Presentation by SIR KARL INDONILA

Reproduction
GRADE 12 -ST. PAUL GENERAL BIOLOGY 2023
 Sexual Reproduction
It is the combination of (usually haploid)
reproductive cells from two individuals to form a
third (usually diploid) unique offspring. Sexual
reproduction produces offspring with novel
combinations of genes.
 Hermaphroditism
It occurs in animals where one
individual has both male and female
reproductive parts.
Hermaphroditism
Hermaphroditism
Hermaphroditism
Hermaphroditism
 Hermaphroditism
May self-fertilize or may mate with
another of their species, fertilizing
each other and both producing
offspring.
 Hermaphroditism
Self-fertilization is
common in animals
that have limited
mobility or are not
motile.
 Asexual Reproduction
Produces offspring that are
genetically identical to the parent
because the offspring are all clones of
the original parent.
 Asexual Reproduction

It is an effective means of
reproduction because all the offspring
will be adapted to that environment.
Asexual Reproduction
FISSION
BUDDING
FRAGMENTATION
PARTHENOGENESIS
FISSION
Also called binary fission, occurs in
prokaryotic microorganisms and in
some vertebrates, multi-celled
organisms. After a period of growth,
an organism splits into two separate
organisms.
BUDDING
results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body
region leading to a separation from the original
organism into two individuals.
In hydras, a bud forms that develops into an adult and
breaks away from the main body

BUDDING
In coral budding, the bud does not detach and multiplies as part
of a new colony.

BUDDING
FRAGMENTATION
breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent
regeneration. If the animal is capable of
fragmentation, and the part is big enough, a separate
individual will regrow.
FRAGMENTATION
In many sea stars, asexual reproduction is
accomplished by fragmentation. A figure illustrates a
sea star for which an arm of the individual is broken off
and regenerates a new sea star. Fragmentation also
occurs in annelid worms, turbellarians, and poriferans.
FRAGMENTATION
FRAGMENTATION
PARTHENOGENESIS
Where an egg develops into a complete individual
without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be
either haploid or diploid, depending on the process
and the species.
rotifers
water flees
stick insect
wasp & bee
 LESSON 2

Nutrition
and
Energy Production
GRADE 12 - ST. PAUL GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 2023
HOW DO ANIMALS OBTAIN
THEIR ENERGY?

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
CLASSIFICATIONS:

Herbivores
Carnivore
Omnivores
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 Herbivores
Plant eaters

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 Herbivores
1. Frugivores
2. Granivores
3. Nectivores
4. Folivores
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 FRUGIVORES
Fruit-eaters

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 GRANIVORES
SEED-EATERS

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 NECTIVORES
NECTAR FEEDERS

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 FOLIVORES
LEAF EATERS

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 Carnivores
Meat eaters

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 Carnivores
Carnivore means
"meat eater"

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 OBLIGATE
CARNIVORES
RELY ENTIRELY ON ANIMAL
FLESH
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 FACULTATIVE
CARNIVORES
also eat non-animal food in
addition to animal food

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 Omnivores
eath both plants
and animals

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 Omnivores
Omnivore means
to eat everything

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
 General Biology

Process of Obtaining Nutrition

and Energy
01 INGESTION 03 ABSORPTION

02 DIGESTION 04 ELIMINATION
 General Biology

The act of taking

in food.

01 INGESTION
 General Biology

Tongue, teeth,
and saliva play
important roles in
mastication.
01 INGESTION
 General Biology

Food is mechanically
broken down, the
enzymes in saliva begin
to chemically process
the food as well.
01 INGESTION
 General Biology

Mechanical and chemical

break down of food into
small organic fragments.

02 DIGESTION
 General Biology

Large, complex molecules of

proteins, polysaccharides ,
and lipids must be reduced to
simpler particles before they
can be absorbed by the
digestive epithelial cells.
02 DIGESTION
 General Biology

The animal diet needs

carbohydrates, protein, and
fat, as well as vitamins and
inorganic components for
nutritional balance.

02 DIGESTION
 General Biology

The process by which the

products of digestion are
absorbed by the blood to be
supplied to the rest of the
body.
03 ABSORPTION
 General Biology

Final step in digestion is the

elimination of undigested food
content and waste product.

04 ELIMINATION
Thank You
So Much!