Emergency maintenance includes gas line leaks, floods, and electrical malfunctions. However,
since emergency maintenance is inconvenient and expensive, preventive and predictive
maintenance that can eliminate emergencies in the first place are more preferred.

Maintenance program planning

Planning a maintenance program is part of a broader effort to establish a comprehensive
program for healthcare technology management (HTM). The challenge for planners is to
balance these factors to design a maintenance program that is appropriate and cost effective
for their situation.
#Critical factors in planning a maintenance program include;
Inventory
Medical devices range from relatively simple to highly complex. For example, manual devices to
measure blood pressure (sphygmomanometers) have only few components and are easily
repaired, assuming that parts, calibration instruments and basic hand tools are available. At the
other extreme are advanced imaging and laboratory devices. Repair of a magnetic resonance
imaging system requires extensive financial, physical and human resources. Between these
extremes are infusion pumps, defibrillators, ECG (electrocardiograph) machines, and hundreds
of other types of medical devices of varying complexity. Early in the process of planning a
maintenance program, it is essential to determine the types of devices that need to be included
in the program. This will depend on the types of facilities to be covered by the program, ranging
from primary care clinics to tertiary hospitals, and the range of devices in those facilities. The
clinical engineering department should identify and select the devices to be included in the
inventory, and which of those to include in the maintenance program. While some may prefer
to record all equipment in the facility (and some government agencies may require this),
studies have shown that not all equipment needs to be tracked in an inventory, inspected or
maintained, and very few hospitals or health-care organizations have the manpower to
accomplish this level of effort.
Methodology
A maintenance program can be implemented in any number of ways so it is important to
consider the variety of methodologies that are available. For example, it is possible for a
healthcare organization to establish service contracts with device manufacturers, independent
service organizations (ISOs), or a combination of both. In such cases it is essential for the

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health-care organization to have personnel to monitor and manage the activities of these
service contractors. In practice, the typical approach is to establish some level of management
and technical capability within the health-care organization. Some of the maintenance activities
may also be conducted by employees of the healthcare organization.
Resources
o resources also include;

 Financial resources
The financial resources required for a maintenance program (as one component of a
comprehensive HTM program fall into two categories: initial costs and operating costs. Initial
costs are investments that must be made before the program begins. Operating costs are
ongoing expenses required to keep the program in operation.
 Physical resources
A maintenance program relies on a number of physical resources. These include the
workspace, tools and test equipment, supplies, replacement parts, and operation and service
manuals needed to perform maintenance. When planning a maintenance program each of
these should be considered individually as follows.
Workspace
(The location in which maintenance will take place) should be considered when planning the
program. One option is in the location where the equipment usually resides. For some types of
equipment such as X-ray systems, laboratory analyzers, sterilizers, and surgical lights, going to
the equipment is the only option. In this case, planning to take essential tools and test
equipment to the work site or equipping a space closer to the equipment is necessary. The
second option is to transport the equipment to the clinical engineering department’s repair
shop to have the IPM or CM performed. This may be a time consuming process, but the clinical
engineering department may be the only location where some maintenance can be performed.
Tools and test equipment
The productivity of biomedical equipment technicians (BMETs) will be limited without
appropriate tools and test equipment. As purchases are planned, it should be noted that
investment in tools and test equipment results in reduced maintenance costs. In addition,
having the right equipment will greatly increase the reliability of the readings, the accuracy of
the calibrations, and the margin of safety for the patients and staff, as well as the efficiency of
the staff doing the maintenance.
These primarily consist of cleaning and lubricating supplies, and need to be acquired in
sufficient quantities. The manufacturers’ service manuals give cautions about using the wrong
cleaning agents, which can damage labelling and the plastic surfaces of some equipment.

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Replacement parts
When planning an IPM program, it is possible to forecast in advance what parts need to be
replaced and how often, by referring to the manufacturer ‘guidelines. Thus, based on the
number of devices at the facility, the replacement parts (or parts kits) to be used during
preventive maintenance (e.g. batteries, filters, valves, tubing, seals, etc.) can be ordered many
months in advance, optimizing any volume discounts and minimizing shipping costs. Most
importantly, the replacement parts will be on hand when needed. This practice will improve
reliability and availability of the equipment and increase the productivity of the staff performing
the maintenance.
Operation and service manuals ideally, the maintenance program will have an operation (user)
manual and a service manual for each model of medical equipment. The operation manual is
valuable not only for equipment users but also for equipment technicians who need to
understand in detail how the equipment is used in clinical practice. The service manual is
essential for inspection, preventive maintenance, repair, and calibration.

 Human resources
Developing the human resources necessary to operate an effective maintenance program is a
slow and steady process. The first step is to identify the number and type staff that a facility (or
group of facilities) requires. For example, a small health care facility may have a single
technician who provides services for a small inventory of relatively simple equipment. On the
other hand, a clinical engineering department serving a large number of healthcare facilities,
especially when those facilities include higher level hospitals, will have a large number of
technical and management personnel, including specialists in particular technologies, with
multiple levels of supervision. In general, however, there are two categories of clinical
engineering personnel: technical and management.
Technical Personnel Within the category of technical personnel are engineers and technicians.
Biomedical or clinical engineers, are educated in general engineering principles, the physical
and biological sciences and their application to medical technology. Similarly, technicians
receive technical training with a primary focus on medical equipment maintenance.
Biomedical engineer or clinical engineer management, specialized maintenance, supervision of
external service provider, needs assessment, planning, and user training. Biomedical equipment
technicians’ Primary focus on specialized medical equipment repair and maintenance on the
other hand engineer or technician Provide maintenance that cannot be performed in house.
They are product oriented and specialized in a certain field.

What is the difference between repair and maintenance?

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 In essence, repair and maintenance have the same end goal is to get the most useful life out of
the tools, equipment, and infrastructure we use. However, the way they go about achieving this
goal is very different.
Performing repairs can technically be categorized under maintenance work. When used
together in a sentence, the easiest way to differentiate between repair and maintenance is to
think about “repair” as something that happens after an asset experiences failure, while
“maintenance” generally refers to maintenance actions that are performed to keep assets in
good operating condition and try to prevent unexpected machine downtime.

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Summary
Medical equipment life cycle is basic to know for health care manager and also for biomedical
engineering. One topic for equipment life cycle is maintenance and repair of the medical
equipment. It’s vital for medical equipment to run reliably. By regularly replacing components
before they wear out and conducting routine inspections, our maintenance team can prevent
equipment from failing. Proper equipment maintenance and repair is a core element of
equipment management and it is paramount for an institution to be able to provide high-quality
medical care. Here medical equipment may have maintenance to before or after failure. In this
we have to look that Poorly maintained equipment is not only an operational
concern, but also a matter of liability, especially in healthcare. Repair is fixing the
failure of the equipment that comes in a two ways which is as partial failure or complete failure.

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 Reference
o WHO Medical equipment maintenance program overview
o https://www.upkeep.com

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