CHAPTER ONE.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 Introduction;

This chapter presents the purpose of the study, historical background or background information
to the problem, statement of the problem/description of the study and research objectives.

1.2 The purpose of the study.

As it is known that child protection is the very crucial aspects in our life, this is because in order
to having better tomorrow or better future we need to invest in our children now whereby failure
to do so may results in having the community which have every kinds of evils, and we consider
the Investing In Children Is Investing In Future.

Mindful that investing in children is tantamount to investing in Tanzania present and future.
(Unicef 2011)

The current project inline with the UNICEF commitment in Children and women, Tanzania
mainland vol (2011) will focus on determining areas that make the most of child protection in the
country. Specifically the project seeks to determine child protection influencing factors as well as
obstacles/challenges against realizing full protection of the children. The outcomes of the project
are designed to inform policy and practical intervention.

Therefore the purpose of conducting this finding is to determine the current responses to be taken
towards the child protection.

1.3 How the project ideas developed.

The project idea was first developed while I was at the field work agencies and receive multi-
cases about the children who is being experienced different kind of violence from sexually,
physical, child abuse and labour so that I saw that the child protection is very crucial aspects in
our daily life, and without protect the children now we prepare for the Nation with different kind
of evils. Also after passing through different report and articles from different organization such
as report from Unicef (2011) Children and Women of Tanzania; Mainland volume and Violence

1
against children in Tanzania report of the United Government of Tanzania in August 2011 and
determine that children in Tanzania are in dangerous status hence we must take consideration to
ensure that we invest in children now.

Violence experienced in childhood reported by males and females aged 13 to 24 years

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00% Male
30.00% Female
20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
Sexualy violence Physical violence Emotional violence

Sources: CDC/UNICEF/MUHAS 2013.

As we see Violence against children is a major threat to national development and our work to
achieve the vision lay out in MKUKUTA and to reach the Millennium Development Goals. We
will not achieve quality primary and secondary education unless children are safe in school. The
spread of HIV/AIDS will not be halted until we stop sexual violence that helps to fuel the
pandemic. We will not reduce the incidence and costs of mental and physical health problems if
we do not address all forms of violence against children. We will not challenge the social and
cultural legitimacy of violence in Tanzania without understanding its circumstances. That why
the ideas on determining the current responses and priority areas to be taken in consideration so
that to progress the child protection framework in the country.

1.4 Historical background of the problems.

Violence against children, Child labour, Trafficking, Sexual exploitation. Female genital
mutilation/cutting and Child Marriage/early marriage, Millions of children worldwide experience
the worst kinds of rights violations. Millions more children, not yet victims, are not adequately
protected against them.

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According to the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the child provide that:“Every
child shall be protected from all forms of economic exploitation and from performing any work
that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral or
social development” (article XV:I)

All children have the right to protection from violence, neglect, exploitation and abuse, including
sexual abuse, as enshrined in articles 19, 34, 35 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights
of the Child. The right to be protected applies to all children and is indivisible from other rights
in the UNCRC. Children require special safeguards and care because of their physical and
mental immaturity and because the complex and often criminal nature of protection violations.

As well as the Joint Statement on Advancing Child-sensitive Social Protection (DFID et al.,
2009), child protection can be understood as a set of public actions that address poverty,
vulnerability and exclusion and provide the means to cope with the major risks that may be
encountered throughout the life cycle. It is often, especially when implemented through a rules-
based scheme or schemes, also referred to as “children security”.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Labour
Organization’s Constitution and international social security standards establish or recognize
child security and child protection as a universal (human) right and as a means for States to
protect their most vulnerable children worldwide.
According to various child protection development agencies, Child protection is now widely
recognized as an economic and social necessity which contributes to promoting sustainable
development, inclusive growth and social cohesion. The international consensus on the
importance of child protection in development is reflected, for instance, in recent high-level
policy statements (United Nations ECOSOC, 2012; G20, 2012; OECD, 2009; European Commission,
2012; UNICEF, 2012; World Bank, 2012b; DFID et al., 2009).
The key role of child protection in development has also been recognized by the joint Social
Protection Floor Initiative, in which several UN and other multilateral agencies like UNICEF,
UNHCR and others, development partners and International NGO’s such as World vision, Care
International, Save the children, Plan International e.t.c are jointly promoting integrated
strategies for ensuring access to essential social transfers and services. These include services

3
such as health, education, housing, water, sanitation and others defined nationally as well as
social transfers, made in cash or in kind, to ensure income security, food security and adequate
nutrition, and to further facilitate access to essential services that will enable the children and
societies to be well protected from different form of evils.
According to UNICEF (2006) uses the term “child protection” to refer to preventing and
responding to violence, exploitation, and abuse of all children in all contexts. This also includes
reaching children who are uniquely vulnerable to these threats, such as those living without
family care, in the street or in situations of conflict or natural disaster.
Also UNICEF (2003) come up with the commitment that they must ensure that each government
decisions are influenced by better knowledge and awareness of children’s rights and by
improved data and analysis on child protection issues. Children subjected to violence,
exploitation and abuse are at increased risk of death, poor physical and mental health,
HIV/AIDS, poor education, and more. Yet unfortunately, these violations are widespread, under-
recognized, and under-reported. Solid data are crucial to break the invisibility and social
acceptance of child protection violations, to capture the true scale and extent of these
phenomena, and to identify risk and protective factors. Reliable data are also needed to identify
priority areas and support government planning and budgeting for effective child protection
interventions and services; to inform the development and implementation of policies,
legislation, and actions for prevention and response; and to ensure a robust and ongoing
monitoring process to assess results and impacts, and to address challenges eave them especially
vulnerable to harm.

According to World Vision(2011) defines child protection as all efforts to prevent and respond to
abuse, neglect, exploitation, and other forms of violence against children — especially the most
vulnerable.

We must supplement the commitment such as World Vision whereby, they seeks to create a
protective environment around children, such that they not only survive but thrive in their
communities. For example World Vision’s programs strive to ensure that physical, emotional,
psychological, and spiritual needs of the most vulnerable children are met within caring and
protective families and communities — focusing on activities that prevent them from falling into
crisis or harmful situations; protect those who are in immediate danger through responsive care

4
and improved capacity of service providers to respond; and restore child survivors of abuse,
exploitation, or violence through appropriate community-based care in order to capitalize on the
child protection framework in the country.

As we see the most needs of the Tanzania children have needs for survival, development and
protection that are inter-related and strengthen one another. We cannot divide up the child; rather
we have to respond to the child’s needs in a holistic fashion. Nor can we develop interventions
for children without being informed by their developmental needs at certain points in the life
course. Yet there seems to be an unwillingness to engage with the whole child as social policies
tend to classify interventions, each dealing with one aspect of the child’s life without seeing the
totality of his/her situation and needs so as to ensure the children of Tanzania is well protected.
Given the current sectoral focus of targets and investments in children of Tanzania – for
example, health addresses the ‘child as patient’, education addresses the ‘child as student’ and so
on – it should come as no surprise that significant gaps prevail or open up in the way duty
bearers respond to the needs of Tanzanian children. Ministerial and sectoral divisions are hard to
bridge, and children end up falling through those gaps. Children’s needs change throughout their
life course, so that different interventions are required at different points in time.

According World vision Tanzania mission (2011) the world vision aspiration is to brings hope to
the children of Tanzania by responding to these challenges with an empowerment approaches,
this will enable communities to realize their God given potentials and hence restore them to what
God intend. People in those communities will understand that they created in God’s image,
empowered with the gifts, abilities, and capacity to change the world around them for the better.
They will become stewards to their lives, communities’ resources and relationship as well as
recognizing God’s reconciling presence in their lives. They will work to support themselves and
their families with the fruits of their labor. And for this to be realized, three key principles of
empowerment and protection model have to be employed, first services deliver approaches has to
be avoided as much as possible because it leads into dependency, second community member
have to be engaged with Biblical World view so as to have a correct understanding of God’s
nature, self, others, creation and the way God intends for children’s to relate each others. Third,
we have to promote rural and urban liver hood and provide a sustainable economic development
platform for achieving child protection and to ensure the general wellbeing’s of the children of

5
Tanzania. This all intervention is for the increasing the opportunities or framework of child
protection in Tanzania.
Yet as children age and their developmental needs become more complex and more demanding
of their adult caregivers, a proportionate decline in services for them occurs. This is illustrated by
the lack of services for adolescents and the under-investment in areas such as juvenile justice,
mental health, recreation facilities or promotion of positive role models for young people. While
Tanzania has clearly made substantial progress in basic healthcare and education, it has made
less progress in areas that disproportionately affect middle childhood and adolescence—for
instance, protection from different kinds of violence, or provision of quality vocational training
and life skills that equip child’s so as to prepare them to contribute to development as productive
adults.
Therefore, it is important to constantly revisit the way the needs of Tanzanian children are
addressed. Policies, programmers and service delivery options are required not only for the
‘average’ child but also for ‘hard to reach’ children, those children living on the margins who do
not come into contact with the State, either through the school or
health system. So too, strategies need to engage with the child as a whole, to recognize their
diverse needs at different stages in their life course, and to strike a better balance between
policies modified to the young child and those for children up to and beyond the age of puberty
in order to increase the framework of child protection for their whole life process.
For example the vision statement of the world vision say that “our vision for every child, the
life in all its fullness; our prayer for every heart the will to make it so”. Their aspiration is all
boys and girls children’s to enjoy good health, are educated for life, enjoy the love of God and
their neighbor and are cared for protected and participating. This all activities are done to ensure
that the Tanzanian child is well under protection.
We have different programs in Tanzania that ensure that the Tanzania children are well protected
includes:
 Child Survival and Protection Development (CSPD): whereby the overall objective of the
programme is to create and sustain an environment which places the highest priority on
human rights of children, recognizes and respects their right to a dignified and productive
existence, ensure their survival, protection, development and participation and improves
their prospects for social and economic advancement

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  National coasted plan of action for most vulnerable children(NCPA); The goal of the
NCPA is to scale up the national response to MVC, building on previous and existing
experiences in reaching more MVC, with more services over a longer period of time by
2011 and now 2015..
 Time Bound Programme on Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL). The main aim is to
eliminate all worst forms of child labour in the selected districts. The worst forms of child
labour identified in those districts are mining, prostitution, domestic work and commercial
agriculture. The target populations are Iramba, Kondoa, Iringa Rural, Mufindi, Urambo,
Temeke, Arusha Municipality, Simanjiro, Arumeru, Kinondoni and Ilala.
 Programme to support poor urban children at risk. The overall objective of the Poor Urban
Children at Risk (PUCR) programme was to alleviate the fundamental problems of social
exclusion and marginalization amongst the most vulnerable groups of urban children,
through increasing the poor urban children’s access to health, education, water and
sanitation, care, protection and income.
 The Children Welfare and Justice Programme under the United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF): Unicef is currently supporting a programme whose objective is to ensure
equitable access to quality basic services to children and young people who are up to 24
years old. The welfare and justice component integrates three elements: Support to the
most vulnerable children, Support to children in trauma and abuse and Community justice
facilitation.
These are the among of the programs in Tanzania that aims in ensuring the frame work of child
protection well.
1.5 Policy and legal framework for child protection in Tanzania.
The Law of the Child Act, approved by the Tanzanian Parliament in November 2009 and the
Children’s Act, passed by Zanzibar’s Parliament in March 2011, enshrine fundamental rights of
children and lay the foundation for a child protection system that will oblige a range of bodies to
prevent and respond to violence, abuse and exploitation of Children. Tanzania is committed to
ensuring the rights of children are protected.
Also we have different policy and act which maximize the legal framework of the children in the
nation include Child Development Policy by the Ministry of Community Development and
Gender, National HIV/AIDS Policy by TACAIDS, Education Policy by the Ministry of

7
Education and Culture), National Youth Policy and National Policy Guidelines on Orphans both
by the Ministry of Labour, Youth Development and Sports. National health policy of 2003 which
aims to protect the children since he or she is mother stomach. Law of marriage act no 5 of 1971,
sexual offense special provision act (SOSPA) no 4 of 1998. Employment and labour relation act
no 6 of 2004 which state that children must not being employed by any means which state that
children must not being employed by any means.

1.6 Definition of key concepts.

1.6.1Children: a child is “every human being below the age of 18 years unless national law
recognizes the age of majority earlier”. Similarly, the Law of the Child Act, 2009 defines a child
as a person below the age of eighteen years.

1.6.2 Child protection:

According to Unicef (2011) child protection refer to preventing and responding to violence,
exploitation and abuse against children – including commercial sexual exploitation, trafficking,
child labour and harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation/cutting and child
marriage. UNICEF’s child protection programmers also target children who are uniquely
vulnerable to these abuses, such as when living without parental care, and in conflict.
1.6.3 Child right: The Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) outlines the fundamental
rights of children, including the right to be protected from economic exploitation and harmful
work, from all forms of sexual exploitation and abuse, and from physical or mental violence, as
well as ensuring that children will not be separated from their family against their will.
1.6.4 Violence against children/child abuse;
Section 3 of the Law of the Child Act, 2009 defines Child Abuse as contravention of the rights of
the child causing physical, moral or emotional harm including beatings, insults, discrimination,
neglect, sexual abuse and exploitative labor.
Violence against children is the violation of their human right, a disturbing reality of our society.
1.6.5 Social protection in Tanzania “Traditional family and community support structures, and
interventions by state and non-state actors that supports individuals, households and communities
to prevent, manage and overcome the risks to their present and future security and well-being,
and to embrace opportunities for their development and for social and economic progress”)
(United Republic of Tanzania, 2008a)

8
1.7 Statement of the problems.
While significant steps have been taken to improve the legal framework for the protection of the
rights of children in Tanzania but there is significant number of children who experienced or
expose to the violence against them.
The current report that show how child is being violated, is at Mwananchi journals of 17th
January there is the cases or articles about the girls who survive after being forced to being
circumcised and run their home and she saw that she is already see her sister experienced that
issues and she died and dropped in the river, also there is some activities that children experience
both from their parents or steps parents and guardians and also from their fellow children as
while I was at field agency I receive three cases about the children’s who experiencing those
kind of violence and the one where by one child is being raped against her body with other.
Therefore this shows that how the children are experiencing through different kind of violence.
While there is a detailed international legal framework for the protection of children from
violence, abuse and exploitation and for the protection of children in conflict with the law in
Tanzania as well as Tanzania has ratified the majority of these international agreements,
committing itself to ensuring that the rights of children are respected. However, the gap between
international standards and the situation for children in the country remains considerable. Child
labour and exploitation, early and forced marriages, and violence against children, sexual abuse
particularly against girls and young boys, are still the reality for large numbers of children in
Tanzania who experience those kind of violence. Many children are still vulnerable to violence,
exploitation, neglect and abuse.
Commonly, the very institutions and individuals that are supposed to protect children – teachers,
police, and relatives – are cited as the perpetrators of the violence or abuse Tanzania is
committed to ensuring that the rights of children are respected. Child protection issues crisscross
with every one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – from poverty reduction to
getting children into school, from tackling gender inequality to reducing child mortality. But
there is little hope of achieving most of the MDGs if children are not protected from violence,
exploitation, neglect and abuse.
Therefore the aims of this finding is to address or finding for the current responses to be taken in
order to alleviate all form of discrimination and violence, neglect and abuse in order to ensure
that the child is under good framework of protection.

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1.8 Research objectives:
 To identify societal attitudes and behaviors that put the Tanzanian children’s at risks.
 To identify the priority area and current responses to ensuring child protection schemes or
framework well.
 To suggest or recommendations of the measures or current measure to combat challenges
in protection of children’s of Tanzania.
1.9 Significance of the project.
 It will help the Tanzania children’s and community to understand their right and stand on
behalf of it. As well as to determine their roles and contribution towards child protection.
 It will help the policy maker to determine their roles or target areas towards formulation or
making correction to the existing one, and help the management and decision makers’
especially in local government to determine the priority area to be covered on child
protection framework and to budgeting enough funds to overcome or challenges the
insecurity or in-protection of the children’s like child abuse..
 It will help the civil society, faith based organization and other private sectors along side to
invest in government capacity to expand quality social services that increase the child
protection schemes.
 It identified gaps and weakness in the implementation of child policies in ensuring the child
is well protected from being exploited and discriminated in one way or another. Furthermore
the project helps to alert policy makers and planners at various levels to ensure that
children’s is well protected.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Introduction.

This chapter presents review and perspectives from other author about the attitudes that put the
children at dangerous as well as the responses toward child protection. Also it sp of show the gap
or others issues that was unaddressed or to be covered.

2.2 The societal attitudes and behavior that put Tanzanian children at risks.

Reports of cruel and humiliating punishment, genital mutilation of girls, neglect, sexual abuse,
homicide, and other forms of violence against children have long been recorded, but the grave
and urgent nature of this global problem has only recently been exposed.
As late Nelson Mandela has reminded us, violence emerges in the absence of democracy and
respect for human rights. Violence against children persists as a permanent threat where
authoritarian relationships between adults and children remain.
2.2.1 Violence against children
Worldwide the children undergoing different form of violence against them. The violence
against children worldwide occur in different setting such as home/family, schools as well as in
work setting where by there is different children who working in different areas or industries.
Violence against children takes a variety of forms and is influenced by a wide range of factors,
from the personal characteristics of the victim and perpetrator to their cultural and physical
environments. However, much violence against children remains hidden for many reasons. One
is fear: many children are afraid to report incidents of violence against them. In many cases
parents, who should protect their children, still continue to remain silent if the violence is
perpetrated by a spouse or other family member, a more powerful member of society such as an
employer, a police officer, or a community leader.
Unicef (2012) estimate that the prevalence of violence against children by parents and other
close family members in physical, sexual and psychological violence, as well as deliberate
neglect — has been acknowledged and documented in recent years.
In Tanzania some domestic laws in Tanzania still conflict with the LCA and UNCRC, providing
different benchmarks for adulthood. This creates opportunities for discrimination and confusion.

11
For example: The Marriage Act of 1971 defines a male as under 18 years and a female child as
under 15 years and consequently permits the marriage of adolescent girls. Under criminal law,
children aged 16 and 17 years old are treated as adults in direct violation of international law.
Such laws remove protection for children and increase their vulnerability to abuse and violations
of their rights.
In Tanzania we do not having official definition of child protection that is another issues that
needed to be addressed.
Regardless the laws but still there is different types of the violence that the children is
experiencing in different environments both home, schools and from others peers groups. For
example this kind of violence many children’s experienced and they see as they neglected or
discriminated in one way or another this makes them feel bad or sometimes inferiority. Includes;
sexual violence, physical violence as well as emotional violence.

2.2.2 Gender based violence: gender based violence is common in Tanzania, let see the
categories of gender based violence which is common practiced in worldwide, African as well as
in Tanzanian children’s.
2.2.2.1 Female genital mutilation.

According to WHO (2010) Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) refers to all procedures
involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female
genital organs for non-medical reasons.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced in 30 countries in western, eastern, and north-
eastern Africa, in parts of the Middle East, and Asia, and within some immigrant communities in
Europe, North America and Australia

According to a 2013 UNICEF report, Egypt has the world's highest total number with 27.2
million women having undergone FGM, while Somalia has the highest prevalence rate of FGM
at 98%. .

In Tanzania FGM is practiced for many or various social-culture reasons depending on ethnic
group, including as part of ritual initiation into womanhood. Among the ethnic like maasai and

12
gogo FGM is related closely to child marriage and it is done primarily as the ceremony of
passage the girls into marriage (HRW 2014).

Therefore at this study we are going to looking forward to the better way on stopping this sort of
violence against children.

2.2.2.2 Child marriage and subsequent early pregnancies. Another important consequence of
gender-based violence and gender inequality is child marriage and subsequent early pregnancies.
According to UNICEF (2005) Child marriage refers to formal marriages and informal unions in
which a girl lives with a partner as if married before the age of 18.
Child marriage is a traditional practice that in many places happens simply because it has
happened for generations – and straying from tradition could mean exclusion from the
community. But thou is the tradition we can change it because traditions is made by people.
According to The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that 37 percent of women
aged 20-24 years were married or in union by age of 18 in Tanzania between 2000-2011. And
Tanzania is among the 41 countries with 30 percent or more of women 20-24 years old who
married or entered into union by age 18 between 2000-2011.
Therefore here we are going to searching the better way of stopping child marriage and early
pregnancy because regardless of the campaigns made and others intervention but still the child
marriage and early pregnancy in Tanzania continue to exist to the young children/students.

2.2.3 Persecution of children with Albinism (PWA) may occur for different reasons. One is
based on the belief that certain body parts of albinistic children can transmit magical powers.
Such superstition is present especially in some parts of the African Great Lakes region.

According to Unicef (2014) As a result, children with albinism have been persecuted, killed and
dismembered, and graves of albinos dug up and violated. At the same time, people with albinism
have also been ostracized and even killed for exactly the opposite reason, because they are
presumed to be cursed and bring bad luck

Hence at this point there is no action or intervention that is taken so as to changes this attitudes
that people having through. Therefore in this study were going on looking for the best
intervention that will help though changing this people or community attitudes/behavior that

13
continue to put the children with albinisms in dangerous environment in Tanzania and now
nearly Tanzania country such as Malawi.

Punishment: According to Monrovia Declaration on Children by children and young people (2014)
Girls and boys in different parts of the world continue to report that physical and humiliating
punishment badly affects them in homes, schools, care institutions, work places, on the street
and in other settings. Children of different ages are beaten, scolded and humiliated by parents,
caregivers, teachers and others to punish or discipline them. Such punishment increases
children’s fears and insecurity and contributes to children running away from their home or
dropping out of school. Violence between children’s father and mother also makes children feel
scared.

“I will feel free when there is no more corporal punishment.” (11 year old girl, Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania.

The picture a child wrote in Kiswahili which translates: ‘Mr. Musa (a teacher) whips us like
bulls.’ A child wrote and illustrates with an image where a teacher tells a pupil to bend and touch
his/her shoes then whips him/her with a cane.
This is among the data that show how this behavior or attitudes that violates the right of the
children in Tanzania. And under this study we are going to focus on finding the best way of
challenging this because still the problem is available in the community or society of Tanzania.

14
Therefore those are the among the Tanzanian attitudes and behavior that is most applicable or
practiced in Tanzania society and increase the chance of the children to experience the violence
against their rights well. Under those factors we see that the violence against children is broad
aspects in Tanzania and require consequence intervention so as to ensure the children protection
framework effectively and thus is what we are going to address under this study or finding.

2.3 Current responses to priority the child protection agenda.

Violence against children is multidimensional and also calls for a comprehensive reaction.
Children can only realize their rights to survival and development and become healthy,
productive adults if they are protected from harm and neglecting or discriminated. The well-
being or welfare of Africa’s children depends first and foremost on the well-being of their
families and communities. In turn, families and communities will be better enabled to support
and protect their children if national laws and policies are developed in harmony with the United
Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and the African Charter on the Rights
and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) that underpin the delivery of high quality essential services
to all children worldwide, African as well as Tanzanian children. In addition, specific child
protection services are important when the child lives outside family care, or when the family
cannot or does not protect the child from harm.

The following are the priority area and current responses of child protection in country.

2.3.1 Violence against children

According to UNGA (2010) the UN and governments around the world set out a global agenda
to protect children from abuse and violence with the following set of Guiding Principles: No
violence against children is justifiable. Children should receive a higher amount of protection
than adults; All violence against children is preventable. States must invest in evidence-based
policies and programmes to address factors that give rise to violence against children, States
have the primary responsibility to uphold children’s rights to protection and access to services
and to support families’ capacity to provide children with care in a safe environment, States have
the obligation to ensure accountability in every case of violence. The vulnerability of children to
violence is linked to their age and evolving capacity. Some children, because of gender, race,

15
ethnic origin, disability or social status, are particularly vulnerable. Children have the right to
express their views, and to have these views taken into account in the implementation of policies
and programmes.
According to Unicef (2011) estimate that 72% of girls and 71% of boys experience being
punched, whipped, kicked, or threatened with a weapon like a gun or knife by a relative,
authority figure (such as teachers), or an intimate partner over their childhood. 60% of children
name fathers and mothers as the most common perpetrators of physical violence. 78% of girls
and 67% of boys who have been abused by teachers are punched, kicked, or whipped more than
five times- going well beyond that sanctioned as corporal punishment. Corporal punishment is
still a common practice in Tanzania, is perceived as a legitimate form of correction of behavior
in homes and schools, and is even sanctioned as a legal punishment.
Therefore there is large gap between what we know about violence against children and what we
know should be done, we know the violence against children often causes lifelong physical and
mental harm, we also know that violence erodes the potential for children to contribute to society
by affecting their ability to learn and their social and emotional development. Given the
importance of children to our future the current complacency cannot continue- we must place
“preventing” violence against children
Hence under this study we looking for the best national child protection system and allocation of
sufficient funds to undertake a wide range of measures to prevent (and respond to) all forms of
violence against children.
2.3.2 Interventions to eliminate child labour and sexual exploitation.
In the world different intervention are made on elimination child labour and sexually exploitation
to the children.
According to ILO (2013) ILO/IPEC was established in 1992 and has played a key role in
promoting international and national awareness of child labour as a major rights issue and
development concern. Through IPEC, the ILO has made a major contribution to global
knowledge on child labour.
A Roadmap for achieving the elimination of the worst forms of child labour by 2016 was
adopted at The Hague Global Child Labour Conference of 2010 and subsequently endorsed by
the ILO’s Governing Body in recognition of the need for a “new momentum” if the world is to
attain the ambitious 2016 target. In the Roadmap, Conference participants – representatives from

16
governments, employers’ and workers’ organizations, non-governmental and other civil society
organizations, regional and international organizations – highlighted the urgent need to scale up
and accelerate country-level actions against child labour in the years up to 2016. The 2012 action
plan adopted by the ILO Governing Body specifically calls for support to member States in
implementing the Roadmap..
The Government, with the support of the International Labour Organization (ILO), has reduced
the number of children involved in hazardous work, commercial sexual exploitation, domestic
labour which is mostly practiced in many areas now.
According to the Ministry of Labour, Employment and Youth Development in collaboration with
Kiota Women and Health Development also withdrew a total number of 6,083 children from
child prostitution for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 (URT, 2011b).
We must take in consideration this fact that without fighting against the child labour the child
will continue to suffering from exploitation and to be employed in the early age therefore this
may become obstacles in ensuring the children is well protected. Through establishing and
monitoring different programs and plan that will ensure that no child could engage in any form
of labour market which is dangerous to their health and development for the children.
What can be done under these more difficult circumstances to ensure more – and faster –
progress in tackling child labour? And how can policies to reduce child labour fit within a
broader framework aimed at improving the quality of life and ensuring civilized work for those
at greatest risk from economic hardship?
Eliminating child labour, and achieving universal coverage of at least an adequate minimum
level of social security and how child labour concerns can be more effectively mainstreamed
within integrated, child-sensitive social security systems. These are what were going to seeking
under this study.

2.3.3 Action on addressing FGM, child marriage and early pregnancies. In July 2003, at its
second summit, the African Union adopted the Maputo Protocol promoting women's rights and
calling for an end to FGM. The agreement came into force in November 2005, and by December
2008, 25 member countries had ratified it.

17
As of 2013, according to a UNICEF report, 24 African countries have legislations or decree
against FGM/C practice; these countries are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic,
Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya,
Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria (some states), Senegal, Somalia, Sudan (some states), Tanzania, Togo
Uganda, Zambia and South Africa.

In Tanzania we have The Marriage Act and SOSPA which undermine our ability to protect girls
and women from child marriage and marital rape. The Law of the Marriage Act allows a girl
below 18 years to enter into a marriage. At the same time, SOSPA prohibits sexual relations with
a girl below 18 years but says that a man does not commit the offense of rape if the woman is his
wife, is 15 years and they are not separated
In Tanzania still there is Discriminatory, Contradictory, and Vague Laws on the Age of Marriage
and Sexual Violence where by Tanzania’s Marriage Act of 1971 permits child marriage for girls.
It sets the minimum marriage age for girls at 15 with parental consent, and at 18 for boys. It also
permits the marriage of 14-year-old children when a court is satisfied that special circumstances
exist, but fails to define what constitutes special circumstances. The 2009 Child Act does not
expressly prohibit child and forced marriage, but prohibits cultural practices that are
dehumanizing or are injurious to the physical and mental well-being of a child, which could
include child marriage. Similar the Penal Code of 1945 similarly does not expressly prohibit
child marriage but prohibits the kidnap of a woman with intent to marry, an offense that is
punishable by seven years in prison. Hence under this study it establish the recommendation on
the best way on what best should be made to ensure the children are well protected from those
kind of violence and in conflict with laws.

2.3.5 Childcare services and provision of alternative care.

The impacts of the HIV epidemic and poverty have put pressure on individuals to migrate to
secure livelihoods, meaning families are increasingly dispersed and fragmented. This has care
implications for children. Single-parent, child-headed and elderly-headed households may not be
able to provide for the survival and development needs of children, resulting in dropout from
school, child labour or exposure to other forms of exploitation. This sub-section examines semi-
formal and formal services that are available for children who are not cared for by the family or

18
kinship care. The main form of alternative care is a growing supply of residential care homes run
by the voluntary sector that are largely unregulated, understaffed and under-resourced. This is in
spite of a clear consensus that good practice is to use institutional care as only a last resort (Save
the Children, 2009b).
Under the Law of the Child Act we must ensure that the children services and alternative care
will be provided well so as to welcome and necessary provisions to strengthen the regulation of
foster care, adoption and institutional care which to the protection of children of Tanzania well.
Such services include:
2.3.4.1 Residential care
There is one government children’s home in Mainland Tanzania - the rest are managed by faith
based organizations (FBOs) or NGOs. The Children’s Homes (Regulation) Act 1968 and the
National Guidelines 2006 require that the Commissioner of Social Welfare must license
children’s homes. Under the National Guidelines:
“The social welfare officer shall approve admission of a child in the children’s home” (URT,
2006c).
Countrywide 84 children’s homes have been registered by Department of Social Welfare, and at
least 25 homes have sent in applications for registration. However, many more residential care
facilities are not licensed and operate outside the law.
So that when you looking at this many children are placed to the homes that has not proven well
if they meet criteria or favorable for the children and due to small social welfare workforce in
different district in the country children will continue to lack their needs well or to be placed in
better place for good growth and development as the right for every children.
2.3.4.2 Foster care
According to Moledina (2007) It is not clear why the establishment of children’s homes by
NGOs and FBOs is preferred to supporting families to look after their children or to the
development of formal foster care schemes. Until year 2006 Tanzanian law defined fostering as a
prelude to adoption, rather than as a care intervention in it.
2.3.4.3 Adoption The emphasis is primarily on domestic adoption. In order to adopt a child an
applicant must be a bona fide resident of Tanzania. Non-Tanzanian citizens must have a resident
permit, which is normally for a minimum of two years. Although not specifically mentioned in
the Adoption of Children Act, which again has been repealed by the Law of the Child Act 2009,

19
Tanzania allows international adoptions where adopting parents are residents. Tanzania has not
ratified the Hague Convention on Inter-country Adoption, although this is being considered
(Communication from the Assistant Commissioner of Department of Social Welfare). For inter-
country adoption the Department of Social Welfare asks for a Home Study Report from
International Social Services. (Repoa 2009)
2.3.5 Social Welfare
Under different reporting around Violence against Children is due to a variety of factors. Most
children and caregivers do not know where to go for support services. And, attempts to access
support services are often fraught with bureaucratic obstacles. (URT 2008)
According to the Multi Sector Task Force (2009) The Social Welfare Officer is the critical agent
under the Law of the Child Act in safeguarding children’s protection but there is a mismatch
between the capacity and availability of Social Welfare Officers and their mandate under the
Law, there is currently one Social Welfare Officer for over 200,000 Tanzanian children in 2008.
There is no any program introduced on providing more or to maximize the social welfare in the
country hence this problems will continue to exist in Tanzania.
2.3.6 Legal framework and services to protect children with disabilities
In the world there is different legal framework on child protection matter such as United Nation
convention on the right and welfare of the children (UNCRC) as well as African Charter on the
right and welfare of the child (ACRRWC) .
In Tanzania, According to the Law of Child Act enshrines the rights of children with disabilities
to special care, treatment, affordable facilities for rehabilitation and equal opportunities to
education and training wherever possible.
Similarly, the Law also prohibits discrimination of a child on the grounds of disability and
prohibits those caring for children with disabilities from treating them in an humiliating manner.
Tanzania ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2009 and adopted
the Persons with Disabilities Act in May 2010 to incorporate the Convention into national law
and to bring together the rights and provisions for persons with disabilities into one
comprehensive act. The Act contains specific provisions on children, including imposing a duty
on community members to report infringements of the rights of children with disabilities to the
relevant authorities.

20
The Act, moreover, grants equal rights to admission to the public or private schools. There are 41
long-term caring facilities for people with disabilities, including children, of which 17 are
government owned, some by Department of Social Welfare and others by the Ministry of
Education. However those that are government owned lack resources (some have closed) and
there is minimal monitoring. Initially all centre’s caring for people with disabilities were
specialized, but since 2005 they have become generalized in approach. Most of the institutions
catering for children less than five years of age are managed by NGOs and FBOs. Occupational
therapy, community based rehabilitation and other home-based support services are run by
NGOs where they exist.
Regardless those effort but still there is the issues of provide strong foundation on assisting or
helping the children with disability to enjoy life such as inclusive health, immunization, early
detection and intervention, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH), to involves community and
parents, ratify and implementation of the different convention that deals with the child with
disability, to give them chance in making decision to support families and to end discrimination
are the issue which is not intervened effectively and under this study were going to provide
layout foundation on addressing this issues.
For that reason we can see that we have many intervention to made on how we can protect our
children, we saw different intervention are made such providing law and policy to protect
children in some areas and other area is still there is no intervention also program for action so as
to realizing the intervention that are already made. Therefore this study will going to cover those
all aspects which does not made such as protection to the people with disability including the
children with albinism. And will come with best intervention to make so as to remove the gap
which is already seen here.

21
 CHAPTER THREE.

RESEARCH METHODS.

3.1 Introduction

A good research design is essential for a successful research process; you have to plan in
advance the study area, types of research to be carried out, method of obtaining required data, a
sample, and method for data analysis also. This chapter presents research design, measures,
analysis as well as ethics.

Research methodology is the conceptual structure within which the research will be conducted. It
is the logical sequence in which the study is to be carried out and constitute the print for the
collection and measuring and analysis of data. (Kothari 2004).

This chapter is going to present the general framework of the research or research design,
measures, data analysis and addressing human matters.

3.2 Research Design.

3.2.1 Research approach and study design.

In this project will employ qualitative approach for the exploration on current responses towards
the protection of the children. The study is designed to bring out details from view other
researchers findings based on documentary methods that will contributing ideas based on my
topic.

Qualitative approaches means involves organizing, accounting for and explaining the data; in
short, making sense of data in terms of the participants’ definitions of the situation, noting
patterns, themes, categories and regularities. (Louis Cohen et all 2007).
Also the current study will going to use exploration study, so as to explore the different views
from other author on their perspectives towards child protection matters.

Therefore since the current project focusing on addressing the current aspects toward child
protection will explore different related document and will going to use qualitative approaches.

3.3 Data collection strategy

22
- Documentary reviews; it’s a methods of data collections in which the relevant materials are
used to support the study undertaken by researcher. In order to get wider understanding of the
problem situation, this means that it used for the sake of getting literature concerning what others
researcher had done in different studies similar to this topic

The reasons of choosing this types of collecting data is because of the my level of education, we
are supposed to conduct library research rather than field research.

3.4 Measures:
Measures sometimes are known as variables, refer the items in a research study to which the
participant responds. Here the variables include the desire or what children want to have,
attitudes of the children and parents or and care givers towards child protection as well as age,
gender and level of education of the children.
3.5 Analysis of the finding.
Kothati (2004) describe data analysis as the simplification of data so as to be understood well.

According to Anol Bhattacherjee (2012) classify two types of data analysis which is qualitative
and quantitative analysis.

The current study will going to employ the qualitative method of data analysis.

Qualitative analysis is the analysis of qualitative data such as text data from interview transcripts.
Unlike quantitative analysis, which is statistics driven and largely independent of the researcher,
qualitative analysis is heavily dependent on the researcher’s analytic and integrative skills and
personal knowledge of the social context where the data is collected.
3.6 Ethics addressing human matters
Data used at this study involves different others research report and books regarding to the child
protection matters, the researcher will avoid any kind of plagiarism and he must acknowledge all
others works and data which is most useful at this study.

23
 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with presentation and analysis of data. It is very important in any scientific
study. It is through data analysis that a logical deduction through data analysis is tested to prove
or disprove their validly.

Data presentation is a technique in which data are presented in a meaningful and workable form
(Kothari 2003).

In this study data is going to be presented through narrative words, since the project employ
qualitative form of data.

Discussion and Findings.

4.2 Political and societal attitudes towards children in Tanzania.

This study found that, the attitudes towards childhood are largely culturally bound, but universal
values are also apparent; for example, children need to be nurtured and guided towards
adherence of social norms (Erikson, 1959).

In Tanzania, though guidance frequently manifests as strict discipline and outweighs nurture.
Corporal punishment is commonly seen as an appropriate way to guide and educate children.

Taken together with the prevailing perspective that children have lesser capacity, status and
influence than adults results in ambivalence about accountability to children and their
participation in decision-making within households or other settings. It is in such a context, that
institutionalized violence may be accepted as normal, and the commitment to protect children
from all forms of abuse, neglect and exploitation may be undermined.

The study found that young children are at greatest risk of physical violence, while sexual
violence predominantly affects those who have reached puberty or adolescence. Boys are at
greater risk of physical violence than girls, while girls face greater risk of sexual violence,

24
neglect and forced prostitution.18 Social and cultural patterns of conduct and stereotyped roles
and socioeconomic factors such as income and education also play an important role.

Every society, no matter its cultural, economic or social background, can and must stop violence
against children. This does not mean sanctioning perpetrators only, but requires transformation
of the “mindset” of societies and the underlying economic and social conditions associated with
violence

4.3 Priority area and current responses towards child protection in Tanzania.

Child protection needs are immense and diverse in any country; in Tanzania, they are further
magnified by widespread poverty and the impact of HIV and AIDS. One-third of households live
in poverty. Over two million children are orphans (having lost one or both parents). One in five
children is engaged in child labour. Only 2% of children with disabilities attend primary school.
A recent national survey on Violence against Children found that nearly one in three girls and
one out of every six boys reported at least one experience of sexual violence, prior to the age of
18. Domestic violence is commonplace and many parents condone the behavior of teachers who
beat their children to enforce discipline. Therefore, millions of children either suffer or are at
serious risk of rights violations. (Unicef 2011).

The national response to date has focused on the provision of material support to what have been
labeled the Most Vulnerable Children, rather than the establishment of systematic protective
mechanisms for all children.

The responsibilities of specific duty bearers – including police, magistrates, social workers,
health workers and teachers – must be clarified and coordinated. Implementation will also be
uneven unless resources are made available at district level. Without formal mechanisms, human
resources and funding for national coverage across all districts, an untold number of neglected,
abused or exploited children will neither be detected nor assisted.

The Government must also acknowledge the scale and severity of institutionalized violence and
the high incidence of transactional sex and sexual abuse in the education system. Legislation and
regulations that prohibit corporal punishment and combat sexual abuse and exploitation in
schools need to be enacted and enforced. Mechanisms are required for children to safely and

25
confidentially report violence and abuse, and teachers, community members and students who
are responsible for violations of children must be held accountable.

4.3.1 Intervention to eliminate all form of violence against children.

Violence against children has a profound impact on emotional, behavioral and physical health
and social development throughout children’s life.

According to the study found that to protect the children form harm, neglected, discriminated and
from all form of violence against the Tanzanian children, the Tanzania government must
prohibit all forms of violence against children, in all settings, including all corporal punishment,
harmful traditional practices, such as early and forced marriages, female genital mutilation and
so-called honors crimes, sexual violence, and torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment, as required by international treaties, including the Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the Convention
on the Rights of the Child. (general comment No. 8 (2006) of the Committee on the Rights of the
Child on the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or
degrading forms of punishment (articles 19, 28, para. 2, and 37, inter alia) (CRC/C/GC/8).

I recommend that Tanzania government to prioritize preventing violence against children by

addressing its underlying causes. Just as resources devoted to intervening after violence has
occurred are essential, Government should allocate adequate resources to address risk factors and
prevent violence before it occurs. Policies and programmes should address immediate risk
factors, such as a lack of parent-child attachment, family breakdown, abuse of alcohol or drugs,
and access to firearms. In line with the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable
Development goals, attention should be focused on economic and social policies that address
poverty, gender and other forms of inequality, income gaps, unemployment, urban
overcrowding, and other factors which undermine society.

Societal acceptance of violence is also an important factor which needs to be addressed well:
both children and perpetrators may accept physical, sexual and psychological violence as
inevitable and normal. Discipline through physical and humiliating punishment, bullying and
sexual harassment are frequently perceived as normal, particularly when no “visible” or lasting

26
physical injury results. The lack of an explicit legal prohibition of corporal punishment reflects
this.

4.3.2 Public Awareness Campaign to End Violence:

According to Unicef (2011), the most importance responses to be taken is the lunching of the
public awareness campaigning to end violence against children. Since the level or awareness of
the community toward child protection issues and stopping violence against is very low.
The role of the different Multi Sector Task Force include different ministry and non-government
organization and others stakeholder, toward child protection and ultimately, how the
Government plans to both respond to and prevent further violence against children in Tanzania
will require effective communication strategies at multiple levels—including the use of multiple
types of media to reinforce messaging in communities and institutions around protecting
children.
Since the violence against children in Tanzania is high, this does not prevent negative messaging,
rather opportunities for change that protect children who are living in a society undergoing rapid
change. (URT 2008)
Translating the social dynamics and risk factors that underpin the problem of violence against
children into effective messages linked to prevention and action to protect children will be a key
focus in the years and years to come.
Looking on this study is what should be done so as to address those all challenges or practice
concerning violence against children in order to protect our children as we see early that
investment in children is investment for future.
4.3.3 Primary services; Universal services available and accessible to all children and
families, complementing targeted child protection strategies.

Primary Services are universal services. They are offered to everyone. Primary services include
antenatal services, maternal and child health services, and preschool and child care. The goal of
primary services is to provide support and education for children and families before problems
arise. In many cases, primary services help to prevent abuse and neglect occurring.

The study found that most of the right of the children are abused and neglected due to lack of
primary service to the children thus results to the children to engage in various form of issues
that refer as against their right.

27
Therefore the study found that to protect children from harm and neglecting due to lack of
primary service we must;

1. Promote child and family well being and resilience at a population level.
2. Provide equitable access to quality universal services for families and children and
3. To support community-based primary prevention of child abuse and promoting
resilience, attachment, caring and empowerment within families.
4.3.4 Child labour: Intervention to eliminate child labour and sexually exploitation.

Despite the massive agreement child labour is still the huge globally issues, because child are
easy to exploit and are cheap laborers they are hired in preferences that adults.

According to ILO/IPEC (2009) establish that about 1.6 million and 348,000 children work for
more than 4 hours each day in economic and housekeeping activities respectively.

It is obviously undesirable as well as detrimental to schooling, social, mental, spiritual and moral
development when the child works for long hours. Also working for long hours endangers the
health of the child.

This could be one of important causes of the on-going debate on the falling of education
standards in Tanzania. It might prove to be very difficult to improve the education standard when
the children continue to combine school and working for long hours in their economic and
household responsibilities. Therefore while measures are sought to improve the education
standard in Tanzania, there is a need to educate parents/guardians on this problem to remove
these obstacles because they don’t give the children ample time to revise their books.

This study call for multi-intervention in fighting against child labour by letting the parent make
money and to let the children learn also to let the parent to earn as well as let the children learn,
this is because “schools is best place to work”

Unicef (2013) show that once the children do not attend school the particular area will become
underdeveloped, because in the future we shall not have doctors, we shall not have engineer and
even social worker.

28
We must build adequate evidence base to guide and inform policy concerning: A solid
evidence base is a necessary starting point for building social security systems that are able to
respond effectively to child labour. Evidence is needed both on the economic and social
contingencies rendering households vulnerable to child labour, and on the effectiveness of social
protection instruments in addressing these contingencies ensuring that the social security
schemes is child sensitive The relevance of child-sensitive social protection to child labour is
clear. Where the various elements of a social security system fail adequately to take into account
the special vulnerabilities of children they can have unintended consequences for child labour.

4.3.5 Legal framework and services to protect the children with disabilities.

Tanzania must take a number of legislative steps to protect the rights of the children with
disabilities.

As we see the real issue with regard in protection for children with disabilities is that abuse is
more frequent, largely hidden and the child is less able to escape or report the abuse.

The study found that in regard to that government with strong inclusion of private organization
must invest well secured centers and schools with friendly environment of children with
disability and to ensure the maximum attainment of the basic social services to those children.

Also advocacy of clear policy and law to protect them especially children with albinism where
by the Persecution of children with Albinism now are occur in different reasons and there is no
clear intervention in addressing it. Government should formulate strictly law and policy to
prohibit this catastrophe in Tanzania so as to ensure that the children with albinism are well
protected from harm and abuse.

4.3.6 Provision of childcare services and alternative care.

The study found that the State has not adopted the long-awaited Parental Guidelines in respect of
alternative car. which puts children whose parents are deceased or separated/divorced, and who
are at risk of being abused by relatives who have assumed parental responsibilities by way of
court order or any other traditional arrangement. The State Party has not committed appropriate
human and financial resources to ensure the provision of adequate care and protection to children
deprived of a family;

29
Therefore the Tanzania government should immediately adopt the long-awaited Parental
Guidelines in respect of alternative care as recommended and reiterated by the Committee in its
previous Concluding Observations; and commit appropriate human and financial resources to
ensure the provision of adequate care and protection to children deprived of families.

Similarly according to Law of Child the Government and other private institution must ensure
that the children services and alternative care will be provided well so as to welcome, enlarge
and necessary provisions to strengthen the regulation of foster care, adoption and institutional
care which to the protection of children of Tanzania well.

4.3.7 Social welfare.

The social welfare are found to have critical roles towards child protection matter’s, therefore
according to the study, estimate that to bring up the child protection framework, many social
welfare should emphasized or maximized well to the district level in Tanzania.

We must take emphasis on increase the social welfare workforce who will provide better and
enough services for the children hence this will help to put our children in safe areas.

A child protection services is needed at district level, which could be developed form existing
community development, social welfare, NGO and voluntary resources but managed by a district
social services team.

For that reasons, there is a need to strengthen district and ward professional child protection
capacity and ability to monitor and supervise before further work on community justice
facilitators and parasocial workers is undertaken. It is suggested that donors providing assistance
to voluntary systems turn their attention to assisting the Government to build professional well-
managed social service structures at national, district and ward levels. Case management should
also be introduced into all areas of child protection. There is an urgent need to review all cases of
children who are overstaying in residential care. (Unicef 2011).

As we see the consequences of violence against children varies according to its nature and
cruelty, and consequently efforts to prevent and respond to such violence must be multifaceted,
reflecting the type of the violence, its setting and perpetrator or perpetrators, always taking into
account the best interests of the child.

30
 CHAPTER FIVE .

SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

5.1 Introduction.

This chapter present summary, conclusion as well as recommendations based on the study results
whose main objectives is to assess thee current responses towards child protection in Tanzania.

The section start with an introduction followed by the summary of the study, the next section
present the general conclusion and the last presents the recommendation.

5.2 Summary of the findings.

The study endeavor to explore the current responses towards child protection in Tanzania, the
study was set to achieve the three objectives which include 1. To identify societal attitudes and
behaviors that put the Tanzanian children’s at risks and to determine whether if, the policy and
act regarding child welfare is well protected. 2. To identify the priority area and current
responses to ensuring child protection schemes or framework well. As well as, 3. To suggest or
recommendations of current measures to combat challenges in protection of children’s of
Tanzania.

5.2.1 The societal attitudes that put Tanzanian children at risks.

The study revealed the following are the behavior and attitude that put Tanzania children at risk
environment. The corporal punishment is seen to be the alternative way of making the children
learn the maladaptive behavior rather that finding the best way which is favorable and does not
discriminate or neglect the child in one way or another.

Also the majority number of Tanzanian children always has no any chance of making decision
regarding their matter, this results to the violation of their important participation right as official
declared by the United Nation Conversation on the right of child and African Charter on the
Rights and Welfare of the child.

5.2.2 The priority and current responses towards child protection.

31
Similarly the study confirmed that to put the Tanzanian children in protect the following factors
must be concerned.

We must make sure that all form of violence against children should acknowledge and to make
sure that no children should can be violated in one way or another, we must fight to stop all form
of violence against their right and to realize the societal acceptance of violence are need to
addressed well.

Also intervention to eliminate the child labour is another factor to consider in ensure the child
protection framework well as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the child goals
which provide that:

“Every child shall be protected from all forms of economic exploitation and from performing any
work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s physical, mental, spiritual,
moral or social development” (article XV:I)

All form of child labour should be addressed and to maximize the opportunity of all children to
get the right of attending to schools.

Another factor to consider as the study found that the universal primary services to the family
play big roles in ensuring that the children is well protected, this is because once all services
needed by children are addressed into the family as the foundation for growth of children, the
child will not going outside to seeking for those services which is very dangerous to their
development.

Hence the study found those Universal services, their availability and accessibility to all children
and families, complementing targeted child protection strategies.

Also legal protection to the children with disability is another factor to take into consideration
well, whereby we must build legal framework which will protect the all children with disability
with particular attention to the children with albinism in order to make sure that the children of
Tanzania is well protected.

The study found that the social welfare workforce are vital on ensuring that the children is
protected form neglecting, abuse, discriminated and all form of violence against their right,

32
hence by increasing the social work taskforce into district level we will ensure that many
Tanzania children will be at safe environment.

Provision of childhood service and alternative care are also fundamental to the child protection
framework.

Those include foster care, residential care as well as adoption this will increase the priority to the
child protection strategies where is seen to be the family or parents failure to protect their
children in one way or another.

5.3 Conclusion.
As a conclusion the study found that the child protection is essential for everyone,

The Government, civic societies and community are all individually and collectively responsible
and mutual accountable to ensure that every children lives in the world free from violence and
government have the primary have the primary obligation and responsibility to take actual and
immediate action to ensure that all Tanzanian children are well protected.

Also the child protection must given priority in every development, social security and protection
matters and in every intervention taken, as it identified on the United Nation Convention on the
Right of the Child (UNCRC) In article three, one (3;1) which state that

“In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare
institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of
the child shall be a primary consideration” [An extract from the Convention on the Rights of the
Child principles contained in articles: 3;1).

5.4 Recommendations.
The recommendation presented in this section is based on the findings discussed on chapter four
of this study, while the findings identified the current responses towards child protection in
Tanzania; the recommendation is based on the action to realize the child protection strategies
well. So I recommended that;

1. Support efforts to prevent violence in the family and home as a means of preventing
violence in the community. Governments should support efforts to strengthen knowledge

33
 and skills within families regarding child development, non-violent discipline and
behavior management options.
2. To promote and support local Government and civil society initiatives to provide safe
recreational and citizenship-building opportunities for boys and girls.
3. We should provide improved childhood services such as pre-medical care and emergence
medical services and to improve the accessibility and quality of those services.
4. Provide effective reporting systems for children. Governments should ensure that
effective reporting systems for children are established. , I recommend the government to
improve data collection and information systems in order to identify vulnerable
subgroups, inform policy and programming at all levels, and track progress towards the
goal of preventing violence against children.
5. We must conduct sustained campaigns in society at largely to promote social norms and
values that emphasizes on respect and non-violence and gender equity.
6. Participation is crucial to children’s protection, Children’s rights to information,
expression, association and participation in decision making should be more supported.
7. Strengthen national and local commitment and action I recommend the Tanzania
government to develop a multifaceted and systematic framework to respond to violence
against children which is integrated into national planning processes. A national strategy,
policy or plan of action on violence against children with realistic and time-bound targets,
coordinated by an agency with the capacity to involve multiple sectors in a broad-based
implementation strategy, should be formulated. National laws, policies, plans and
programmes should fully comply with international human rights and current scientific
knowledge.

34
 References.
Anol Bhattacherjee (2012) Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices, 2 nd
edition. University of South Florida Tampa, Florida, U.S.A

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