Header dapat to about bashing the prof e, pero ‘wag na nga <3
Indigenous Science, defined
Gribbin, 2001; Mkapa, 2004; and Sibisi, 2004 -
It is part of indigenous knowledge system
practiced by different groups in early
civilizations.
Pawilen, 2005 - It includes complex arrays of
knowledge, expertise, practices and
representations thatguide humanity in their
interactions with natural milieu.
- It developed diverse structures and contents
through interplay beween society and
environment.
Cajete, 2004 - It includes everything from
metaphysics to philosophy and various
technologies practiced by indigenous people in
present and past.
Sibisi, 2004 - It provides basic astronomy,
pharmacology, food tech, and metallurgy
derived from traditional knowledge and
practices
Ogawa, 1995 - It is collectively live-in and
experienced by people of given culture.
Iaccarino, 2003 - Elaborated the idea. Science is
part of culture and it depends on cultural
practices of people.
Johnston, 2000 - Indigenous beliefs also
develop values that are relevant to scientific
attitudes namely:
- Motivating attitudes
- Cooperating attitudes
- Practical attitudes
- Reflective attitudes
Kuhn, 1962 - developmental stages of sciences
are "characterized by continual competition
between number of distinct views of nature,
each partially derived from, and all roughly
compatible with the dictates of scientific
observation and method."
Indigenous Science and Technology in
Philippines
Pawilen, 2006 - Developed a framework for
understanding indigenous science. Indigenous
science is composed of traditional knowledge
that uses science process skills and tools and
guide community values and culture.
1. Indigenous science uses process skills such as
observing, comparing, classifying, measuring,
problem-solving, inferring, communicating, and
predicting.
2. Pawilen, 2006 - indigenous science is guided
by culture and values such as:
a. The land is a source of life and a
precious gift from God.
b. All living and nonliving things are
interconnected and interdependent.
c. The earth is revered as the origin of
their identity as people.
d. Humans are stewards of the land and
other natural resources.
e. Nature is a friend that needs respect
and proper care.
3. Its practice in the Philippines includes
knowledge practiced and valued by people and
communities such as ethnobiology,
ethnomedicine, farming methods and
agriculture and folk astronomy.
UNESCO's Delcaration on Science and the Use
of Scientific Knowledge, 1999 - recognized
indigenous science's historical and valuable
contributions to science and tech.
Nicomachean Ethics, Book VI (Aristotle) –
discuss deliberation as about ends
Human Flourishing is a Greek and Western
concept that is often misrepresented by an
overdeveloped and highly technological society
Human flourishing cannot be understood vis-à-
vis consumption.
In an essay entitled "Buddhist Economics."
Schumacher uses religious and moral principles
to the question of human flourishing.
Right Livelihood – is one of the requirements of
the Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path.
Human Labor – According to Schumacher, is the
source of wealth.
Two Perspectives on Labor
Perspective of the employer – Human Labor is
understood as a cost in the process, which can
be removed by automationm
Perspective of the Workforce – Human Labor is
a disutility.
In Buddhist view, Labor is - To give a man a
chance to utilize and develop his faculties, to
enable him to overcome his ego centeredness
by joining with other people in common task,
and to bring forth the goods and services
needed for a becoming existence
Automation/Mechanization
- Enhances the skill and power of
humanity
- Reduces human work to a mechanical
slave
Disutility – Schumacher refers to labor as a
letting go of leisure and comfort.
Techne – comes from an indo and european
stem that was approximately pronounce as
tekp, and refers to "Carpentry". It is also carried
on in “Architect”.
Techne – According to Aristotle, refers to that
knowledge and ability that is concerned with
production and construction
Tekton – in ancient greek refers to the "master
builder" and "carpenter"
according to Aristotle "techne" refers to that
knowledge an ability that is concerned with
production and construction
Techné – is a Greek term encompassing art,
skill, craft, or technique. It involves the
application of knowledge and skill to achieve a
specific end, often related to human creation or
manipulation of the natural world.
Techne – refers to the process by which things
come to be. This involves the process of
producing mutable realities.
Techne – turned humans into master of nature.
Tyche – Chance or Coincidence
Technikón – art of producing what is suited to
the person’s art or skill
Techniker – men of technique
Technique – Latin; all the actions and
procedures pertaining and relating to the skill
involved in the production of everything
Technica Ars – the art of skilled production
Technik – German; involves everything that
constitutes the means and modes of production
that necessitates mastery in the highest sense
in the practice of an art or skill.
Physis – is the Greek term for nature, referring
to the inherent qualities and processes of the
natural world.
Craftsmen – Those skilled in a particular craft or
trade, regarded by some, like Socrates, as
exemplifying a specialized and reliable form of
knowledge.
Prometheus – In Greek mythology, a Titan who
stole fire from the gods to give to humanity,
symbolizing the advancement of civilization
through technological innovation.
Deinótes – Greek term meaning "terribleness"
or "monstrosity," highlighting the potentially
destructive power wielded by techné in human
hands.
Episteme (Scientific Knowledge) – Knowledge
concerned with what is necessary and eternal.
It deals with principles that do not admit of
being otherwise and are therefore ingenerable
and indestructible. Episteme involves deductive
inference from universals and requires
demonstration from premises that cannot
themselves be demonstrated.
Telos (End) – The ultimate goal or purpose,
often associated with Aristotle's concept of
eudaimonia, which refers to flourishing or living
well.
Good Life – The state of living in accordance
with virtues and achieving eudaimonia, often
considered the ultimate aim of human
existence.
Good Life – Highest end of Eudaimonia
Phronesis – (Practical Wisdom): The ability to
deliberate effectively about what is good and
expedient for oneself, especially in terms of
achieving the good life.
Phronimos – The practically wise person who
possesses phronesis, capable of deliberating
well about what leads to the good life in
general.
Phronetic deliberation - focuses on "some good
end," which implies a particular good end that is
different than the particular good ends that are
the object of techne.
Eudaimonia – Human flourishing or living well,
often considered the ultimate goal of moral and
ethical philosophy.
Practical Wisdom - "recognizing particulars"
Tele - virtuous actions, constituent-means to
the end of eudaimonia
Martin Heidegger – author of “Question
Concerning Science and “The Thing, Enframing,
The Danger and The Turning”
Question Concerning Science – Heidegger
asserts that technology, despite its creative
roots, is blurred and obscured by
Mechanization and it has pushed us to
understand nature as a standing reserve that is
hidden in the nature of things.
The Thing, Enframing, The Danger, and The
Turning - Heidegger clarified the question, the
method or way, and the reasons behind the
questioning of technology.
Technology – The application of knowledge and
techniques to create tools, systems, and
methods to solve problems or achieve goals.
Mechanization – The process of replacing
human labor with machines or automated
processes.
Standing Reserve (Bestand) – Heidegger's
concept referring to nature as a resource or
reserve available for human use or exploitation.
Arts (Téchné) – The creative activities and skills
involved in craftsmanship or artistic production,
emphasizing a deeper understanding of
technology's roots.
Enframing (Gestell) – Heidegger's term
describing the way in which technology shapes
our understanding of the world, often leading
to a reductionist view of nature and human
existence.
Enframing (Gestell) – As understood by
Heidegger, is the essence of modern
technology. Enframing points to putting
together of the conditions that allows us to
understand the world as a standing-reserve.
Instrumental Understanding of Technology:
Viewing technology merely as a means to an
end, often associated with efficiency and utility.
Anthropological Understanding of Technology:
Viewing technology as a human activity,
involving the production and use of tools and
machines that shape human existence.
Instrumentum - Latin word used to describe
Technology as "contrivance" as technology is
both means to an end and a human activity.
Aristotelian Causes – Used by Heidegger to
better understand the two ways of defining and
understanding of technology. Can also be
interpreted as four dimensions of making
something appear
Material Cause – gives what a thing is
made of.
Formal Cause – it answers “how the
thing is made”.
Final Cause – It gives the reason or
purpose why a thing is made.
Efficient Cause – It answers “who
brought the change onto the thing”.
Techne – Foundation or root of technology
Techne - includes activities and skills of the
craftsman and the arts of the mind and fine
arts.
Bringing-Forth – Heidegger's concept
suggesting that technology involves a particular
process of revealing, enabling the manifestation
of entities or objects that were previously
concealed.
Aletheia – The Greek word for "unconcealing"
or "revealing," associated with téchne as a
mode of revealing in Heidegger's philosophy. It
is also known to be the word used for “truth”.
Poiésis – The act of creation or bringing into
being, an aspect of téchne that involves
revealing and constructing.
Poiésis – is an act of revealing, as it bring-forth
something to existence, revealing its existence
and truth.

Physis – The Greek term for "nature," which
modern technology challenges and exploits by
exposing and extracting its energy.
Standing Reserve (Bestand) – Heidegger's
concept describing nature as a resource or
reserve of energy available for human use,
manipulated by modern technology.
Destining – Heidegger's term describing the
deterministic process by which modern
technology compels humans to reveal the world
as a standing reserve, obscuring other
possibilities of revealing.
Freedom - related to the revealed in the sense
that freedom makes possible the revealing of
the revealed.
Danger - when the real is hidden and concealed
and may be misinterpreted.
Information Age - believed to have started in
the last quarter of 20th century.
Information Age – The era characterized by
rapid access and management of information
through computers and digital networks.
Information Age - transformed workplace,
affected scientific community.
Kantardjieff K. and Ng Thow Hing M. – Some
experiments can now be performed digitally by
employing automated experimental techniques.
Before, it is so painstaking to actually collect
and process date due to size and technical
difficulty. Nowadays, because of bioinformatics,
scientists apply the principles of computer
science and statistical algorithms to store,
process and analyze extensive collection of
data.
Digital Age – Another term for the Information
Age, highlighting the role of digital technologies
in information dissemination.
New Media Age – A term synonymous with the
Information Age, emphasizing the emergence of
new forms of media enabled by digital
technologies.
Information Anxiety – A term coined by
Richard Wurman to describe the stress and
overwhelm caused by the abundance of
information in the Information Age.
Information Currency – The idea that
information has become a valuable commodity,
often used as a medium of exchange in various
aspects of society.
Commodity – Something that is bought and
sold, in this context referring to information as
a product of value.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – The simulation of
human intelligence processes by machines,
particularly computer systems, involving tasks
such as learning, reasoning, and problem-
solving.
Robotics – The interdisciplinary field involving
the design, construction, operation, and use of
robots to perform tasks traditionally done by
human
Cloud and Edge Computing – Computing
paradigms that involve the delivery of
computing services over the internet (cloud)
and processing data closer to the source of data
generation (edge).
Automation – The use of technology to perform
tasks with minimal human intervention, often
aiming to improve efficiency and productivity.

Blockchain – A decentralized digital ledger

technology used to record transactions across
multiple computers in a secure and transparent
manner.

Outsourcing – The practice of contracting out

certain business functions or processes to third-
party service providers, often located in other
countries.

Bioinformatics – The interdisciplinary field that

applies principles of computer science and
statistical algorithms to store, process, and
analyze biological data, particularly genomic
data. Coined by Paulien Hogeweg and Ben
Hesper in 1978.

Cyberbullying – The use of electronic

communication platforms, such as social media,
to harass, intimidate, or harm individuals or
groups.

Fake News - continue to circulate throughout

various of media.

Fake News - becoming viral because there are

more people being involved in distributing
them.