THE TAMIL NADU DR.J.JAYALALITHA MUSIC AND FINE ARTS UNIVERSITY B.F.A.

,
DEGREE IN TRADITIONAL PAINTING

Certified That this is a bonafide record of the project work done by

M.JOTHEESHWAR (08BFTP200016)

B.F.A., TRADITIONAL PAINTING

at Government Collage of architecture and sculpture

department of traditional painting

Principal

Dr.K. RAMAN, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D

under the guidance of

A. PARIMALA, DTP. ,TTC. ,BFA. ,MA Lecturer H.O.D. Department of Painting

GCAS Mamallapuram - 603 104.

Signature of the Candidate Signature of the Guide

Place: Mamallapuram - 603 104

Date:

Submitted for the Viva Voice Examination Held at the University of the

Tamilnadu Dr.J.Jayalalitha Music and Fine Arts on_______________

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 m[e;jh Xtpak;
Gj;jh; [hjf fijfs; - Xh; Ma;T

jkpo;ehL lhf;lh; n[. n[ayypjh ,ir kw;Wk; ftpd;fiy

gy;fiyf;fofk;

jpl;lg;gzp Ma;NtL

Ma;thsh;

k.N[hjP];th;

gjpT vz; : 08BFTP200016

newpahsh;

jpUkjp. M. ghpksh. DTP. ,TTC. ,BFA. ,MA

tphpTiuahsh;> kuG tz;zk; kw;Wk; Xtpaj;Jiw.

murpdh;fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; rpw;gf;fiyfy;Y}hp> khky;yGuk;

2020-2024
k. N[hjP]t; u;
Ma;thsh;>
kuG tz;zj;Jiw>
murpdh; fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; rpw;gf;fiy fy;Y}hp>
khky;yGuk; - 603 104.

Ma;thsh; cWjpnkhop

m[e;jh xtpak; Gj;ju; [hjf fijfs; - Xh; Ma;T vd;w jiyg;gpy;

Nkw;f;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,j;jpl;l Ma;NtlhdJ.

A. ghpksh D.T.P.>T.T.C.> B.F.A.> M.A mth;fspd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; jkpo;ehL ,ir

kw;Wk; ftpd;fiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; B.F.A. kuG tz;zj;Jiw
gl;lg;gbg;gpw;fhf vd; nrhe;j Kaw;rpahy; cUthdjhFk;.

,jid NtW ve;j gl;lq;fSf;Fk; mspf;ftpy;iy vd;W cWjp $WfpNwd;.

k. N[hjP]t; u;
Ma;thsu;
gjpT vz; :08BFTP200016
,lk; : khky;yGuk;
ehs; :
A. gupksh DTP.>TTC.> BFA.> MΑ
gapw;Wdh;
kuG tz;zj;Jiw>
murpdh; fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; rpw;gf;fiy fy;Y}hp
khky;yGuk; - 603104.

Nkw;ghh;itahsh; rhd;wpjo;

k. N[hjP]t ; u; vd;w Ma;thsh; m[e;jh Xtpak; Gj;ju; [hjf fijfs;

- Xh; Ma;T vd;w jiyg;gpy; jkpo;ehL ,ir kw;Wk; ftpd;fiyg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; kuG tz;zj;Jiw gl;lg;gbg;gpw;fhf toq;fpa
,j;jpl;lg;gzp Ma;NtL vd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; epfo;e;jjhFk;. ,tUila
nrhe;j Kaw;rpapy; cUthdjhFk;. ,jw;F Kd;G NtW ve;j
gl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,j;jpl;lg;gzp Ma;NtL rkh;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

(A. ghpksh)

Nkw;ghh;itahsh;
,lk; : khky;yGuk;

ehs; :

Gwepiyj;Njh;thsh; Kjy;th;
 nghUslf;fk;

i. ed;wpAiu gf;fk; vz;

ii. Kd;Diu
iii. jpl;lg;gzpapd; Nehf;fk;

1. ,ay; - 1
m[e;jh Filtiuapd; tuyhW 2 - 37
i. m[e;jh Filtiuapd; tuyh
ii. m[e;jh Filtiuapd; miktplk;
iii. m[e;jh kPl;nlLf;fg;gl;l tuyhW
iv. m[e;jh Filtiuapd; mikg;G
V. m[e;jh Filtiuapd; fl;blf;fiy
.m[e;jh Filtiuapd; rpw;gq;fiy
vii. jPk;fs;
viii. m[e;jh Filtiufs; 01 Kjy; 29 tiu
ix. ,e;jpa muR fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;

2. ,ay; - 2
m[e;jh Filtiu Xtpaq;fs; 38 - 51
i. m[e;jh Xtpaq;fsps; tuyhW
ii. Xtpaq;fspd; mikg;G
iii. Xtpak; tiua gad;gLj;jpa KiwfSk;>Af;jpfSk;
iv. m[e;jh Filtiuapd; RtNuhtpaq;fs;
V. mIe;jh Xtpaq;fsps; fhyfl;lq;fs;

3. ,ay; - 3
m[e;jh Gj;jh; [hjff; fijfs; 52 - 61
i. Gj;ju; [hjff; fij Xtpaq;fs;
ii. Xtpak; mike;Js;s Filtiufs;

4. ,ay; - 4
ngsj;j kjk; - nfsjk Gj;ju; 62 - 69
i. Gj;jkjk;
ii. kj Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
iii. k`hahd kw;Wk; `{dahd NtWghL
iv. Gj;jh; ghpeph;tzk; mile;j rpw;gk;
V. ngsj;jj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
vi. Gj;j kjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs;
vii. Gj;j kjj;jpd; gs;spfs;
viii. Kf;fpa ngsj;j E}y;fs;.
ix. gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; ngsj;j kjg;guty;
x. ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpy; ngsj;j kjk;.
xi. Gj;j kj And];Nfh guhk;ghpa jsq;fs;

5. ,ay; - 5
rhjthfdhpd; gq;F 70 - 75
i. rhjthfd muru;fspd; gq;fspg;G
ii. mikj;j FiltiufSk; [hjff; fijfSk;

6. ,ay; - 6 76 - 79
Fg;ju;fspd; gq;F
i. Fg;jupd; Xtpaq;fs;
ii. mwpQu;fs; GfOiufs;

7. ,ay; - 7
thfhlfhpd; gq;F 80 - 94
i. tfhlf murh;fsps; gq;fspg;G
ii. xtpaDk; xtpa KiwAk;
iii. Xypaj;jpd; MW mq;fq;fs;.
iv. m[e;jhTk; gy;tyh; fhy rpw;gKk;
V. Gj;jhpd; tho;f;iff;fhl;rpAk; mikj;j FiltiufSk;

7. vLj;jhz;l E}y;fs;
8. KbTiu
9. jpl;lg;gzp kjpg;gPL
10. Gifg;glk;
 ed;wpAiu

ekr;rptha tho;f ehjd; jhs; tho;f!

,ikg;nghOJk; vd;neQ;rpy; ePq;fhjhd; jhs; tho;f!

ehd; Nkw;nfhz;l ,e;j Ma;Tgzp rpwg;ghf epiwNtw jpUtUs;

Ghpe;j vy;yhk; ty;y vkJ Fynja;tq;fshd Re;jhpak;kd;>
vkf;fUg;grhkp Mfpa ,U nja;tq;fspd; jpUtbfis vd; rpuk;
jho;j;jp tzq;FfpNwd;.

vdJ ,e;j ,l;lg;gzpia Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp mspj;j vd;

fy;Y}hp Kjy;th; cah;jpU Kidth; K.uhkd; B.sc.>M.A.>Ph.D
mth;fSf;F gzpthd vd; Kjy; ed;wpia njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.

Ma;Tg; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ vOe;j gy Iaq;fis

jPh;f;f cjtpa vkJ tz;zf;fiyj;Jiw Nguhrphpia jpUkjp.
M.ghpksh DTP.>TTC.>BFA.>MA kw;Wk; cjtp Mrphpauhf gzpahw;Wk;
M.uj;jpdNty; BFA.>BL.>MA Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; vd; gzpthd ed;wpia
njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.,e;j Ma;Tg; gzp ve;jj; jq;F jilAkpd;wp
eilngw cjtpa vy;yh md;G neQ;rq;fSf;Fk; vd; ed;wpiaj;
njhptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwd;.

vdf;Fs; Xh; fiy ,Ug;gij czh;e;J vd;id mjDs;

Ml;gLj;jp vdf;F Xh; vjph;fhyk; mikj;Jf; nfhLj;J kfpOk; vd;
caphpDk; Nkyhd vdjUik ngw;Nwhh;fshd jhahh; M.ghDkjp kw;Wk;
je;ij S.kiyr;rhkp kw;Wk; vdJ cld; gpwe;jtu;fshd M. kiy];th;>
it\;ztp> tp\;Z Mfpa ItUf;Fk; vd; ghrk; fye;j ed;wpfs; gy.
 jpl;lg;gzpapd; Nehf;fk;

Ma;tpd; jiyg;G

,t;tha;thdJ m[e;jh Xtpak; Gj;jh; [hjff; fijfs; - Xh; Ma;T

vd;w nghUd;ikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk;

cyfpd; Kjy;nghpa Gj;j fl;Lkhd Filtiuahf Nghw;wg;gLk;

m[e;jh Filtiu m[e;jh vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; mike;Js;sjhy; m[e;jh
Filtiufs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,q;Fs;s Filtiufis Gj;j Jwtpfs; irj;aq;fshfTk;>

tp`hiufshfTk; gad;gLj;jpdh;. Gj;j kjj;jpd; %d;W topghl;L
epiyfshd mUTUtkhf ];J}gpahf topglg;gl;l epiy> gpd;G ];J}gpAk;
Gj;j cUtKk; Nrh;e;j epiy> mjd; Gj;jNu jdpj;j cUtkhf topglg;gl;l
epiy Mfpa %d;W epiyfisAk; xNu ,lj;jpy; ,q;F fhzKbAk;.

,q;Fs;s Filtiufspy; Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;iw Fwpf;Fk;

fijfis rpw;gq;fshfTk;> RtNuhtpaq;fshfTk; mike;Js;sdu;. ,e;jf;
fijfs; [hjff; fijfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

mIe;jh Xtpaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ,uz;L. mit

,ul;ilg;ghpzhkj; jd;ik> Kg;ghpkhzg; Gifg;glj;Njhw;wk; MFk;.
mIe;jh fiyQh;fspd; ePskhd fz;fs; kw;Wk; if mirTfis
rpj;jhpf;Fk; ghzp cyf fiy tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; nry;thf;F cilajhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. m[e;jhtpy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Xtpa Kiwf;F gw;Nwhtpa
Kiw vd;w ngah;.

m[e;jh Xtpak; jd;id Rw;wpAs;s tho;f;ifiaAk;> ,aw;if

fhl;rpfisAk; Mo;e;j mDgtj;JlDk;> czh;TfSld; ftdpj;J
Xtpaq;fshf jPl;bAs;shd;. ,e;j m[e;jh Filtiuapd; tuyhw;iwAk;>
rpw;gq;fisAk;> RtNuhtpaq;fisAk; gy tuyhw;W Ma;thsh;fs; vOjp
itj;jpUe;jhYk; gy E}y;fis ifahz;L tuyhw;W re;jjpfh;fSk;>
fiyQh;fSk;> Ma;thsh;fSk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; ,t;thW
Nkw;nfhs;fpNwd;.

fUJNfhs;

m[e;jh Filtiuapy; mike;Js;s Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;W

fhl;rpfshf mike;Js;s rpw;gq;fisAk;> Xtpaq;fisAk; (Gj;jh; [hjff;
fijfs;)> ,q;F fhzyhk;. mf;fhy ,e;j Filtiufspd; njhd;ikahdJ
rhjthfdh;fs;> Fg;jh;fs;> tfhlfh;fs; mwpa %tUila
fhyfl;lq;fshFk;. vdNt> m[e;jh Filtiuapd; njhd;ikiaAk;
Xtpaq;fspd; rpwg;GfisAk; Xtpad; gad;gLj;jpa my;yJ ifahz;l
Af;jpfisAk; mwptNj ,t;tha;Ntl;bd; fUJNfhs; MFk;.

Ma;tpd; gad;

m[e;jh Filtiuapd; jdpj;Jtkhd milahskhf jpfOk;

RtNuhtpaj;ij gw;wp vLj;jpak;gp ,jd; rpwg;Gfis tpsf;FtjhFk;.
tUq;fhy ,sk; jiyKiwfSf;F ekJ fiyapd; Nkd;ikiaAk;>
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; Ghpa nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Ma;tpd; Kd;Ndhbfs;

1. ,e;jpafiy tuyhW - Nfh. jq;fNtY

i. Kjy; ghfk;
ii. ,uz;lhk; ghfk;
2. njd; ,e;jpa tuyhW - K. A. ePyfz;l rh];jphp
3. ,e;jpa Xtpak; - f. rptuhk%h;j;jp
4. Gj;j [hjff; fijfs; - kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp

Ma;T mZFKiw

Ma;T juTfspd; mbg;gilapy; fUj;Jf;fshf njhFf;fg;ngw;W

tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;Jtjw;F njhFg;gha;T
Kiw> gFg;gha;T Kiw> tpsf;f Kiw Ma;T vd %d;W Ma;T
mZFKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Ma;Ntl;bd; mikg;G

,t;tha;NtlhdJ ed;wpAiu> Kd;Diu> KbTiu ePq;fshf 7 ,ay;fshf

tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd>

1. m[e;jh Filtiu tuyhW

2. m[e;jh Filtiu Xtpaq;fs;
3. m[e;jh Gj;jh; [hjf fijfs;
4. ngsj;j kjk; Gj;jh;
5. rhjthfdhpd; gq;F
6. Fg;jh;fspd; gq;F
7. thfhlfhpd; gq;F

,ay; tpsf;fk;

,ay; 1

cNge;jpuFg;jd; vd;w kd;ddhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l m[e;jh Filtiuapd;

tuyhw;iwAk;> miktplk;> Filtiuapd; mikg;G> rpw;gf;fiy kw;Wk;
fl;blf;fiy> m[e;jh kPl;fg;gl;l tuyhW Kjypaitfis gw;wpa rpwg;Gfs;
,e;j ,aypy; cs;sd.

,ay; 2

m[e;jh Filtiuapy; mike;Js;s RtNuhtpaq;fisAk;> Xtpah;fs;

tiuag;gad;gLj;jpa Af;jpfs; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;jpa ,aw;if tz;zq;fisAk;
gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; ,e;j ,aypy; fhzyhk;.

,ay; 3

Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifia Fwpf;Fk; rpwg;Gkpf;f [hjf fijfis gw;wpAk;>

mtw;wpd; Filtiu miktplq;fis gw;wpa jfty;fs; ,e;j ,aypy;
cs;sd.
,ay; 4

ngsj;j kj Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Gj;jhpd; k`hghpeph;thz rpw;gk;> ngsj;j

kjj;Njhw;wk;> Nfhl;ghLfs; Gj;j kjj;jpd; gs;spfs;> ngsj;j E}y;fs;>
gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; ngsj;j kjj;jpd; guty; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpy;
Gj;j kjj;jpd; gq;F kw;Wk; Gj;j kjj;Jld; njhlh;Gila And];Nfh ghuk;ghpa
jsq;fis gw;wpAk; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,ay; 5

,e;jpa tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l Xtpaq;fshd rhjthfdh;fspd;

Xtpaq;fis gw;wpAk;> mth;fs; rpw;gf;fiyf;F Mw;wpa gq;fpidAk;> mth;fs;
m[e;jh Filtiuf;F Mw;wpa gq;fpidAk;> mth;fspd; fhyj;jpy; tiue;j
RtNuhtpaq;fs; (Gj;jh; [hjff; fijfs;) tpsf;fKk; ,jpy; cs;sd.

,ay; 6

'nghw;fhyk;|| vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Fg;ju;fs; m[e;jh Filtiuf;F

Mw;wpa gq;fpidAk;> Fg;ju; fhy Xtpaq;fisg; gw;wpAk;> ,tu;fisg; gw;wpa
mwpQu;fspd; GfOiuAk; ,jpy; cs;sd.

,ay; 7

rhjthfdh;fSf;F mLj;J Mw;wy;kpf;f murh;fshf ,Ue;jth;fs;

thfhlfh;fs; Mthh;fs;. ,th;fspd; fhyj;jpy; Ntiyg;ghLfSld; fhzg;gLk;
fl;ll mikg;gpidAk;> rpw;gq;fisAk;> Xtpah;fs; tiua gad;gLj;jpa
Af;jpfisAk;> Xtpak; tiua ifahz;l Kiwiag; gw;wpAk; ,th;fs;
fhyj;jpy; tiuag;gl;l RtNuhtpaq;fis gw;wpAk; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 Kd;Diu

mwptpay;> fiy> kUj;Jtj;jpy; kpfr;rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ehL ,e;jpah.

ek;Kila Kd;Ndhh;fs;. mth;fspd; tho;tpaNyhL fiyiaAk; ghJfhj;J
tho;e;J te;jdh;. mth;fspd; gilg;Gfshy; cUthd rpw;gq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;
midj;Jk; ,d;wsTk; ek;Kila ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; ngUikfisg; giw rhw;wp
tUfpd;wd. nghJthf xU XtpaNkh my;yJ rpw;gNkh fyhrhuj;ijAk;>
kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiaAk; gpujpgypf;ff;$bait. jhd; fw;Wf; nfhz;lijAk;>
mjdhy; fpilj;j mwpitAk; mLj;j jiyKiwf;F tpl;Lr;nry;Yk;
Fwpg;Gfshf kl;LNk fiyiag; ghh;j;jdh;. ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs;.

m[e;jh Filtiufspy; ,Ue;J Gj;jhpd; fijfs; m[e;jh

RtNuhtpaq;fs; Filtiu Xtpaj;jpd; ,e;jpahtpd; Muk;gfhy kw;Wk; kpf
Kf;fpakhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. fp.K.2-Mk;
kw;Wk; Kjy; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,Ue;J fp.gp.5-Mk; E}w;whz;L gpw;gFjp tiu>
Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifapd; %yk; gy;NtW Nghjprj;Jth;fisg; gw;wpa fijfis
mth;fs; tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;sdh;.

,it midj;Jk; Gj;jkjf; nfhs;iffis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpAk;>

Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;W rk;gtq;fis rpj;jhpj;Jk; cUthf;fg;gl;lit.
Fiffis Kd;G kiof;fhyj;jpy; Xa;ntLf;Fk; ,lkhf Gj;jgpl;Rfs;
gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wdh;. fp.K. 2-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp. 6-Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW fl;lkhf ,it cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Jiwapduhy; guhkhpf;fg;gl;L tUk; m[e;jh Filtiu
gw;wp rPdg;gazp Athd; Rthq; Fwpg;ngOjpapUf;fpwhu;.

mjd; mbg;gilapy;> kfhuh\;buh khepyk; xsuq;fhghj;jpy; cs;s

m[e;jh Filtiuf; Fiffspy; cs;s Xtpaq;fSk;>rpw;gq;fSk;. ek;
Kd;Ndhh;fs; ekf;F tpl;Lr; nrd;w fiyg; nghf;fp\q;fs; vd;Nw $wyhk;.
moFk;> trPfuKk;> vz;zpylq;fh gpukhz;lq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;Fk; m[e;jh
Filtiufspd; tuyhw;iwg; gw;wpAk;> mjpy; cs;s rpwg;Gfisg; gw;wpAk;>
Gj;jhpd; [hjff; fijfisg; gw;wpAk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; tphpthf
mwpNthk; thUq;fs;.
1
 ,ay; 1

m[e;jh Filtiuapd; tuyhW

2
 m[e;jh Filtiu tuyhW

fp.K.2-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp.2-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu

m[e;jh Filtiuapd; tuyhW 19

,e;j Filtiuf; Nfhtpypd; fl;Lkhdk; fp.gp.469-,y; vq;Nfh

njhlq;fpaJ. kd;dd; cNge;jpuFg;jh ,e;jf; Filtiuf; Nfhapiy m[e;jh
Filtiuf; FOtpd; 'rk;gpujha ikakhf" fUjpajhy;> nghpa jpl;lq;fisf;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. 472-,y;> kd;dd; cNge;jpuFg;jid mtdJ mz;il ehlhd
m];kf]; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wpdhh;. m[e;jhtpd; Filtiu 19-,d;
fl;Lkhdk; 469-CE Kjy; 471-CE tiu mtrukhf Kbf;fg;gl;lJ> Vnddpy;
kd;dh; cNge;jpuFg;jh m];kfh]pd; tutpUf;Fk; jhf;Fjiy Kd;dwptpj;jhh;.
472-,y; m];kfhf;fs; cNge;jpuFg;jhitf; ifg;gw;wpdh;> mth;fs; m[e;jh
Filtiu 19-,d; NkYk; tsh;r;rpia mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j
Filtiuapd; Kd; Kfg;G gpd;dh; jq;fs; nrhe;j rpw;gq;fisr; Nrh;j;j
ed;nfhilahsh;fshy; CLUtp Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.

m[e;jh Filtiufs; goq;fhy tp`huq;fisf; nfhz;l

mTuq;fhghj;jpy; cs;s ,e;j ek;gKbahj Filtiufs; 29 ghiwfshy;
ntl;lg;gl;l Gj;j Filtiu epidTr; rpd;dq;fs; topahf cq;fis
mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd. ,e;j Filtiufspy; cs;s Xtpaq;fs; Gj;jhpd;
tho;f;if kw;Wk; fhyq;fis rpj;jhpf;fpwJ kw;Wk; MhpaRudpd; [lf;khyhtpy;
,Ue;J rpj;jpuf; fijfs;. rpy ngsj;j nja;tq;fspd; ghiwapy; ntl;lg;gl;l
rpw;gq;fs;.

m[e;jhtpy; cs;s xtpaq;fs; iriffs;> Njhuizfs; kw;Wk;

tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tho;f;if Nghd;w czh;r;rpfis
rpj;jhpg;gjw;fhf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. And];Nfh> m[e;jhtpd; ntspg;gilahd
Xtpaq;fis> mLj;jLj;j Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpaf; fiyapy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpa jiyrpwe;j gilg;Gfs; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. ,q;Fs;s
,q;Fs;s Xtpaq;fs;> iriffs;> Njhuizfs; kw;Wk; tbtq;fisg;
3
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tho;j;ifiag; Nghd;w czh;r;rpfis
rpj;jhpg;gjw;fhf mwpag;gLfpd;wd.

m[e;jh Filtiufs; ,e;jpahtpd; kpfr;rpwe;j Gj;j fiyapd;

jiyrpwe;j gilg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. Njuthj (`Pdahdk;) kw;Wk;
kuGfs; ,uz;Lk; k`hahd ngsj;j mlq;Fk;.

Kjy; m[e;jh Filtiufs; fp.K.2-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tNfhuh

ejpf;fiuapy; Fjpiuthyp tbt Fd;wpd; kPJ nrJf;fg;gl;lJ. Vwf;Fiwa
xd;gJ E}w;whz;Lfshf> Gj;j Jwtpfs; mtw;iw gpuhh;j;jid $lq;fshfTk;
(irj;a fphp`h];) kw;Wk; klq;fs; (tp`huq;fs;) MfTk; gad;gLj;jpdh;.
Ie;J Filtiufs; (vz;fs; 9> 10> 19> 26> kw;Wk; 29) irj;a fphp`h];
(gpuhh;j;jid kz;lgq;fs;) kPjKs;sit tp`huq;fs; (klq;fs;).

,e;j Filtiufis mtw;wpd; taJ kw;Wk; ghzpapd; mbg;gilapy;

,uz;L gue;j fl;lq;fshf gphpf;fyhk;.

Kjyhk; fl;lk;

(fp.K.2 Kjy; 1 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu)- ngsj;jj;jpd; `Pdahd

(Njuthlh) fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;j Kjy; mfo;thuha;r;rpfs; rhjthfdh;fshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. xU ];J}gp ,q;F topgLk; nghUshFk;. ,e;j
rfhg;jk; 9>10>12> 13 kw;Wk; 15A Filtiufshy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,uz;lhk; fl;lk;

(fp.gp.5 Kjy; 6-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfs;) ,e;j mfo;thuha;r;rpfs;

tfhlfh;fs; kw;Wk; rhSf;fpah;fspd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ghFk;. NkYk;
mit k`hahd ngsj;j fl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit.

rhjthfdhpd; fhyq;fs; (fp.K.235-fp.gp.220)

rhjthfdh; fhyj;jpy; Mhpa rkak; rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpa NjhL

Gj;j> rkzrkaf; fiyfSk; rpwg;ghf tsh;r;rpngw;wd vd;gij
4
mwpNthk;. ,e;jpahtpd; tuhyw;Wf; fhy Xtpaq;fSs; Kw;gl;lit
rhjthfdh;fs; fhyj;jitahFk;. rhjthfdh; fhyj;jpy; Mhpa rkak;
rpwg;Gw;W tpsq;fpaNjhL Gj;j> rkzrkaf; fiyfSk; rpwg;ghf
tsh;r;rpngw;wd vd;gij mwpNthk;. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;
kpfTk; njhd;ikahd tz;zXtpaq;fs; Kjd;Kjypy; rhjthfdh;fspd;
Filtiufspy; jhk; fhzg;gLfpd;wdntd;Wk;> mj;jifa Filtiufspy;
kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;wit m[e;jhtpYs;s xU rpy Filtiufs; jhnkd;Wk;
jpU. rp. rptuhk%h;j;jp $Wfpd;whh;.

ehrpf;> ngj;rh> fh;yp> nfhz;Nldp Kjypa ngah; ngw;w Gj;jf;

Filtiufs; ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; Filag;gl;ld. rhjthfdh;fspd;
rpw;gf;fiyf;Fg; ngah;Nghd ghr;rh> mkuhtjp> rhQ;rp Kjypa ,lq;
-fspYs;s rpw;gq;fisg; NghyNt m[e;jhtpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
m[e;jhf; Filtiufs; fp.K.2-Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp.8-Mk;
E}w;whz;L tiu Filag; ngw;witahFk;.

mq;Fs;s Kg;gJ Filtiufspy; nfhz;Nldpf; Filtiuiaj;

jtpu kw;w vy;yhf; FiltiufspYk;> Rth;fspYk;> J}z;fspYk;
kdj;ijf; ftUk; fhl;rpfs; Xtpaq;fshfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
rhjthfdh; fhyj;jpy; Filag;gl;ldthff; nfhs;sg;gLgit xd;gjhk;>
gj;jhk; FiltiufshFk;. ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; fiyaikg;Gfs;
ghr;rh> rhQ;rp> rhf;fpag;Ngl;Nl> mkuhtjpapd; njhlf;f fhyf;fiyfs;
Mfpatw;NwhL xj;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpuhkp vOj;Jfspy;
nrJf;fg;gl;l rhrdq;fs; fp.K.,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr;
Nrh;e;jitnad;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,it rhjthfd kugpd;
njhlf;ffhyj;jpy; Njhuhakhfr; rjfh;dpahy; (fp.K. 202-192) nrJf;fg;
-gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd mwpQh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. ,td; jhd; rhQ;rpj;
Njhuzthapiy tpjprehl;L je;jj; njhopyhsh;fisf; nfhz;L
nrJf;fpdhndd;W mj;NjhuzthapYs;s fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

tlf;Nf Rq;fh;fSk;> Frhdh;fSk;> fpof;Nf NrjpfSk; (fypq;fh;fSk;)>

jf;fzj;jpy; rhjthfdh;fSk; gilj;j fiyfs; nkshpah;fspd;
topj;Njhd;wNy vd;W fiyQh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;. Vndd;why; ,itahTk;
xUtifg; nghJg;gz;ghy; ,ize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gh;$j;> mkuhtjp
5
Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; njhlf;ffhy cUtq;fis m[e;jhtpYs;s
gj;jhtJ Filtiuapy; fhzg;gLk; cUtq;fNshL xg;gpl;lhy; ,it xNu
khjphpapypUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mtw;wpd; jiyg;ghiffs;> fOj;jzpfs;> fhjzpfs;

iffis itj;jpUf;Fk; ghzpfs;> Kfghtidfs; Mfpait fpl;lj;jl;l
xNu tifaha; mike;jpUg;gij mwpayhk;.rhQ;rpapYs;s Xh; cUtj;jpd;
jiyg;ghifapy; tprpwp kbg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,Nj Nghd;w ghzpia
tlkJiuapYk;> mkuhtjpapYk; fhzyhk;. ,t;thW rhjthfdh; fiyapy;
cUthfpa Xtpag;ghzp gpw;fhy ,e;jpa Xtpaq;fSf;Fk;
vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; tpsq;fpanjd;gij ahtUk; Vw;fpd;wdh;.

Fg;jupd; fhyq;fs;

(Njhuh. fp.gp. 300 - 600)

Fg;ju;fspd; fhyj;jpy; ghf;> m[e;jh> rpfphpah> rpj;jd;dthry;

Kjypa ,lq;fspy; Kjd;Kjyhf Xtpaf;fiy rpwg;Gw tsuj;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,tw;iwg; gpd;gw;wpj;jhd; thfhlfh;fSk; jq;fs; ehl;by;
Xtpaf;fiyiag; gug;gpdhh;fs;. m[e;jhtpy; cs;s gjpdhwhtJ>
gjpNdohtJ FiltiufspYs;s Xtpaq;fs; Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy;
jPl;lg;gl;litnadf; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Njhuh. fp.gp. 500-y;
jPl;lg;gl;bUf;fyhnkdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

thfhlfhpd; fhyq;fs;

(Njhuh. fp.gp.4Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. 6Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu )

,th;fs; Nguhiu ikakhff; nfhz;L jf;fzj;ijAk;> eL

,e;jpahtpd; xU gFjpiaAk; Rkhh; 200 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; Fg;jh;fs;
Mz;lhh;fs;. rpwg;Gw;W epd;w mNj fhyj;jpy; ,th;fsJ Ml;rpAk;
jf;fzj;jpy; rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpatd; tpe;jpa
rf;jp vd;gtdhthd; vd;gjid m[e;jhtpy; cs;s 16-MtJ Fifapy;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;bypUe;J mwpfpNwhk;.
6
 Fg;jh;fSk;> thfhlfh;fSk; xNu fhyj;jpy; Mz;lth;fs;.
Mjyhy; jhd; rpy Mrphpah;fs; m[e;jhtpYs;s xUrpy fiyr;
nry;tq;fisg; gilj;jth;fisf; Fg;jh;fnsd;Wk;> thfhlh;fnsd;Wk;
khwp khwpf; $Wfpd;wdh;. ,e;j kugpd; Kjy; murdhff; fhzg;gLgtd;
Kjyhk; gputuNrdd; (fp.gp. 300-330) vd;gtdhthd;. ,tid mLj;J
Kjyhk; cUj;uNrdd; (fp.gp. 330-340) vd;gtDk;> ,tDf;Fg; gpd;
gyUk; Mz;lhh;fs;. Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; tl,e;jpahtpy; kWkyh;r;rp ngw;w
fiyfs;ahTk; jf;fzj;jpYk; mjd; njw;Fg;gFjpfspYk; guTtjw;F
thfhlfh;fs; fuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;fs;. ,th;fspd; Ml;rpg; gug;gpw;Fs;
jhd; m[e;jhf; Filtiufs; mike;jpUe;jd. filrp ,uz;L thfhlf
murh;fs; jq;fspd; mikr;rh;fshd m];jpNgh[d;> tuhf Njtd;
MfpNahhpd; Jiznfhz;L m[e;jhf; Filtiufspy; fiyr;
nry;tq;fisg; gilj;jhh;fs;. ,e;j thfhlfh;fs; jf;fhzj;jpy;
rhjthfdh;fis ntd;W jq;fs; Ml;rpiag; gilj;jhh;fs; vd;gjidg;
'gpuhfpUj E}y;|| xd;wpd; rhd;WfspypUe;J mwpfpNwhk;. thfhlf
murdhd ,uz;lhk; gputuNrdd; (fp.gp.895-420) vd;gtd; ,uz;lhk;
re;jpuFg;jNdhL kz cwT nfhz;bUe;jhd; vd;gijf; fhspjhrDk;
jd;Dila ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shd;. ,e;j ,uz;lhk;
gputuNrdd; gpuhfpUj nkhopapy; vOjpa ghly; (ftpij) E}y;jhd;
NrJge;jk; vd;gjhFk;.

m[e;jh Filtiuapd; miktplk;

kfhuh\;buh khepyk; xsuq;fhghj;jpypUe;J 110 fp.kP njhiytpy;

mike;Js;sJ m[e;jh vd;Dk; fpuhkk;. m[e;jh fpuhkj;jpypUe;J 12fp.kP
njhiytpy; cs;s kiyr;rhpTfspy; ghiwfisf; File;njLj;J 30
cUthf;fg;gl;l Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; m[e;jhit myq;fhpf;fpd;wd. ,e;j
Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; midj;Jk; kiof;fhyq;fspy; Gj;jkjj; Jwtpfs;
Xa;ntLf;Fk; ciwtplq;fshfTk; jpahdk; nra;Ak; ,lq;fshfTk;
gad;gLj;jpajw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

xt;nthU FiltiuapYk; Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifapy; epfo;e;j gy;NtW

tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fisr; rpj;jhpf;Fk; tifapy; rpw;gq;fSk;> xtpaq;fSk;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,itaidj;Jk; fp.K.2-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy;
7
fp.gp.6-Mk; E}w;whz;L rpw;gq;fSk; tiu gy;NtW fl;lq;fshf
Xtpaq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhf Ma;thsh;fs; njhptpj;Js;sdh;.

ntspg;Gw Njhw;wk;

m[e;jh Filtiuapy; fhzg;gLk; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fSk;>

xtpaq;fSk; mike;Js;s ,lk; mIe;jh vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpd; ngauhy;
m[e;jh Filtiufs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. m[e;jh fpuhkj;jpypUe;J
12 fp.kP njhiytpy; jhd; ,f;Filtiufs; mike;jpUfpd;wd. mq;fpUe;J>
njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; m[e;jh
FiltiufSf;Fs; Neubahf ek; thfdj;jpy; nry;y KbahJ. ,e;jpaj;
njhy;ypay; Jiw Vw;ghL nra;Ak; thfdj;jpy; kl;LNk gazpf;f KbAk;.
miukzp Neug;gazj;jpy; Fiffs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Fr; nry;yKbAk;.
kiyapd; kPJ VwpaJk; ek;ik tpag;gpy; Mo;j;Jfpd;wd.

m[e;jh Filtiufs; tNfhuh ejpapd; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; rahj;hp

Fd;wpd; Nky; mike;Js;sd. kiyapy; cs;s tNfhuh ejpapd; ,uz;L
fiufspYk; Fjpiuf; Fsk;igg; Nghd;Nw ePz;Lf;fplf;Fk; Rkhh; 76 kP
caukhd kiyr; rhptpy; thpirahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd ,f;Filtiufs;.
,Jtiu Rkhh; 30 Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhd Filtiufs;> (irj;aq;fs;) ngsj;j
topghl;Lj; jyq;fs; vd;Wk;> (tp`hiufs;) Gj;jkjj; Jwtpfs;
jq;Fkplk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

And];Nfh ,e;j jsj;ij cyf ghuk;ghpa jskhf

mwptpj;Js;sJ. Njuthj (`Pdahdk;) kw;Wk; k`hahd ngsj;j
kuGfs; ,uz;Lk; mlq;Fk;. m[e;jh Filtiufs; ,e;jpahtpd;
kpfr;rpwe;j Gj;j fiyapd; jiy rpwe;j gilg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

cl;Gw Njhw;wk;

m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspd; Ch; vd;w vz;zj;ij ,e;jpah KOf;f

cUthf;fpapUf;fpd;wd ghlE}y;fs;. ngz; Foe;ijfSf;F m[e;jh
vd;W ngahpLk; tof;fNk gy ,lq;fspy; cz;L. m[e;jh vd;gJ xU
8
kW cUtk; jhd;. m[e;jh vd;gJ cz;ikahd ngah;. rpe;jidaw;w
epiy vd;W nghUs;.

ngsj;jj;jpy; cUt topghL Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;gpUe;j

mUTtkhf ];J}gpahf topglg;gl;l epiy> gpd;G ];J}gpAk; Gj;j
cUtKk; Nrh;e;j epiy> mjd; gpwF Gj;jNu jdpj;j cUtkhf
topglg;gl;l epiy vd;W Gj;j kjj;jpd; %d;W topghl;L epiyfisAk;
xNu ,lj;jpy; ,q;F fhzKbAk;.

Gj;jh; jd;Dila cUtj;ij Xtpaq;fshfNth> rpw;gq;fshfNth

cUthf;ff; $lhJ vd;gjpy; cWjpahf ,Ue;jhh;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; te;j
rPh;fs; Gj;jkjf; nfhs;iffis ntsp cyfj;Jf;Fr; nrhy;yTk;>
gug;gTk; tpUk;gpdh;. mjdhy; Gj;jhpd; cUtj;ij Xtpaq;fshfTk;
rpw;gq;fshfTk; tbj;jdh;. ,aw;ifahd Filtiufs; kl;Lky;yhky;
nraw;ifahd FiltiufisAk; cUthf;fpdh;. kiof; fhyq;fspy;
jq;Ftjw;F klhyaq;fisAk;> topgLtjw;F topghl;L ];jyq;fisAk;
mikj;jdh;.

m[e;jh kPl;fg;gl;l tuyhW

m[e;jh Filtiufspd; fz;Lgpbg;G ePq;fs; fhyf;NfhLfisg;

ghu;j;jhy; m[e;jh Filtiufs; mjd; mwpag;gl;l tuyhw;wpy; gy
E}w;whz;Lfshf kwjpapd; Row;rpapy; nry;Yk; ,e;j jdpj;jd;ikiaf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.

ngsj;jj;jpd; `Pdahd fhyj;jpy; E}w;whz;Lfshf nray;gl;l

m[e;jh ikakhf ,Ue;jJ. Filtiuapd; gioikahdJ fp.K.2-Mk;
E}w;whz;L my;yJ 1-Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhz;lg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,e;jj;
njhlhpd; filrp> mNefkhf xU 100 Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF ,d;Dk;
400 my;yJ 500 Mz;LfSf;F m[e;jhTf;F vd;d ele;jJ vd;gJ
njspthfj; njhpatpy;iy. k`hahd ngsj;jh;fshy; kPz;Lk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L Mjutspf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;dh; ,J xU kwjpf;Fs;

9
nrd;wJ. ,J fp.gp. 4-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ele;jJ> ,Ug;gpDk; rhpahd
fhyk; ,d;Dk; tpthjj;jpw;FhpaJ.

m[e;jh gpd;dh; xU jPtpukhd fl;lj;jpy; nrd;wJ. ,e;j

fhyfl;lj;jpy; mjd; 20-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Filtiufs; Njhz;lg;gl;ld. ,J
mNefkhf fp.gp.7-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu ePbj;jJ. ,k;KiwAk;> mjd;
rhpTf;fhd #o;epiyfs; kpfr; rpwe;jit. ,Ug;gpDk; rpy tbtq;fs; cs;sd>
m[e;jhtpy; nray;ghLfspd; rhpT kw;Wk; kPz;Lk; vOr;rp Mfpait
gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; kw;w murpay; kw;Wk; kj epfo;TfSld; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wd.

m[e;jh Filtiu fz;Lgpbg;gpy; [hd; ];kpj; gq;F

1819-k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjj;jpy;> Gyp xd;iw Juj;jpf; nfhz;L

ntspypy; Xbf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. gphpl;ld; mjpfhhpahd [hd; ];kpj;
fhiyapypUe;J mthplk; Nghf;F fhl;bagb Gyp Xbf; nfhz;bUe;jjhy;>
kpfTk; fisj;Jg; NghapUe;jhh;. mg;NghJ mq;Nf khL Nka;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
rpWtdplk; jz;zPh; thq;fp Fbj;jhh;. mg;NghJ> me;j rpWtdplk; Nfl;lNghJ>
mr;rpWtd; ,q;F Gypfs; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; Filtiufs; epiwa cs;sd.
mq;F g+jk;> Nga;fnsy;yhk; ,Uf;Fnkd;W $Wthh;fs;. mq;F jhd;> me;jg;
Gyp Xbg;NghapUf;Fk;. mq;F 'NtZk;dh Ngha;g; ghUq;f|| vd;W nrhy;y>
Ntl;ilahl jd;Dld; Jizf;F te;jth;fis $l;bf;nfhz;L me;jf;
Fiffs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ij Njb nrd;whh; ];kpj;. mq;Fr; nrd;wJk; tpag;gpy;
Mo;e;jhh;.

gphpl;b\; ,uhZtj;jpd; Nfg;ld; ];kpj; Nfhilapy; xU jdpahh; Gyp

Ntl;ilg; gazj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ mth; Filtiufisf; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;.
Nfg;ld; [hd; ];kpj; m[e;jh Filtiufisf; fz;Lgpbj;j Kjy;
INuhg;gpah; vd;w ngUikiag; ngw;whh;.

mth; ,Ue;j ,lj;ij Rw;wpYk; Filtiufs; thpirahf ,Ue;jd.

mjpy;> tz;z tz;z Xtpaq;fSk;> gpukhz;l Gj;jh; rpiyfSk;
epiwe;jpUe;jd.; tz;zk; g+rg;gl;l Gj;jhpd; cUtj;jpd; khh;gpd; FWf;Nf mth;
mbj;jhh;. mth; Nghjprj;Jtupd; Xtpak; ,Ue;j Filtiuapy; cs;s kw;w
10
goq;fhy fy;ntl;Lfisg; NghyNt> fj;jpahy; xU J}zpy; '[hd; ];kpj;> 8-
tJ Fjpiug;gil> kw;Wk; 28 Vg;uy;> 1819" vd;W nghwpj;jhh;. ,ilf;fhy
cyfk; cUthf;fpa rpy mofhd RtNuhtpaq;fis mth; mopj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhh; vd;gJ mtUf;F mg;NghJ njhpahJ.

MapDk; $l> Filtiu 10 -,y; tyJGwj;jpy; 13tJ J}zpy; me;j

Fwp ,d;Dk; cs;sJ. [hd; ];kpj; epd;W jdJ J}Zf;F vOjpa 5mb
,bghLfs; ,e;j Filtiuapd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf
itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. me;j Fwp ,g;NghJ me;j J}zpy; Rkhh; 10 mb
cauj;jpy; epw;fpwJ. [hd; ];kpj; nrd;w Filtiu Eiothapypd; 10 MFk;.
me;jf; Filtiuapid mUfpYs;s fpuhk kf;fspd; cjtpAld; Rj;jk;
nra;J> Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf> gs;sj;jhf;fpy;> Gjh;fSf;Fs;
kiwe;J fple;j Filtiufs; midj;ijAk; cyfpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;
];kpj;. md;W ];kpj; fz;Lgpbj;j FiltiufNs> ,g;NghJ cyfk; tpaf;Fk;
m[e;jh FiltiufshFk;.

[hd; ];kpj; epfo;Tf;Fg; gpwF m[e;jhTf;F ele;jJ tuyhW! ,e;j

njhlhpd; filrp Filtiu 1956-,y; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

m[e;jh Filtiuapd; mikg;G

m[e;jhtpd; ghiw ntl;lg;gl;l Gj;j Nfhtpy;fs; ,d;W rjkhyh

my;yJ rahj;hp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kiyj;njhlhpd; njw;Fg; gFjpapy;
Mokhd gs;sj;jhf;fpy; mike;Js;sd. ,J gs;sj;jhf;fpd; mbg;gFjpapy;
,Ue;J ghjp J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ.

tNfhuh ejpapd; ,uz;L fiufspYk; Fjpiuapd; ghjj;ijg; Nghd;W

ePz;L ,Uf;Fk; caukhd kiyapd; rhptpy; thpirahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
,f;Filtiufs;. ,Jtiu Rkhh; 30 Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhd Filtiufs;> irj;aq;fs;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ ngsj;j topghl;Lj; jyq;fs;. ,Jjhd;
cyfpd; Kjy; Gj;j nghpa fl;Lkhd MyakhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ. jw;NghJ
,q;Fs;s Fiffis ,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Filtiufis ,e;jpaj;
njhy;nghUs; Jiwapdh; guhkhpj;J tUfpd;wdh;.
11
 ghiw miwfs; kw;Wk; Fifr; Rth;fspy; nrJf;fg;gl;l goq;fhy
RtNuhtpaq;fisf; fhz ,e;jpah KOtJk; 10>000-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jsq;fs;
cs;sd vd;gJ cq;fSf;Fj; njhpAkh? gz;ila fiyf;$lq;fisg;
NghyNt> mit ek; Kd;Ndhh;fspd; tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa xU ghh;itia
toq;Ffpd;wd. jpzpg;G Xtpaq;fs; Kjy; rpf;fyhd ghiwapy; ntl;lg;gl;l
rpw;gq;fs; tiu> ,e;j goikahd Filtiufs; gz;ila fy;fiyapd;
nghf;fp\khFk;. tuyhW kw;Wk; fiy Mh;tyh;fs; ,e;j ghuk;ghpa jsq;fis
Muha;tjw;fhd fs ehs;> ,e;jpah KOtJk; gy Filtiufs; gutp
cs;sd.

vy;yh FiltiufSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpwF> ,e;jf; Fiffs;

midj;Jk; 1Kjy; 29 tiu thpirahf vz;zg;gl;ld. gpd;dh;> ,ilapilNa
NtW rpy FiltiufSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. mit 14A Nghd;w
vOj;Jfspd; gpd;ndhl;Lld; vz;zg;gl;ld.

,J 14> 15 vz; nfhz;l FiltiufSf;F ,ilapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,e;j vz;zpf;iffs; midj;Jk;> Filtiufs; fl;lg;gl;l my;y>
Filtiufs; thpir fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l thpirahFk;.

,q;Fs;s Filtiufs; ,UNtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

fp.K. 2-k; E}w;whz;by; rhjthfd kd;dh;fs; 9>10>12>13 kw;Wk; 15A
vz;fSila Filtiufis mikj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. fp.gp. 5-k; E}w;whz;by;
'`hpNrdh kd;dh;|| 20-f;Fk; mjpfkhd Filtiufis mikj;Js;shh;. fp.gp.7-
k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpah te;j rPdg; gazp Athd; Rthq; m[e;jh
Filtiufisg; ghh;itapl;bUf;fpwhh;.

kiyNaw;wj;jpy; tpUg;gk; ,Ug;gth;fs; kiyNaw;wk; Nkw;nfhs;sTk;

toptif nra;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh;. rhfrk;> gazk;>
,e;jpaj;njhd;ik> tuyhW> Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if kPJ
Mh;tk; nfhz;lth;fs; epr;rak; tho;tpy; xU KiwahtJ fhz Ntz;ba
,lk; m[e;jh Filtiufs;..!

m[e;jh Filtiu Eiothapypy; ,Ue;J rpy fpNyhkPl;lh; njhiytpy;

720 kpy;ypad; &gha; nrytpy; gpukhz;lkhd ghh;itahsh; ikak;
12
fl;lg;gl;lJ. m[e;jh ghh;itahsh;fs; ikaj;jpd; Njhuhakhd gug;gsT 3.23
yl;rk; rJu kPl;lh;. mNj rkak; jiu gug;gsT Rkhh; 20>000 rJu kPl;lh;,
,jpy; 6>000 rJu kPl;lh; fz;fhl;rp ,lkhFk;. gs;sp khzth;fSf;fhd xd;W
cl;gl %d;W czT tpLjpfs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ikaj;jpy; 280
fhh;fs;> 20 NgUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; 200 ,U rf;fu thfdq;fs; epWj;jf;$ba
nghpa ghh;f;fpq; gFjp cs;sJ.

29 Filtiu Nfhapy;fs;

,e;j kiyia File;J 29 Filtiu Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

,jd; fl;Lkhd nghwpapaypd; Kd; ,g;NghJs;s nghwpapay;
njhopy;El;gq;fs; vJTkpy;iy. me;j msT mUikahd fl;Lkhdj;Jf;F
m[e;jh ngah; ngw;wJ.

kh;kq;fs; epiwe;j m[e;jh

,e;jpahtpd; 2000 Mz;Lfs; gioikahd kh;kq;fs; epiwe;j m[e;jh

Filtiufspy; mg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W Nfl;fpwPh;fsh mJjhd; Gj;jiu
gw;wp ePq;fs; nfhz;Ls;s ek;gpf;iffis mg;gbNa Gul;bg; NghLk; msTf;F
jfty;fis nfhz;Ls;sd.

cyfpd; Kjy; Gj;j Myak;?

,Jjhd; cyfpd; Kjy; Gj;j nghpa fl;Lkhd Filtiu Myakhf

fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy;jhd; Gj;jkjk; Njhd;wpaJ. ,q;F Gj;jUf;fhf
nghpa epidT rpd;dk; vOg;g mth;fs; epidj;jpUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpwJ
ekf;F fpilf;ftUk; rpyjfty;fs;.

,e;j Filtiuapy; fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk; rpiyfSk; Gj;jhpd;

gy;NtW mtjhuq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. Gj;jUf;F kWn[d;kj;jpy;
ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jjhf ,ij itj;J rpyh; $Wfpd;wdh;.

13
,e;J kjj;Jf;F khw;wh Gj;jkjk;

,e;J kjj;Jf;F khw;whf fUjpath;fs; gyh; Gj;jkjj;Jf;F khwpajhf

ehk; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpNwhk;. Gj;jUf;F Qhdk; gpwe;jJ vd;gjhYk;> NkYk;
mth; Ke;ija mLj;j n[d;kq;fspy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jjhfTk;
m[e;jh Xtpaq;fis itj;J $wKbAkh? mg;gb vd;why; cz;ikapy;
m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs; $wtUtJ vd;d?

vt;tsT goik njhpAkh

fp.K.200-NyNa fl;lg;gl;l ,e;j Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; fp.gp. 6-k;

E}w;whz;L tiu fl;bAs;sdh;.

ngah; fhuzk;

,it m[e;jh vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpd; ngauhy; m[e;jh Filtiufs;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if

,it nfhs;iffis midj;Jk; Gj;j kjf; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpAk;

Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;W rk;gtq;fis rpj;jhpj;Jk; cUthf;fg;gl;lit.

gpl;Rf;fspd; Xa;tplk;

Filtiufis Kd;G kiof;fhyj;jpy; Xa;ntLf;Fk; ,lkhf Gj;j

gpl;Rf;fs; gad;gLj;jpapUf;fpd;wdh;.

fl;blf;fiy

fp.K. 2-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp.6-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd

fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW fl;lkhf ,it cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jw;NghJ ,it
,e;jpaj; njhy;nghUs; Jiwapduhy; guhkhpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. xU
gpuhh;j;jid kz;lgj;jpw;fhd fl;blf;fiy jpl;lk; nghJthf xU Kw;wk;>
14
jho;thuk; kw;Wk; cs;Ns kz;lgk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
cl;GwkhdJ ,ilFopfspy; ,Ue;J gphpf;fg;gl;l xU Net; gpd;gFjpapy;
miu tl;l tbtj;Jld; KbtilAk; J}z;fspd; thpiriaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
J}z;fSf;F NkNy xU bhpNghhpak; cs;sJ. mjd; Nky; tre;j tisTfs;
kw;Wk; tisTfs; topahf FWf;F tpl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l $iu cs;sJ.
J}z;fs; nghJthf cUtq;fshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

nghJthf ehf cjtpahsh;fshy; (ehfuh[hf;fs;) ghJfhf;fg;gLk; xU

fjT topahf Kd; EiofpwJ. J}z;fs; mg;ru];fs; (thd epk;/g;fs;) kw;Wk;
Neh;j;jpahd tpyq;Ffspd; kPJ rthhp nra;Ak; caphpdq;fspd;
milg;Gf;Fwpfshy; Kb #l;lg;gl;Ls;sd. gpe;ija fl;lq;fspy; cs;s
topghl;by; ,ir kw;Wk; eldk; Mfpait mlq;Fk;. ,J fhyj;jpd; khw;wk;
kw;Wk; k`hahd ngsj;jj;jpw;F ,lk; ngah;e;jjw;fhd ey;y mwpFwpahFk;.

m[e;jh rpw;gq;fs;

jw;NghJ> ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; gy;NtW eltbf;iffs;

vLj;J Xtpaq;fis mopahky; ghJfhf;f Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;.
xt;nthU Filtiuf;Fs;Sk; ghJfhtyh;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ. #hpa
ntspr;rk; cs;Ns Eioahjgb jLg;Gfisapl;L mjpfk; xsp ckpohj
tpsf;Ffisg; nghWj;jpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. midj;Jf; FiltiufisAk;> mjpy;
fhzg;gLk; rpw;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fisAk; ghh;j;Jtpl;L gs;sj;jhf;fpDs;
fPopwq;fpdhy; tNfhuh ejp kiy kPjpUe;J tpOk; ,lj;ij mila KbAk;.
jiyf;F NkNy epw;Fk; cah;e;j kiy> mij ,uz;lhfg; gpse;J XLk;
tNfhuh ejp> mjd; fiuapy; mike;jpUf;Fk; Filtiufs; vd;W ghh;g;gjw;Nf
fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahf ,Ue;jJ. gue;j rpw;g Ntiyg;ghLfSld; $ba
,e;j Gj;j Filtiuf;Nfhapy; cNge;jpuFg;jh vd;w cs;sh; murdhy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

rpw;gq;fis cUthf;Fk; Neh;j;jpahd fiyf;F ,e;jpah gpugykhdJ.

NkYk; m[e;jh Filtiufspy; nrJf;fg;gl;l rpw;gk; ,e;jpa fiyapd; rpwe;j
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; MFk;. `Pdahd fl;lj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> ngsj;jj;jpd; k`hahd
fl;lk; cUthdJ. `Pdahd fl;lj;jpypUe;J te;j Jwtpfisg; Nghyy;yhky;
k`hahd fl;lj;jpd; Jwtpfs; rpj;jpug; gpujpgypg;Gfis my;yJ Gj;jhpd;
15
rpiyfis tzq;Ftij ek;gpdh;. ,jdhy;> midj;J FiltiufspYk;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd Gj;jh; rpiyfs; nrJf;fg;gLtij ,J Cf;fg;gLj;jpaJ.

mj;jifa rpiyfspd; cauk; 24 mb nghpa cwq;Fk; Gj;jh; Kjy;

15 nrkP rpwpa jpahd Gj;jh; tiu ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; Ntbf;ifahd cz;ik
vd;dntd;why;> kpfg;nghpa kw;Wk; rpwpa rpiyfs; xNu Filtiuapy;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Filtiu vz; 26> 30 kpf mofhd FiltiufshFk;.

rpw;gq;fspd; moifAk; EZf;fj;ijAk; tpthpf;f thh;j;ijfNs

,y;iy. mikjp kw;Wk; ];jpuj;jd;ikapd; milahskhf rpk;khrdj;jpy;
mkh;e;j epiyapy; rpy nghpa rpiyfs; cs;sd. ,j;jifa rpiyfs;
midj;J tp`hiufspYk; cs;s fUtiwfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;>
rpyh; iffspYk; fhy;fspYk; El;gkhd mirTfSld; epw;fpwhh;fs;.

xt;nthU rpw;gj;jpYk; cs;s tptuq;fs; kfpo;r;rp> Jf;fk;> Nfhgk;

my;yJ mikjp Nghd;w El;gkhd czh;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; jpwidf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws;> Kfj;jpd; xt;nthU gFjpapYk; kfpo;r;rpiaAk;
Jf;fj;ijAk; fhl;Lk; xU nghpa rpw;gk; tp`hiu xd;wpy; cs;sJ.

rpw;gq;fs; Gj;jngUkhdpd; mw;Gjq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghjidfspd;

rpj;jhpg;GfshFk;. Gj;jngUkhDld; nrJf;fg;gl;l midj;J tpj;jpahrkhd
fjhghj;jpuq;fSk; fijapd; #o;epiyapd; KOikahd glj;ij
cUthf;Ftjhy;> midj;J rpw;gq;fspYk; xw;Wik czh;T cs;sJ.

xt;nthU nrJf;fYf;Fk; xU jdpj;Jtkhd 'Kj;uh|| (FwpaPl;L if

irif) cs;sJ> mJ xU Nghjidiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,it midj;jpYk;>
kpfg;nghpa kw;Wk; kpfTk; jdpj;Jtkhd rpw;gk; rha;e;jpUf;Fk; Gj;jh;
'k`hghpeph;thzh||. ,e;j rpw;gk; Gj;jngUkhdpd; tho;f;ifapd; filrp
fl;lj;ij gw;wpaJ. mtuJ Kfj;jpd; ntspg;ghL mikjpiaAk;
mikjpiaAk; fhl;LfpwJ. jpwikahd iftpidQh;fs; Kb> if kw;Wk;
fhy; efq;fs; Nghd;w EZf;fkhd tptuq;fisf; fhl;bdh;. fPNo
nrJf;fg;gl;l rPlh;fs; thpirahf cs;sd> ,J mth;fs; Jf;fj;jpy;
,Ug;gijAk;> Gj;jh; g+kpia tpl;L ntspNaWtijAk; fhl;LfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>

16
rha;e;jpUf;Fk; Gj;jUf;F NkNy nrJf;fg;gl;l rPlh;fspd; rpw;gq;fs;
guNyhfj;jpy; kfpo;r;rp kw;Wk; nfhz;lhl;lq;fspd; #oiyf; fhl;LfpwJ.

tp`huhf;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kw;w nghpait> rPlh;fspd; rpwpa

nrJf;fy;fshy; #og;gl;Ls;sd> mit Gj;jiu Nehf;fp ftdk; nrYj;Jk;
xU Nfhlhf Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. vdNt> xt;nthU rpw;gKk; xU %ba
fyitiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> ,J fiyapd; Kf;fpa tp\aj;jpy; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpwJ. xt;nthU rpw;gj;jpd; cly; tbtq;fSk; tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpy;
cs;sd. midj;J rPlh;fspd; Kfq;fSk; jdpj;JtkhfTk; jdpj;JtkhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;.

midj;J FiltiufspYk; tbtikg;G tbtq;fspd; nrJf;fy;fs;

Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,it kpfTk; EZf;fkhfTk; tphpthfTk;
,Ug;gjhy; ghh;g;gth;fis thailf;f itf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa tbtq;fs;
fpl;lj;jl;l midj;J FiltiufspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kf;fpa
cUtj;ij nrJf;fpa gpwF vQ;rpapUf;Fk; ,lq;fs; mj;jifa
tbtikg;Gfshy; epug;gg;gl;ld. ,e;j tbtq;fspy; g+f;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk;
kpdpNar;rh; Gj;jhpd; tbtikg;Gfs; mlq;Fk;. rJuq;fs;> tl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
nrt;tfq;fs; Nghd;w NfhLfs; kw;Wk; tbtq;fs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cs;sd.
ngUk;ghyhd tbtq;fs; rkr;rPh; rkepiyiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd> ,J kpfTk;
fth;r;rpfukhdjhf mikfpwJ.

Gj;jUk; uhFyDk; - m[e;jh Fif 19

Gj;jh; jdJ gpr;ir ghj;jpuj;ij uhFyDf;F toq;Ffpwhh;.

Gj;jh; kw;Wk; uhFyhtpd; rpw;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xd;W. ,J

Filtiu 19-,d; thrypd; tyJ gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,J fp.gp. 470-,y;
fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rpw;gj;jpy;> Gj;jh; jdJ xNu cyf cilik> jdJ
guk;giu> gpr;irf; fpz;zj;ij jdJ kfd; uhFyDf;F toq;Ffpwhh;.
Guhzq;fs; $WtJ uhFyd; Gj;jiug; gpd;njhlh;e;J mtdJ thhpRhpikiaf;
Nfl;ljhfTk;> ,ijnahl;b Gj;jh; uhFyDf;F ,t;Tyfpy; vJTk; epue;juk;
,y;iy vd;Wk; mtUf;F Jd;gj;ij kl;LNk jUk; vd;Wk; fhl;bdhh;.

17
jPgq;fu [hjfh;

jPgq;fu [hjfh; - thry; ,lJ gf;fk;

m[e;jh Filtiu 19-,y; thrypd; vjph; gf;fj;jpy; kw;nwhU

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpw;gk; cs;sJ. ,J jPgq;fu [hjfj;jpd; rpj;jhpg;G MFk;.
,e;j rpw;gKk; fp.g.p 470-,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Gj;jh; kw;Wk; uhFydpd;
rpw;gj;Jld;> xU Jwtpapd; mh;g;gzpg;igf; fhl;Lk; ,e;j rpw;gk;> Kd; fjT
gf;fthl;by; xU mofhd N[hb rpw;gq;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.

m[e;jh Filtiuapd; kpfTk; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l J}z;fs; 19 J}z;fs;

kpfTk; rpf;fyhd fl;likg;Gfs;> mit mofhf nrJf;fg;gl;l jz;by;
Kbtilfpd;wd. Filtiuf; Nfhapypy; fl;blf;fiyapd; ghpzhk
tsh;r;rpia ,e;j J}z;fs; mbf;fb fhl;Lfpd;wd. gioa fl;likg;Gfs; rJu
kw;Wk; jbkdhd J}z;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd> mq;F Filtiu 19-,y;
cs;sit gy nrJf;fy;fSld; kpfTk; El;gkhdit. ,e;j xt;nthU
jz;LfspYk; ika cUtk; ,UGwKk; fe;ju;tu;fshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ.

m[e;jhtpy; Kd; Kfg;gpd; ,lJ kw;Wk; tyJGwj;jpy; ghJfhtyu;

cUtq;fs;

ghJfhtyu; cUtq;fs; - tise;j thrypd; tyJ kw;Wk; ,lJ

m[e;jh Filtiu 19-,d; typAs;s thrYf;F NkNy ,lJ kw;Wk;

tyJGwj;jpy; ,uz;L ghJfhtyh; cUtq;fs; nry;tk; kw;Wk; rpwg;gpd;
cUtfkhFk;. ,uz;L ghJfhtyh; cUtq;fSk; ghiwapy; El;gkhf
nrJf;fg;gl;l rpf;fyhd rpif myq;fhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;j
Gs;sptptuq;fs; 'ghJfhtyh;fs;|| kw;Wk; 'tuNtw;ghsh;fs;|| vd ,UtUk;
fw;gid nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,e;j ghJfhtyh; rpw;gq;fs; fOj;jzpfs; kw;Wk;
khiyfshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit r%fj;jpy; jq;fs; cah;
epiyiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ghJfhtyh; xUthpd; fhybapy;> xU Fs;s
cjtpahsh; jq;f ehzaq;fis Cw;Wfpwhh;. ,e;j ,uz;L rpw;gq;fSk;
m[e;jh Filtiufis cUthf;fpa rpw;gpfspd; jpwikf;F rpwe;j
18
vLj;Jf;fhl;L. ,e;j Gs;sptptuq;fs; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; cah;e;j fyhr;rhu
El;gk; kw;Wk; fiy jpwd;fspd; mwpFwpahFk;.

ehfpdpfSld; ehfuh[h

ehfuh[h kw;Wk; ehfpdp - Filtiu 19 ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,lJ gf;fk;

ehfuh[h (ghk;G uh[h) kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtp ehfpdp MfpNahhpd;

Neh;j;jpahf nrJf;fg;gl;l rpw;gf; FOit m[e;jh Filtiu 19-f;F Kd;dhy;
cs;s rpwpa ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; fhzyhk;. ,J m[e;jh Fifr;
rpw;gq;fspd; fiyj; jpwd; kw;Wk; czh;jpwidf; fhl;Lk; xU El;gkhd rpw;gk;.
,e;j cUtk; Fifapd; ghJfhtyuhf ,Ue;jJ. ehfuh[h rpw;gk; kw;Wk;
,uz;L czh;Tg+h;tkhd ehfpdp rpw;gq;fs; ngUk;ghyhd m[e;jh
Filtiufspy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xU nghJthd jPk;. mth;fs;
Filtiuapd; ghJfhtyh;fshfTk;> af;\h;fSld; ngsj;jj;jpd;
Kf;fpakhd rpd;dkhfTk; cs;sdh;.

Gj;j Filtiuf; Nfhapypd; cl;Gwk; - 19

m[e;jh cNge;jpuFg;jhtpd; Filtiu 19-,d; cl;Gwk; Kd;

Kfg;igg; NghyNt myq;fhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. J}z;fs; kpfTk;
nrJf;fg;gl;lit kw;Wk; vz;zw;w Gj;jh; rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j Gj;j
gpuhh;j;jid $lj;jpd; ikakhdJ Gj;jhpd; ika cUtkhf cs;sJ.

m[e;jh Filtiuapy; epw;Fk; Gj;jh; 19

epw;Fk; Gj;jh; nfhz;l kj;jpa ];J}gp

Filtiu 19-,d; ikaj;jpy;> kpfTk; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l J}z;fspd;

N[hbfshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ> ];J}gk; cs;sJ. ngsj;jj;jpy;> ];J}gp vd;gJ
xU NkL Nghd;w mikg;G> gpuhh;j;jid jpahdj;jpd; ikakhFk;. m[e;jh
Filtiu 19-,d; ];J}gpapy; Gj;jhpd; cUtk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gj;jhpd;
iffs; mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. Mdhy; ,e;j rpiy mga Kj;jpiuapy;
,Ug;gjhf Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; ek;Gfpwhh;fs;> gf;jh;fs; gag;gl Ntz;lhk;
19
vd;W cWjpaspj;jdh; kw;Wk; milf;fyk; jUtjhf cWjpaspf;fpwhh;fs;.
Gj;jhpd; jiyf;F Nky; %d;W mLf;F Filfshy; ];J}gp mofhf
myq;fhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Filfs; (kioapypUe;J ghJfhg;ig toq;Fk;)
my;yJ ghuhNrhy;fs; (#upadpypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; epoy;) Neha;> Jd;gk;
kw;Wk; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; Mw;wy;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;igf; Fwpf;fpd;wd.

Gj;jh; cUtq;fspd; FOTld; J}z;fSf;F NkNy /gpiu]; nra;aTk;

m[e;jh Filtiu 19-,y;> J}z;fSf;F NkNy cs;s gFjpapy;

(/g;iu];) nrJf;fg;gl;l nrJf;fy;fs; cs;sd. Xty; tbt /g;iu]; gy
Ngdy;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; ,e;j Ngdy;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; gy;NtW
Njhw;wq;fspy; Gj;jhpd; rpw;gk; cs;sJ. xt;nthU NgdiyAk; gphpf;Fk;
bitlh;fSk; kpfTk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

/g;iu]; vd;gJ xU myq;fhu ,irf;FO> tof;fkhf> Mdhy;

vg;NghJk; ,y;iy> fjT rl;lfj;jpw;F NkNy my;yJ $iuf;F mUfpYs;s
Rthpy;. cq;fs; gLf;ifaiwr; Rthpd; myq;fhuj;jpw;F kpfTk; rhjhuzkhd
rpw;gkhd Njtijfis ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.

jPk;fs;:

Ke;ija FiltiufspypUe;J gpe;ija FiltiufSf;F ehk;

Kd;NdWk;NghJ Filtiufspy; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba kpfTk; Rthu];akhd
Gs;spfspy; xd;W RtNuhtpaq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; cUtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if.
mtw;iwg; gw;wp njhpe;J nfhs;tJ ,e;j FiltiufSf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk;
RtNuhtpaq;fisg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s cjTk;.

gpw;fhy Filtiufspy;> Gj;jUld; Nghjprjth;fs; (Gj;jh;fs;

cUthf;fj;jpy; cs;sdh;)> gj;kghdp my;yJ mtNyhfpNj\;tuh> t[;ughdp
kw;Wk; ikj;Nuah (vjph;fhy Gj;jh;) MfpNahh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. gpe;ija
fl;lq;fspy;> Ke;ija FiffspypUe;J njspthd tpyfyhf ,Uf;Fk;.
mth;fspd; Jiztpahh; (jhuh];) cld; tUtij ehk; fhzyhk;.
RtNuhtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fs; nghJthf mtjhdq;fs; kw;Wk; [hjff;
fijfis rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd. xU [hjff; fij Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if kw;Wk;
20
Md;kPf gazq;fSld; njhlh;GilaJ> mtjhdhf;fs; Nghjprjth;fs; kw;Wk;
gpajhrp Nghd;w Gfo;ngw;w kd;dh;fSld; njhlh;Gila fijfs;. m[e;jhtpy;
cs;s rpy mtjhdhf;fspy; mtNyhfpNj];tuhtpd; topghL> t[;ughzp>
rpk;`hyhtpd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; g+h;zhtpd; fijAk; mlq;Fk; (Kk;igf;F
mUfpy; cs;s \{g;uhfh JiwKfk; my;yJ etPd Nrhghuh
JiwKfj;jpypUe;J flNyhb).

Filtiufspy; gpbj;j jPk; Njth;fs; (flTs;fs;) kw;Wk; gpw;fhy

Filtiufspy; jhe;j;hPf ngsj;jj;jpd; njspthd milahskhd
nja;tq;fspd; RtNuhtpaq;fisf; $l ghh;f;fpNwhk;. ngsj;jj;jpy; flTs;fs;
,Uj;jypd; MW epiyfspy; xd;whFk;> nkhj;jj;jpy; Njth;fspd; VO
ciwtplq;fs; cs;sd. akdpd; jiyikapy; \f;uid murdhff; nfhz;L
ehd;F Kf;fpa jpirfisAk; (Nyhf;ghy];) fhf;Fk; flTs;fs; cs;sdh;.
mit midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf nrhh;f;fj;jpd; flTs;fs; cs;sdh;. mq;F
Nghjprj;jth;fs; g+kpf;F ,wq;Ftjw;F Kd; jtk; nra;fpwhh;fs;. ,e;jpuDk;
mtdJ nts;is ahidahd IuhtjKk; rpy Filtiufspy; tof;fkhfj;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd.

mLj;jjhf mg;ru];fs;> fe;jh;th;fs;> af;\h;fs;> af;\pfs;> ehfh;fs;

kw;Wk; ,Wjpahf \f;uh (Njth;fspd; uh[h) mlq;fpa Njkp flTs;fs;
tUfpwhh;fs;. ,e;j nlkp-flTs;fs; nja;tPf kdpjh;fshf tzq;fg;gl;ldh;
kw;Wk; ghJfhtyh;fshf ek;gg;gl;ldh;.

mg;ru];fs; (thd epk;/g;fs;) fe;jh;th;fspd; ,irf;F eldkhLk;

mofhd eldf; fiyQh;fs; (,e;jpudpd; ePjpkd;w ,irf;fiyQh;fs;).
ngsj;j Guhzq;fspy; kpff; Fiwe;j juthpirapy; cs;s nlkp flTs;fspy;
xd;whf mth;fs; xd;whf cs;sdh;. ,UtUf;Fk; gwf;Fk; ghpR toq;fg;gl;lJ
kw;Wk; flTspd; mitapy; iftpidQh;fs; (eldf;fhuh;fs; kw;Wk;
,irf;fiyQh;fs;) kw;Wk; Jwtpfspd; jtj;jpw;F ,ila+W
tpistpg;gth;fshf mwpag;gl;ldh;.

rpy Filtiufspy; ehfh;fs; thapw;fhtyh;fshf ,Ug;gijAk;

Gj;jhpd; jhkiu ,Uf;ifia Mjhpg;gijAk; ePq;fs; ftdpf;fyhk;. ,uz;L
ehfh;fs; muree;jh kw;Wk; cgee;jh. Filtiu 16 kw;Wk; Filtiu 19
21
(mtuJ uhzpAld;) nry;Yk; topapy; ehf kd;dd; rpk;khrdj;jpy;
mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; ,uz;L mofpa rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.

g+kpapd; nghf;fp\q;fisg; guhkhpg;gth;fshd af;\h;fSf;Fk;

af;\pfSf;Fk; m[e;jhtpy; ,lk; cz;L. rpk;`hyhtpd; eukhkpr af;\pfs;
kw;Wk; uh[fphp`htpd; `hpjp af;\papd; fijfs; kpfTk; Rthu];akhdit.
mth;fs; ,Wjpapy; Gj;juhy; mlf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,e;j Guhzf;fijfs;
Filtiu 2-,y; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mq;F `hpjp kw;Wk; gQ;rpfhtpw;F
jdpj;jdp Njthyak; cs;sJ.

Filtiufspy; nghJthf ,lk;ngWk; kw;wth;fspy; ngz;Foe;ijfs;>

Fs;sh;fs;> rpj;jh;fs; kw;Wk; tpj;ahjuh;fSk; mlq;Fth;. rpj;jh;fs; nkl;b
Kb kw;Wk; jhbAld; gpugykhd Jwtpfs;. Fs;sh;fs; nghJthf
irj;jpaq;fspd; J}z;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. tpj;ahjuh;fs; jq;fs;
JiztpfSld; mkhD\;a rf;jpiaf; nfhz;ljhf mwpag;gLk; Guhz
gwf;Fk; caphpdq;fs;. RtNuhtpaq;fspy; ngz;fspd; ,Ug;G> ngsj;jk;
vt;thW Muk;gf; fl;lq;fspy; Njuthj /`pdhad rpe;jidg; gs;spapypUe;J
k`hahd ngsj;jk; tiu cUthdJ vd;gjw;fhd tYthd mwpFwpahFk;.

m[e;jh Filtiufs; 01 Kjy; 29 tiu

Filtiu 1

rJukhd (35.7 x 27.6 kP) tp`huq;fs; 14 miwfshy; xU gf;f kz;lgk;>

Kd;kz;lgk;> fUtiw xU jpwe;j tuhz;lh (19.5 X 2.82 X 4.1 kP) ,UGwKk;
xU nry; kw;Wk; jpwe;j Kw;wk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fp.gp.4-Mk;
E}w;whz;L Kjy; 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd gf;fq;fs;> Kf;fpakhf ,J
fUtiwapy; cs;s jh;krf;ug;uth;jd Kj;jpiuapy; (cgNjr kdg;ghd;ik)
mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; Gj;jiug; gpujpgypf;fpwJ kw;Wk; gj;kghdp kw;Wk;
t[;ughzpapd; rpj;jhpg;G cyfg; Gfo;. ,J jtpu rpgp> rk;fghy> kfh[dfh>
k`h-ck;kf;fh> rk;nga;a [hjfh;fs; kw;Wk; khuhtpd; Nrhjidia
rpj;jhpf;Fk; fhl;rp.

22
 14 ntt;NtW fyq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;nthU fyj;jpYk; mur
tho;f;ifia Fwpf;Fk; rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd. gy Jwtpfs; Qhdk;
ngWtjw;fhf tpl;Lr;nrd;w midj;J g+kpf;Fhpa cilikfspd; tpsf;fkhf
,J fUjg;gLfpwJ. rk;fghy> rk;nga;[hjfh> kfh[dfh> rpgp kw;Wk; gpwhpd;
tho;f;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; Xtpaq;fSk; rpw;gq;fSk; cs;sd. ,e;j
Filtiuapd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; Gj;jhpd; jh;krf;ug;uth;jd Ngh]; MFk;.

Filtiu 2

,e;j tp`hiu (35.7 X 21.6 kP) fyq;fs;> fUtiw rhz;Nlhuk; kw;Wk;

,uz;L J}z;fs; nfhz;l cg-Nfhapy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rq;fepjp kw;Wk;
gj;kepjp vd;W gpugykhf mwpag;gLfpwJ) fpof;fpy; kw;Wk; `hpjp mtuJ
kidtp gQ;rpfh tyJGwk;.

tphpthf tiuag;gl;l Filtiu cr;rtuk;G Xtpaq;fSf;F

gpugykhdJ. ,q;F tiuag;gl;l [hjfq;fs; tpJugz;bjh & UU kw;Wk;
];ut];jpapd; mjprak;@ m\;lga mtNyhfpNj];tuh;@ khahtpd; fdT.

,e;j Filtiu ngz;fspd; jpwikia gpujpgypf;Fk; tifapy;

cs;sJ. ,e;j Fif 2 gFjpfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU ghfj;jpy; 4tJ
kw;Wk; 5-tJ Mz;ilr; Nrh;e;j rpw;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd. `hpjp>
af;\h> gj;kepjp> rq;fepjp> gQ;rpfh Nghd;w gy Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rpiyfis
ePq;fs; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Filtiu rpf;fyhd cr;rtuk;G Xtpaj;jpw;F
gpugykhdJ.

Filtiu 3

,J KOikailahj tp`hiu (10.08 X 8.78 kP) kw;Wk; J}z;

tuhz;lhtpd; g+h;thq;f mfo;thuha;r;rp kl;LNk cs;sJ. tsh;r;rpapd; gy;NtW
epiyfspy; gy;NtW Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fSld; Kbf;fg;glhj
Filtiu. Filtiu fl;b Kbf;fg;glhky; ,Ue;jjw;F cWjpahd fhuzk;
vJTk; ,y;iy.

23
Filtiu 4

,e;j rJu tp`hiu xU kz;lgk;> fUtiw> J}z; tuhz;lh

Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> kw;Wk; fp.gp. Mwhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; ghjpapy;
juTj;jskhf cs;sJ. ,J m[e;jh mstPl;by; (35.08 X 27.65 kP)
kpfg;nghpa tp`huq;fshFk;. fjT rl;lfk; tyg;Gwk;
Neh;j;jpahfnrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> Nghjprj;Jth; vl;L nghpa Mgj;Jfis
epth;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Fif xUKiw th;zk;
g+rg;gl;lJ> mjd; jlaq;fis ftdpf;f KbAk;. kz;lgj;jpd; cr;rtuk;G
vhpkiy Xl;lj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd Gtpapay; mk;rj;ijg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.

,e;jf; Filtiuf; FOtpy; cs;s kpfg;nghpa klhyaj;ij ,e;jf;

Filtiu nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j klhyak; ntspg;gilahd nghpa
kz;lgq;fs;> fUtiw> gy Xtpaq;fs;> nghpa rpw;gq;fs;> J}z; tuhz;lh
kw;Wk; gpwtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Filtiu 5

,e;j tp`hiu (10.32 X 16.8 kP) Kbf;fg;glhj xd;whFk;. ,Ug;gpDk;>

nrJf;fg;gl;l fjT rl;lKk;> kfuq;fspy; ngz; cUtq;fSk;
Kf;fpakhdit.

Kbf;fg;glhj Filtiu> fl;Lkhdj;jpd; NghJ iftplg;gl;lJ.

Filtiu 6

,J ,uz;L khb klhyak; (16.85 X 18.07 kP) kz;lgk;, fUtiw kw;Wk;

fPo; jsj;jpy; xU J}z; kz;lgk; kw;Wk; Nky; khbapy; fyq;fs;> Jiz
fyq;fs; kw;Wk; fUtiw nfhz;l kz;lgk;. Nghjpf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikapy;
Gj;jh; ,U Myaq;fspYk; tPw;wpUf;fpwhh;. ];ut];jpapd; mw;Gjk; kw;Wk;
khuhtpd; rydk; Mfpait Kf;fpakhd Xtpaq;fshFk;. Gj;jhpd; gy;NtW
kNdhghtq;fs; kw;Wk; Njhuizfspy; rpw;gkhf rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;lijAk; ,q;F
ftdpf;fyhk;.
24
Filtiu 7

,e;j tp`hiu (15.55 X 31.25 kP) fUtiwiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ, fdkhd

vz;Nfhzj; J}z;fs; kw;Wk; vl;L fyq;fshy; jhq;fg;gl;l ,uz;L rpwpa
Nghh;bNfhf;fs; nfhz;l xU ePs;tl;l jpwe;j kz;lgk;. gpurq;f
kdg;ghd;ikapy; Gj;jh; fUtiwf;Fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;. kw;w rpw;gg; Ngdy;fspy;
kpuhf;fps; M/g; ];ut];jp> ehf Kr;rype;jhtpd; ghJfhg;gpy; mkh;e;j Gj;jh;
Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.

Filtiu 6 kw;Wk; 7

,J mUfpYs;s Filtiufspd; ePl;rpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk;

,uz;lhk; fl;l fl;Lkhdk; njhlh;ghd gy Xtpaq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Filtiu 8

,J m[e;jhtpy; cs;s xU Kbf;fg;glhj tp`hiu (15.24 X 24.64

kP )> ,J tp`hiufspNyNa kpff; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpYk; xUNtis
Muk;gj;jpYk; mike;Js;sJ. Kd;gf;fj;jpd; ngUk; gFjp epyr;rhptpdhy;
mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j epidTr;rpd;dq;fis cUthf;Fk; Jwtpfs; gw;wpa rpw;gq;fs;

kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fspd; gy;NtW fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l Kbf;fg;glhj
Filtiu.

Filtiu 9

,e;j mg;rply; irj;jpaf;hp`h (18.24 X 8.04 kP) fp.K ,uz;lhk;

E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ kw;Wk; ngsj;jj;jpd; `Pdahd fl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jJ.
irj;af;hp`h xU EioT fjT> ,uz;L gf;f [d;dy;fs;> ika kz;lgk;>
,UGwKk; gf;f ,ilfopfshy; #og;gl;l (gpujpf;\dh) 23 J}z;fspd;
thpirahy; gphpf;fg;gl;l xU ];J}gp kw;Wk; topghl;bd; nghUshf cs;sJ.

25
 irj;af;hp`h ku fl;llf;fiy ghzpfspd; kW cUthf;fk;>
cs;Nehf;fp FWfyhd vz;Nfhzj; J}z;fs;> kuf;fw;iwfs; kw;Wk;
uh/g;lh;fis nghUj;Jtjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fhl;LfpwJ.
irj;ah gpw;fhyj;jpy; gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ> ,J Gj;jhpd; Kfg;G kw;Wk; gf;f
Rth;fspy; cs;s rpw;gq;fshy; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wj;ij
vjph;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. irj;ahtpd; cs;Ns ,uz;L mLf;F Xtpaq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ke;ijaJ fp.K. 1-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjp kw;Wk;
fp.gp.5-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 6-Mk; E}w;whz;LfSf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.

,e;j Filtiu FOtpy; cs;s goikahd Fiffspy; xd;whFk;.

,J 2ndBC-f;F Ke;ijaJ. ,e;j Filtiu `Pdahd ghzp Gj;j
kjj;jpw;fhf mh;g;gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Filtiu ku mbg;gilapyhd
fl;likg;G Nghd;w uh/g;lh;fs;. tpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gpwtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,e;j Filtiuapd; Kf;fpa mikg;G vz;Nfhz J}z;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.
fp.gp.1-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j Xtpaq;fisAk; gypgPlj;jpy; cs;s
rpw;gq;fs; fp.gp.5-Mk; E}w;whz;L kw;Wk; 6-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jit
vd;gijAk; ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.

Filtiu 10

Vg;uy; 1819-,y;> [hd; ];kpj; vd;w gphpl;b\; ,uhZt mjpfhhp> ,e;jf;

Filtiuapd; nghpa tisitf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J ftdpj;jhh;. ,J
,Wjpapy; m[e;jh Filtiufisf; fz;Lgpbf;f toptFj;jJ. ,e;j
Filtiu m[e;jhtpy; cs;s goikahd irj;afpufkhFk;. Kfg;gpy; fp.K.
2-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j gpuhkp fy;ntl;by; 'thrpjpGl flh`hb|| vd;W
vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Filtiu (30.5 X 12.2 kP) xU nghpa ika kz;lgj;ijf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. Net; ,uz;L ,ilfopfshy; (gpujpf;\dh) thpirahf
gphpf;fg;gl;l 39 vz;Nfhzj; J}z;fs; kw;Wk; cr;rpapy; xU ghiw ];J}gp
topghl;bd; nghUshf cs;sJ. Fif ,uz;L fhy Xtpaq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Ke;ijaJ fp.K. 2-Mk; E}w;whz;L kw;Wk; gpw;gFjpapy; fp.gp.
4 - 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ,e;jf; fhyj;jpd; ,uz;L [hjff; fijfs;

26
milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. gpw;fhy Xtpaq;fspy; Kf;fpakhf J}z;fSf;F
Nky; gy;NtW Njhw;wq;fspy; Gj;jh; cUtq;fs; cs;sd.

[hd; ];kpj; vd;w gphpl;b\; uhZt mjpfhhpahy; kPz;Lk;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Kjy; Filtiu ,JthFk;. ,e;j Filtiu Gj;jhpd;
ntt;NtW Njhw;wq;fspy; cs;s rpw;gq;fSf;F gpugykhdJ. ,e;j
Filtiuapd; mikg;Gk; rpw;gq;fSk; rhQ;rp ];J}gpia xj;jpUf;fpwJ.
epyj;jpd; rpd;dkhd <h;g;G fl;blf;fiy mw;Gjk;. xU J}zpd; mUfpy; epd;W
xU nrhw;nwhliu fpRfpRj;jhy;> ,e;j Filtiuapy; cs;s NtW ve;j
J}zpypUe;Jk; Nfl;f KbAk;. ,e;j Filtiuapy; gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lk; cs;sJ.
,e;j Filtiuapy; 300-f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Filtiu Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.

Filtiu 11

,e;j tp`hiu (19.87 X 17.35 kP) fp.gp. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd;

njhlf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J MW miwfs; kw;Wk; xU ePz;l ngQ;r; nfhz;l xU
kz;lgk;> ehd;F nry;fs; nfhz;l xU J}z; tuhz;lh> xU fUtiw
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpurq;f kdg;ghd;ikapy; Gj;jh; fUtiwapy;
Kbf;fg;glhj ];J}gpf;F vjpuhf ,Uf;fpwhh;. ,q;F fpilf;Fk; rpy Xtpaq;fs;
Nghjprj;Jth;fs;> Gj;jhpd; cUtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd.

rhjthfd fhyj;J ghzpfisf; fhl;Lk; goq;fhy RtNuhtpaq;fspd;

Jz;LfSf;F gpugykhdJ. ,e;j gFjpapy; ePq;fs; Vuhskhd epthuzq;fis
fhzyhk; kw;Wk; fhe;jhuj;jpd; fiytbtk; ,e;j Fifapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Filtiu 12

,e;j `pdhadh klhyak; xU kz;lgj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ (14.9 X

17.82 kP) Kd; Rth; KOtJkhf ,be;J %d;W gf;fq;fspYk; mikf;fg;gl;l
gd;dpuz;L fyq;fshy; gf;fthl;by; cs;sJ. klj;jpd; gpd;Gwr; Rthpy; cs;s
fy;ntl;L> ,e;j Filtiuia xU tzpfh; fhdklhjh toq;fpaJ kw;Wk;
goq;fhytpay; mbg;gilapy; fp.K. 10-y; Filtiuia tpl rw;Nw gpe;ija
fhyg;gFjpapd; juTfis gjpT nra;fpwJ. ,e;j Filtiu RtNuhtpaq;fs;
kw;Wk; [hjf fijfis tpthpf;Fk; Xtpaq;fSf;F gpugykhdJ.
27
Filtiu 13

,J xU rpwpa klk; kw;Wk; Kjy; fl;lj;jpw;F nrhe;jkhdJ. ,J

%d;W gf;fq;fspYk; VO fyq;fisf; nfhz;l xU mofpa kz;lgj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. nry;fs; ghiw ntl;lg;gl;l gLf;iffSld;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;j Filtiu Kjd;ikahf xU topghl;L kz;lgkhf

fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Filtiu fl;blf;fiy cUtk; rhh;e;j Xtpaq;fs;
my;yJ rpw;gq;fis tpl ];J}gp mikg;gpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
mspf;fpwJ.

Filtiu 14

,e;j Kbf;fg;glhj tp`hiu (13.43 X 19.28 kP) Filtiu 13-f;F Nky;

cah;e;j kl;lj;jpy; Njhz;lg;gl;lJ. ,J Kjypy; nghpa mstpy;
jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. thrypd; Nky; %iyfspy; rhyh gQ;rpfhf;fspd; rpj;jhpg;G
mofhf rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,J Kbf;fg;glhj Filtiufspy; xd;whFk;. Mdhy;> mjd;

gpukhz;lkhd mikg;Gf;F ,J gpugykhdJ. Filtiuapd; thry; gy
Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Filtiuapd;
cs;Ns epw;Fk; fl;likg;Gfs; Fif xU nghpa mikg;gpw;fhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> mwpag;glhj fhuzq;fshy;
mJ KOikailahky; tplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Filtiu rygQ;rpfhf;fspd;
thry; Xtpaq;fSf;F ngah; ngw;wJ.

Filtiu 15

tp`hiu (19.62 X 15.98 kP) vl;L fyq;fisf; nfhz;l xU myq;fhu

kz;lgk;> xU Kd; miw> fUtiw kw;Wk; xU J}z; tuhz;lh
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rpw;gr; rpj;jhpg;Gfspy; Gj;jh; gy;NtW
Njhw;wq;fspy;> fUtiwf;Fs; rpk;`hrdj;jpy; mkh;e;Js;s Gj;jh; Mfpait

28
mlq;Fk;. Xtpaq;fspd; jlaq;fs; mJ Kjypy; tiuag;gl;lJ vd;gijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.

Filtiu 15 A

m[e;jhtpy; cs;s midj;J mfo;thuha;r;rpfspYk; kpfr; rpwpaJ

,e;j Filtiu %d;W gf;fq;fspYk; xU nry; nfhz;l xU rpwpa kj;jpa
ghzp kz;lgj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kd; Rthpy; n\y; vOj;Jf;fspy; xU
fy;ntl;L ,Ue;jJ (,J ,g;NghJ njhiye;J tpl;lJ). Ntjpfh
tbtj;jpypUe;J vOe;jpUf;Fk; irj;a [d;dy; tbtj;Jld; kz;lgk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Filtiu 15 A kw;Wk; 15 B

Filtiufs; Filtiufis Nrh;f;f mfu thpirAld;

vz;zg;gl;Ls;sd. mit gpd;dh; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j Filtiufspy;
RtNuhtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Fg;jh Ml;rpapd; nry;thf;F nfhz;l jhh;kPf
fijfs; gw;wpa Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.

Filtiu 16

,q;F fhzg;gLk; xU fy;ntl;bd; gb ,e;j Filtiuapd;

mfo;thuha;r;rpf;F thflf kd;dd; `hpN\dhtpd; (Rkhh; fp.gp. 475-500)
ke;jphp tuh`Njtd; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhd;. Tp`huf; Filtiu (19.5 X 22.25
X 4.6 kP) %d;W gf;fq;fspYk; 14 fyq;fshy; #og;gl;l xU ika kz;lgk;>
Kd;kz;lgk; kw;Wk; Gj;jh; rpiyf;fhd fUtiw Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. Rpj;jupf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd tu;z;zk; g+rg;gl;l
fUg;nghUs;fs; ee;jhtpd; khw;wkhFk;@ ];ut];jpapd; mjprak;@ khahtpd;
fdT@ Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifapypUe;J rpy rk;gtq;fs;. [hjff; fijfs;
`];jp> k`h - ck;kf;fh> k`h - #jNrhkh Mfpait
rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. FiltiufSf;Fs; tz;zk; g+rg;gl;l
fy;ntl;LfisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

29
 gy fy;ntl;Lfs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fs; nfhz;l kq;fyhd Filtiu.
Filtiuapy; cs;s jdpkq;fis rpwg;ghff;fhz I.S.I ,e;j Filtiuapd;
gpujpia Eiothapypy; cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,J ,e;J kj ghzpapyhd
nja;tq;fs; kw;Wk; ahidfs;> ghJfhg;G ghk;G nja;tk; kw;Wk; gpw Nghd;w
mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Filtiuf;F nghpa tp`hiu
cs;sJ.

Filtiu 17

,q;F fhzg;gLk; gpuhkp fy;ntl;L> tfhlf kd;dd; `hpN\dhtpd;

fPo; epyg;gpuGj;Jt ,sturdhy; ,e;j Fifia Njhz;baij gjpT
nra;fpwJ. ,e;j tp`hiu (34.5 X 25.63 kP) %d;W gf;fq;fspYk; 17
fyq;fshy; #og;gl;l xU tprhykhd kz;lgk;> xU Kd;kz;lgk; kw;Wk;
Gj;jhpd; cUtk; nfhz;l fUtiw Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j
Fifapy; tfhlfh fhyj;jpd; ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Xtpaq;fs; cs;sd.
mjpy; ntrhe;juh [hjfh (fjtpd; tyJGwk;) mlq;Fk;> ,J 'tho;f;ifr;
rf;fuj;ij|| Fwpf;Fk; xU nghpa kw;Wk; gpukhz;lkhd rf;fuk;@ gwf;Fk;
mg;ruh (fjtpd; ,lJGwk;)> esfphpia (xU fhl;L ahid) Gj;juhy;
uh[fpufj;jpy; mbgzpar; nra;jy;> Gj;jh; xU rigf;F cgNjrk; nra;jy;.
,q;F rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;s [hjfq;fs; rj;je;jh>k`hfgp(,uz;L gjpg;Gfspy;)>
`];jp> `k;rh> ntrhe;juh> k`h-#jNrhkh> rug-kpfh> kr;rh> kjp-Nghrfh>
rhk> k`prh> ty`h];> rpgp> UU kw;Wk; epf;Nuhjkpfh.

epidTr;rpd;dj;jpd; Eiothapypy; xU gpujpAld; $ba kq;fyhd xsp

nfhz;l Filtiu. Gj;jhpd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwfhd tho;f;if kw;Wk; mJ
njhlh;ghd fy;ntl;Lfis ,e;jf; Filtiuapy; fhzyhk;. ahid kPJ
,sturdpd; RtNuhtpaq;fis ePq;fs; fhzyhk;. ,sturd; ,sturh; tp[ah
vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Filtiuapy; Gj;jh;fspd; Ke;ija tho;f;ifapy;
jq;f thj;J Nghd;w Xtpak; cs;sJ.

30
Filtiu 18

,J xU nrt;tf mfo;thuha;r;rpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ (3.38 X 11.66 kP)

kw;nwhU fyj;jpw;Fs; nry;Yk;. ,e;j kz;lgj;jpy; ,uz;L J}z;fs;
thh;f;fg;gl;l jsq;fs; kw;Wk; vz;Nfhz jz;Lfs; cs;sd. ,e;j Filtiu
kpfTk; vspikahd mikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ> ,uz;L J}z;fs; kw;Wk;
vz;Nfhz jz;L nfhz;l mbg;gil kz;lgk; cs;sJ. xU mur
,sturpapd; rpwpa Xtpak; cs;sJ. ,J jtpu> Filtiu ntWikahf
cs;sJ.

Filtiu 19

,e;j irj;afpu`k; (16.05 X 7.09 kP) fp.gp Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;ilr;

Nrh;e;jJ kw;Wk; fe;jFbahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ];J}gpapy; Gj;jh; 7 epw;Fk; cUtk;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,e;j Filtiu mjd; Kfg;gpd; rpw;gf; fk;gPuj;jpw;fhfTk;> Fwpg;ghf

irj;a thjahdhtpd; (tisT) ,UGwKk; cs;s ,uz;L caph; msT af;\
cUtq;fSf;fhfTk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. kz;lgj;jpy; Gj;jhpd; gy;NtW
Njhw;wq;fs; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;j Filtiu irj;a-fpu`]; ghzp mikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ

kw;Wk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; kPz;Lk; tz;zk; g+rg;gLk; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
Filtiu FNgu (,e;J kjk;)> Gj;jh; kw;Wk; 5-Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j gpw
fiyg;gilg;GfSf;F gpugykhdJ.

Filtiu 20

xU J}z; Fiwthd tp`hiu kz;lgk; (16.2 X 17.91 kP) fyq;fs;>

fUtiw kw;Wk; fp.gp. 450 kw;Wk; 525-f;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; cs;s
xU J}z; tuhz;lh Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tuhz;lhtpy; cs;s xU
gpuhkp fy;ntl;by; xU cNge;jpud; kz;lgj;ij ghprhfg; gjpT nra;Js;shh;.
gpurq;f kdg;ghd;ikapy; Gj;jh; fUtiwapy; ,Uf;fpwhh;. ,e;j Filtiuapy;

31
cs;s kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd rpw;gf; FOthf VO Gj;jh;fspd; rpw;gk;
cjtpahsh;fSld; cs;sJ.

,e;j FiltiuahdJ fUtiw> tuhz;lh kw;Wk; gy fyq;fs;

nfhz;l J}z; ,y;yhj ];J}gp ghzpapyhd kz;lgj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,J fp.gp. 4 kw;Wk; 5 -,y; fl;lg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; tuhz;lhtpd; Rth;fspy;
gpuhkp fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. ,e;jf; fy;ntl;L cNge;jpudhy; r%fj;jpw;Fg;
ghprhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,e;j Filtiuapy; Gj;jhpd;
VO ntt;NtW Njhw;wq;fs; cl;gl gy rpw;gq;fis ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.

Filtiu 21

,e;j tp`hiu (28.56 X 28.03 kP) %d;W gf;fq;fspYk; gd;dpuz;L

J}z;fs; kw;Wk; gd;dpuz;L fyq;fs; nfhz;l xU kz;lgk;> fUtiw> J}z;
tuhz;lh (J}z; ,g;NghJ GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
12 fyq;fspy; ehd;F J}z;fs; nfhz;l jho;thuq;fSld; cs;sd.
fUtiwapy; Gj;jh; Nghjpf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikapy; mkh;e;jpUe;jhh;. Gj;jh; xU
rigapy; Nghjpg;gij rpj;jhpf;Fk; xU FOitf; nfhz;l Xtpaq;fspd;
jlaq;fs; ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;j Filtiu xU ePu;tPo;r;rpf;F gpd;dhy; fl;lg;gl;l ];J}gp ghzp

mikg;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Filtiuapy; 12 J}z;fs; kw;Wk; 12
fyq;fs; nfhz;l nghpa kz;lgk; cs;sJ. fUtiwapy; Nghjpf;Fk;
Njhuizapy; Gj;jhpd; rpiy cs;sJ. ,e;jf; Filtiuapy; cr;rtuk;G typ
kw;Wk; gy nrJf;fg;gl;l J}z;fis ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.

Filtiu 22

,e;j tp`hiu (12.72 X 11.58 kP) xU myq;fhu kz;lgk;> ehd;F

Kbf;fg;glhj miwfs;> fUtiw kw;Wk; xU FWfpa tuhz;lh
Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpuyk;g-gjhrdj;jpy; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; Gj;jh;
rd;djpapd; gpd;Gw Rthpy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy;
Gj;jhpd; rpw;gr;rpj;jhpg;G ikj;NuahTld; (tUq;fhy Gj;ju;) kD\p-Gj;jh;fs;
tiuag;gl;l cUtq;fis ,q;Nf ftdpf;fyhk;.
32
 ,e;j Filtiu ehd;F nry;fs; nfhz;l FWfpa mikg;igf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit Kbf;fg;glhky; iftplg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Filtiuapd; cah; kl;lq;fis mila gbf;fl;Lfs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j
Filtiuapy; cs;s rd;djpapy; Gj;jh; ghjrd Njhuizapy; ,Uf;fpwhh;.
Filtiu KOtJk; Gj;jhpd; rpw;gq;fisAk;> tUq;fhy Gj;jhpd; gy
Xtpaq;fisAk; ePq;fs; fhzyhk;.

Filtiu 23

,J xU Kbf;fg;glhj tp`hiu (28.32 X 22.52 kP) kw;Wk; xU

myq;fhu kz;lgk;> fUtiw> Kd; kz;lgk; kw;Wk; gf;f nry;fs; kw;Wk;
xU J}z; tuhz;lh Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Filtiu J}z;fs;
kw;Wk; fe;ju;tu;fs; kw;Wk; ehf fjT fhtyh;fspd; nrOikahd
myq;fhuj;jpw;fhf mwpag;gLfpwJ.

,e;j Filtiuia xU nghpa klkhf fl;l jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;>

njhpahj fhuzq;fshy; gzpfs; Kbf;fg;glhky; cs;sJ. ,g;NghJ>
FiltiuahdJ fUtiw> myq;fhu kz;lgk;> gf;fthl;L miwfs;> Kd;
miw> J}z; tuhz;lh> jho;thuq;fs;> fjTfs; kw;Wk; gpwtw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Filtiuapy; rpwe;j rpw;gq;fs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fis
ePq;fs; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Filtiuapd; Kf;fpa rpw;gk; xU nghpa Gj;jh;
cUtk;.

Filtiu 24

,J xU KOikaw;w tp`hiu (29.3 X 29.3 kP) kw;Wk; Filtiu 4-

f;Fg; gpwF m[e;jhtpy; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa mfo;thuha;r;rp. ,e;jj; jpl;lk;
J}z; tuhz;lh kw;Wk; fUtiwAld; $ba kz;lgj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tuhz;lhtpw;F ntspNa J}z; nfhz;l jho;thuj;Jld; $ba xU Njthyak;
Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fUtiwapy; gpuyk;g-gjhrdj;jpy; Gj;jh;
mkh;e;Js;shh;.

,e;jf; FOtpy; cs;s kpfg;nghpa Filtiufspy; ,JTk; xd;W

kw;Wk; KOikaw;w ];J}gpiaf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Filtiuapy; J}z;fs;>
33
tuhz;lh> fUtiw> fjTfs;> J}z;fs; nfhz;l kz;lgk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa
nja;tk; nfhz;l kz;lgk; cs;sJ. Kf;fpa nja;tk; Gj;jhpd; nghpa
cUtk;; cs;sJ kw;Wk; mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; gwf;Fk; caphpdq;fisf;
fhzyhk;. ,J ,g;gFjpapy; rkPgj;jpa mfo;thuha;r;rpfspy; xd;whFk;.

Filtiu 25

,e;j tp`hiu (11.37 X 12.24 kP) xU myq;fhu kz;lgk;> J}z;

tuhz;lh kw;Wk; xU %lg;gl;l Kw;wk; kw;Wk; cah; kl;lj;jpy;
Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;lJ. tuhz;lhtpd; ,lJ Kidapy; ,uz;L nry;fs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd kw;Wk; kz;lgj;jpy; nry;fs; ,y;iy. kz;lgk; rd;djp
,y;yhky; cs;sJ.

,e;j Filtiu xU klhyaj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjpy; ];ilyh;

kz;lgk;> Kw;wk;> J}z; tuhz;lh kw;Wk; gy cs;sd. ,e;j klj;jpy;
rd;djpNah my;yJ nja;tNkh fpilahJ. ,e;j kz;lgj;jpYk; nry;fs;
,y;iy. ,j;jifa jdpj;Jtkhd mikg;Gf;fhd fhuzq;fs; njhpatpy;iy.

Filtiu 26

,e;j irj;af;hp`h Filtiu 19-Ig; NghyNt cs;sJ. Mdhy; xU

nghpa ghpkhzk; (25.34 X 11.52 kP) kw;Wk; ,d;Dk; tphpthfTk; Neh;j;jpahfTk;
nrJf;fg;gl;l cUtq;fSld; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kd; tuhz;lhtpd; Rthpy;
fhzg;gLk; xU fy;ntl;L (fp.gp. 450 - 525) m];kf (tpjh;gh) kd;dhpd;
mikr;ruhd gt;tpuh[htpd; ez;guhd Gj;jgj;u Jwtpahy; ,e;j
irj;afpufj;ij ghprhfg; gjpTnra;jJ. irj;af;hp`h xU kz;lgk;>gf;fthl;L
,ilfopfs; (gpujpf;\dh) kw;Wk; Gj;jhpd; cUtj;Jld; $ba ghiwapy;
ntl;lg;gl;l ];J}gpapd; Kd;Gwk; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kfg;G>
cs;J}z;fs;> l;iu/Nghhpak; (J}z;fs; kw;Wk; $iu tisTfSf;F
,ilapy;)> ,ilfopfspd; gf;f Rth;fs; glq;fs; kw;Wk; myq;fhu
tbtikg;GfSld; tphpthf nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Ug;gpDk;> kpfTk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kw;Wk; Kf;fpa glk;> tyJ ,ilfop Rthpy; Gj;jhpd;
k`hghpeph;thzk; kw;Wk; Gj;jh; jtk; nra;Ak; NghJ khuhtpd; jhf;Fjy; mNj
Rtiu myq;fhpf;fpwJ.
34
Filtiu 27

,e;j Filtiu 26-,d; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. NkYk; ,J

,uz;L khbfisf; nfhz;lJ. Nky; gFjp XusT rhpe;jJ. Tp`hiu ehd;F
fyq;fs; nfhz;l kz;lgk;> Kd; kz;lgk; kw;Wk; fUtiw Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fw;gpf;Fk; kNdhghtj;jpy; Gj;jh; fUtiwf;Fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;.

Filtiu 26 kw;Wk; 27

rha;e;j epiyapy; Gj;jh; rpiy cs;s xNu Filtiu ,Jjhd;. ,e;j

Njhuiz k`hghpeph;thz Gj;jh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Gj;jhpd;
kuzj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Filtiu 27 vd;gJ Filtiu 26-,d;
njhlh;r;rpahFk;. ,J ,uz;L epiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nky; epiy ,be;J
tpOe;J> fPo; kl;lj;jpy; ehd;F rpwpa miwfs;> fUtiw> Kd; kz;lgk;
kw;Wk; gpw rpwpa kz;lgq;fs; cs;sd.

Filtiu 28

,J xU Kbf;fg;glhj tp`hiuahFk;. ,jpy; J}z; tuhz;lh

kl;LNk Njhz;lg;gl;lJ. iftplg;gl;l kw;Wk; KOikailahj
Filtiu> J}z; tuhz;lh kl;LNk fhzg;gLfpwJ.

Filtiu 29

Filtiufs; 20 kw;Wk; 21-f;F ,ilapy; mike;Js;s mjd; Kjy;

fl;l mfoha;T kw;Wk; kpf cah;e;j kl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s xU
Kbf;fg;glhj irj;af;hp`h (22.8 X 12.84 kP) MFk;. ,J KOikailahj
nghpa irj;jpa kz;lgj;Jld; rkPgj;jpa ntspNaw;wg;gl;l Filtiu
mikg;Gfspy; xd;whFk;.

35
m[e;jh Fiffspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;

m[e;jhtpy; fhzg;gLk; Gj;jh; rpiyfs; ngUk;ghYk; xU

gf;fj;jpypUe;J ghh;j;jhy; Gd;difg;gJ NghyTk;> kWgf;fj;jpypUe;J
ghh;j;jhy; Nrhfj;Jld; ,Ug;gJ NghyTk; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. m[e;jh
FiltiufspNyNa jdpr;rpwg;G kpf;f rpw;gkhff; fUjg;gLtJ> vz; 26-k;
Filtiuapy; cs;s Gj;jhpd; k`hghpeph;thzf; fhl;rpjhd;. Gj;jh; ,wg;gjw;F
Kd;G xU gf;fkhfg; gLj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mtUf;Ff; fPNo mtuJ rPlh;fs;
midtUk; Nrhfj;Jld; mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy;> mtUf;F NkNy
thDyfj; Njth;fs; midtUk; mtuJ tUifia vjph;ghh;j;J
Gd;difAld; fhj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. ,g;gb me;jf; Filtiu KOtJNk
capNuhl;lkhd rpw;gq;fs; epiwe;Js;sd. ,q;F> ngUk;ghYk; Gj;jh;
njhlh;ghd fijfisf; $Wk; Gj;j [hjff; fijfNs> xtpaq;fshfj;
jPl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf> kdepiyf;F Vw;wthW ngz;fspd;
Kfj; Njhw;wj;ijAk; Xtpah;fs; jPl;bapUf;fpwhh;fs;.

me;j Xtpaq;fspy; cyfg; Gfo; ngw;wit 17-tJ Fifapy;

tiuag;gl;bUf;Fk; Xtpah;fs;. 't[;ughzp|| kw;Wk; 'jhkiu kyUld; fhl;rp
jUk; gj;kghzp|| Xtpaq;fNs. Filtiufspd; Nkw;Rthpy; g+f;fs;> goq;fs;>
tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; Guhzf; fijfspy; tUk; caphpdq;fspd; cUtq;fSk;
Xtpaq;fshfg; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mq;fpUf;Fk; midj;Jf;
FiltiufisAk;> mjpy; fhzg;gLk; rpw;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Xtpaq;fisAk;
ghh;j;jgpd;> gs;sj;jhf;fpDs; fPopwq;fpdhy; tNfhuh ejp kiy kPjpypUe;J
tpOk; ,lj;ij mila KbAk;. ek; fz; vjpNu> jiyf;F NkNy epw;Uk;
cah;e;j kiy> mij ,uz;lhfg; gpse;J XLk; tNfhuh ejp> mjd; fiuapy;
mike;jpUf;Fk; Filtiufs; vd ghh;g;gjw;Nf fz;nfhs;shf; fhl;rpahf
,Uf;Fk; ,lk;jhd; m[e;jh FiltiufshFk;.

36
,e;jpa muR fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;

m[e;jh Filtiufs; ,d;W And];Nfhthy; Nghw;wg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. ,d;W m[e;jh Filtiufspd; mUNf nry;y vhpnghUs;
tz;bfs; mDkjpapy;iy. kpd;fy tz;bfspy; jhd; nry;yNtz;Lk;.
Filtiufs; Xtpaq;fSf;Fj; jPq;F nra;ahj xspahy;
fhl;rpgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

k`huh\;buh khepyk; Fg;jh;fs;> Nyhbfs;> kuhj;jpah;fs;>

Mq;fpNyah;fs; gy;NtW Ml;rpf;Ff; fPo; ,Ue;jhNyh vd;dNth fyhrhuq;fs;>
fiyfs;> fl;blf; fiyfs; vdg; gytw;wpYk; rpwg;Gkpf;fjhfNt cs;sJ.
m[e;jh Filtiuf; Fiffis 1983-Mk; Mz;L And];Nfhthy; cyf
Vw;fg;gl;L ,e;jpahtpd; ghuk;ghpa ,lkhf ghJfhf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspd;
gl;baypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

jw;NghJ> ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; gy;NtW eltbf;iffs;

vLj;J Xtpaq;fis mopahky; ghJfhf;f Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;fs;.
xt;nthU Filtiuf;Fs;Sk; ghJfhtyh;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ. #hpa
ntspr;rk; cs;Ns Eioahjgb jLg;Gfisapl;L mjpfk; xsp ckpohj
tpsf;Ffisg; nghWj;jpapUf;fpwhh;fs;.

,e;jpa fiy ghuk;ghpaj;jpy;> ghiwapy; ntl;lg;gl;l Filtiu

fl;blf;fiy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;sJ. mit guhgh;
Fiffspd; jho;ikahd njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J m[e;jh kw;Wk; vy;Nyhuhtpy;
cs;s mw;Gjkhd Filtiufs; tiu tsh;fpd;wd. ,uz;L FiltiufSk;
And];Nfh cyf ghuk;ghpa jsq;fshf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

37
 ,ay; 2

m[e;jh Filtiu Xtpaq;fs;

38
m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspd; tuyhW

m[e;jh Filtiufs; mjd; goq;fhy RtNuhtpaq;fSf;F Gfo;

ngw;wit. ,e;j Xtpaq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit (fp.gp. 463-y;)> tfhlf
tk;rj;jpd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ tiuag;gl;lit. vdNt> ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; 1500
Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhdit. ,J tfhlf tk;rj;jpd; gy kd;dh;fs; kw;Wk;
mur Gutyh;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. m[e;jhtpd; Xtpaq;fs; Jbg;ghdit
kw;Wk; El;gkhdit. mit nfsjk Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifapypUe;J gy;NtW
epfo;Tfis rpj;jhpf;fpd;wd. ,e;jf; fijfs; [hjff; fijfs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

m[e;jh Filtiu Xtpaq;fs; Filtiuapd; fw;Rth; Nky;

fspkz;Zk; rhzpAk; fye;j fyit g+rg;gl;L mjd; Nky; Rz;zhk;Gr;
rhe;J g+rg;gl;L ,Wf;fg;gl;l gug;gpy; gytz;zf; $ohq;fw;fis miuj;J
cUthf;fg;gl;l epwq;fisf;nfhz;L tiuag;gl;lit. Rz;zhk;Gr; rhe;J
,WFtjw;Fs; tiuag;gl;L tUtjdhy; $ohq;fy; rhe;J cWjpahfNt
xl;bf;nfhs;fpwJ. ,it jhtu tz;zq;fs; my;y. MfNt> jhd;
,uz;lhapuk; tUlq;fshfpAk; tz;zk; kq;fhkypUf;fpd;wd. fy;fp mtuJ
'rptfhkpapd; rgjk;|| ehtypy; Madr;rpw;gp ,e;j tz;z ufrpaj;ijj;
NjLtjhf vOjpapUg;ghh;.

kpfg;nghpa J}z;fSld; $ba kz;lgq;fs;> Gj;jhpd; rpiyfs;>

fz;ftUk; Xtpaq;fs; vd xt;nthU FifAk; ek;ik tpag;gpy; Mo;j;JfpwJ.
m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspy; mlh;e;j MuQ;R> ePyk;> gr;ir Nghd;w epwq;fs;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Kjypy; cspahy; ghiwfisr; nrJf;fp
mjd;kPJ fspkz;> Rz;zhk;G> itf;Nfhy; Jfs;> rhzk; Mfpatw;why;
jahhpj;j fyitiag; g+rpAs;sdh;. mitaidj;Jk; <ukhf ,Uf;Fk; NghNj
,aw;ifahd tz;zq;fis itj;J Xtpaq;fisj; jPl;bAs;sdh;. 1>500
Mz;Lfs; fle;Jk; ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; epiyj;J ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzk;. me;j
fiyQh;fspd; ,e;j El;gNk vd;W Ma;thsh;fs; $Wfpd;wdh;.

39
Xtpaq;fspd; mikg;G

m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ,uz;L. xd;W

,ul;ilg;ghpzhkj; jd;ik. Kg;ghpkhzg; Gifg;glj;Njhw;wk; nfhz;lit
my;y. MfNt> epoy; ,y;iy. NfhLfshf tiuag;gl;l Xtpaq;fSf;Fs;
rhak; g+rg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. rpe;jpj;J ghh;f;ifapy; mJNt Xtpaj;jpy; rhpahd
,ay;ngd;W Njhd;WfpwJ. Kg;ghpkhzk; vd;gNj rpiyfSf;FhpaJ. NkYk;>
epoy; ,y;yhky; Kg;ghpkhzk; ,y;iy. epoy; ,y;yhj fhl;rpntsp jhNd
Xtpaj;jpd; fdthf ,Uf;f KbAk;?

Ie;J Filtiu tp`huq;fspy; Xtpaq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd

Xtpaq;fs; ,d;W rpije;j epiyapNyNa cs;sd. 1910-,y; m[e;jhTf;F
te;j tq;fghzp Xtpah;fshd NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; Nghd;wth;fs; mij
xusT ed;whfNt gpujp vLj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Ik;gjhz;Lf;
fhyj;jpy; Xtpaq;fspd; ngUk;gFjp mope;Jtpl;bUf;fpwJ. gy Gfo;ngw;w
Xtpaq;fspy; rpy tz;zj;jPw;wy;fis kl;LNk fhzKbfpwJ. rpy
Filtiufspy; Xtpaq;fspd; rpjpyq;fs; kl;LNk cs;sd.

MdhYk; Gfo;ngw;w fhpaepw mofp> Nghjprj;t t[;ughzp> Nghjprj;t

gj;kghzp Nghd;w Xtpaq;fisf; fhz;gJ xU mghukhd mDgtk; jhd;.
Nghjprj;t t[;ughzpapd; ngUk; kzpf;fphPlk; ,e;jpah KOtJk; gy;NtW
rpdpkhf;fspy; efy;nra;ag;gl;l xd;W.

$h;e;J ghh;f;fg;ghh;f;f Rth;g;gug;gpd; kq;fyhd tz;zg;gutypy;

,Ue;J tbtk; nfhz;L vOe;J tUk; ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; ek; fw;gidia
cwpQ;rpf;nfhz;L tsh;e;J KOik ngWfpd;wd. ek; fz;fSf;Fs; GFe;J
mfj;ij epiwj;J tphpfpd;wd. m[e;jh xt;nthU KiwAk; vdf;nfhU
fdT ntspahfNt mDgtkhfpwJ. xU khngUk; tz;z
Xtpaj;jpiur;rPiyia mbj;jskhff; nfhz;l flypd; ePuhoj;jpy; %o;fp
ePe;jp me;j Xtpaq;fisg; ghh;g;gJ Nghy. ePhpd; miyfspy; Xtpaq;fs;
nespfpd;wd. njspe;Jk; fiye;Jk; fyq;fpAk; Nrh;e;Jk; [hyk;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.

40
 ve;j Xtpaj;ijAk; jdpahf ftdpf;f Kbtjpy;iy vd;gNj
m[e;jhtpd; Filtiuapd; mDgtk;. nrd;w Mz;L fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh
nrd;wpUe;j Mrphpah;fs; m[e;jhitg; gw;wp tpsf;fpa NghJ mwpjy;
vd;Dk; mDgt mwpT epfoj; njhlq;fpaJ.

Xtpak; tiua gad;gLj;jpa KiwAk;> Af;jpfSk;

Kjy; fl;lj;jpd; RtNuhtpaq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tz;zq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ngUk;ghYk;> fhtpapd; ntt;NtW epoy;fSf;F
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lit. mNjrkak; ,uz;lhk; fl;lj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit kQ;rs;>
rptg;G> nts;is> fUg;G kw;Wk; gr;ir Mfpa tz;zq;fspd; nrOikahd
nkhirf;ifg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. epwkpfs; vhpkiy ghiwfspd; vQ;rpa
jhJf;fspy; ,Ue;J cs;ehl;by; ngwg;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
ePy epwj;jpw;F Nygp]; yhRypia mt;tg;NghJ gad;gLj;JtJ <uhdpa
gPlg+kpapy; ,Ue;J Fiwe;jgl;rk; rpy epwkpfs; ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;W $WfpwJ. RtNuhtpaq;fspy; cs;s
tz;zg;g+r;R mLf;F 0.1 kpy;ypkPl;lh; jbkd; nfhz;lJ. Filtiuf;F
nky;ypa g+r;Rfspd; mbg;gFjp khWgLk; Mdhy; nghJthf 2 Kjy; 3
kpy;ypkPl;lh; tiu ,Uf;Fk;.

RtNuhtpaq;fs; nlk;guh my;yJ /g;nu];Nfh nrf;Nfhitg;

gad;gLj;jp nra;ag;gl;ljh vd;gjpy; fzprkhd rh;r;ir ,Ue;jhYk;> mit
/g;nu];Nfh g+Ndh my;y vd;gjpy; nghJthd cld;ghL cs;sJ. mq;F
Xtpak; <ukhd gpsh];lhpy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. ePh;> ghiw-fiu my;yJ kzy;
kw;Wk; fha;fwp ,iofs;> ney; ckp> Gy; kw;Wk; gpw fhpk ehh;r;rj;J Nghd;w
fhpkg; nghUl;fshy; nra;ag;gl;l kz;g+r;R Kjypy; Filtiufspd; rpwpa
vhpkiy ntbg;gpy; ,Ue;J tUk; ghrhy;l; ghiw Rth;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gJ gutyhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Xtpaq;fspd;
mbj;jsj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ.

Xtpak; tiutjpy; <Lgl;Ls;s jdpg;gl;l FOthfr; nray;gl;l

FLk;gq;fshy; ngUk;ghYk; RtNuhtpaq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ.
rpy re;jh;g;gq;fspy;> m[e;jh Filtiufspd; tp`huj;jpy; trpf;Fk;
Jwtpfs; RtNuhtpaq;fspd; cw;gj;jpia Nkw;ghh;itapl;bUf;fyhk;.
41
 RtNuhtpaq;fspd; fhl;rp ghzp kpfTk; El;gkhdJ. ntspg;Gwq;fs;
jbj;j kw;Wk; Neh;j;jpahdit@ fyitfs; nray;ghL kw;Wk; tptuq;fs;
epiwe;jit kw;Wk; kdpj cUtq;fs; gfl;lhdit> ngUk;ghYk;
myq;fhukhf Mil my;yJ eiffshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;L> czh;jpwd; epoy;
kw;Wk; czh;r;rpfukhd KfghtidfSld; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. m[e;jh
fiyQh;fspd; ePskhd fz;fs; kw;Wk; if mirTfis rpj;jhpf;Fk; ghzp
cyf fiy tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; nry;thf;F kpf;fjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,J
kj;jpa Mrpahtpy; RtNuhtpa Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rPdh kw;Wk; [g;ghdpy;
ifnaOj;J Xtpaq;fSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m[e;jh Filtiu RtNuhtpaq;fs;

m[e;jh Filtiufspd; kw;nwhU jdpr;rpwg;G mjd; Xtpaq;fs; jhd;.

m[e;jh Filtiufs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;Gtiu> ,j;jhypa Xtpaf;
fiyNa njhd;ik tha;e;jJ vd;W INuhg;gpah;fs; Nghw;wp te;jdh;. Mdhy;>
m[e;jh Filtiu Xtpaq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpwF me;jf; fUj;Jfs;
midj;Jk; kiwe;Jtpl;ld. cyfpy; ,e;jpa Xtpaf;fiyNa njhd;ik
tha;e;jJ vd;W m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs; cyFf;F ntspg;gLj;jpd.

1. Nghjprj;Jth; gj;kghdp m[e;jh Xtpak;

Gj;jh; njhlh;ghd fijfisf; $Wk; Gj;j [hjff; fijfNs> m[e;jh

Fiffspy; Xtpaq;fshfj; jPl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j Xtpaq;fs;
midj;Jk;> Gj;jh; Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;G kw;Wk; Jwtwk;
Nkw;nfhz;l gpwF vd;W ,uz;L $Wfspy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. ,it
midj;Jk; capNuhl;lj;Jld; ,Ug;gijf; fhzKbAk;. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf>
kdepiyf;F Vw;wthW ngz;fspd; Kfj; Njhw;wj;ij jPl;bapUf;fpwhh;fs;
Xtpah;fs;. me;j Xtpaq;fspy; cyfg; Gfo; ngw;wit 17-tJ Fifapy;
tiuag;gl;bUf;Fk; t[;ughzp kw;Wk; jhkiu kyUld; fhl;rp jUk; gj;kghzp
Xtpaq;fNs...

42
 Nghjprj;th gj;kghzp ( Mjhuk; )

2. t[;ughzp - ghJfhtydhfTk; topfhl;bahfTk; ,Uf;Fk; Nghjprj;Jth;

m[e;jhtpd; kw;nwhU rpd;dkhd Xtpak; t[;ughzpapd; rpj;jhpg;G

MFk;. ,J gj;kghdpapd; RtNuhtpa Xtpaj;ij xl;ba Fif xd;wpy;
mike;Js;sJ. ,J kpfTk; rpf;fyhd kw;Wk; El;gkhd RtNuhtpakhFk;. ,J
Nghbrj;thit mur cilapy; rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. t[;ughdp xU ifapy; ,bAld;
$ba kioiag; gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;. ,J mtuJ rf;jpapd; njspthd
Fwpfhl;bahFk;.cd;dpg;ghff; ftdpj;jhy;> t[;ughzpf;F mUfpy; xU
cjtpahsh;> jhkiufspd; jl;by; itj;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

t[;ughzp - ghJfhtyh;

3. [dfh kd;du; kw;Wk; kidtp

,J tpNj`h kd;dd; [df jd; kidtpAld; muz;kidapy;

mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; Xtpak;. mtd; mtSld; NgRtJk;> Vd; jd; cyf
tho;f;ifiaj; Jwe;J> jdpikapy; tho tpUk;GtJk;> Kf;jpf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpg;gJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

43
 [df kd;dd; jd; kidtpAld; ( Mjhuk; )

4. k`h[d kd;ddpd; Xtpak; - [df [hjfj;jpypUe;J

m[e;jh Filtiu 1-,d; ,e;j Jbg;ghd Xtpak;> cyifj; Jwe;J>

nfsjk Gj;jhpd; mbr;RtLfisg; gpd;gw;Wk; kd;dd; k`h [dfhtpd;
fijiar; rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. ,e;j Kbthy; mtdJ uhzp rPthyp kdNtjid
mile;jhs;. ,e;j RtNuhtpak; k`h [dfhit muz;kidapy; vg;gbj;
jf;fitf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ vd;gij rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. mth; jdJ rpwe;j
Milia mzpe;J uh[hTf;F eldk; $l Vw;ghL nra;fpwhh;.

k`h[df [hlfh vOjpa - [df [hjfh

5. cjapd; fij - m[e;jh Filtiu 17-,y; xU Jbg;ghd Xtpak;

cjapd; kw;Wk; Fg;jhtpd; fijia rpj;jhpf;Fk; Jbg;ghd Xtpak;>

MuQ;R kw;Wk; rptg;G epwq;fspy; xspUk;. cjapd; kd;dd; Rj;Njhjddpd;
murit cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhd;. mth; Fg;jhit fhjypf;fpwhh;. Mdhy;>
gpd;dh; cyf tho;f;ifiaj; Jwf;f KbT nra;fpwhh; kw;Wk; nfsjk
Gj;jiug; gpd;gw;w tpUk;Gfpwhh;. ,e;j Xtpak; cjaPid epWj;j Fg;jhtpd;
Kaw;rpia rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. ,e;j Xtpak; Mlk;gukhd tz;zq;fs;>
44
nth;kpy;ypad;> Nygp]; yhRyp kw;Wk; kufj ePyk; Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.

muz;kidapy; cjapd; kw;Wk; Fg;jh

6. ghurPf J}jhpd; Xtpak;

m[e;jh Filtiufspd; Filtiu vz; 1-,y; cs;s cr;rtuk;G

Xtpak;. ,J ve;j Fwpg;gpl;l kjf; fijiaAk; gw;wp Ngrtpy;iy. Mdhy;
gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; ghurPf fyhr;rhuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fk;
nghJthd myq;fhu ikaf;fUkhFk;. ,e;j Xtpak; fUg;G epwKs;s g+h;tPf
kf;fshy; #og;gl;l xU nts;is epw ghurPf J}jiu rpj;jhpf;fpwJ.

cr;rtuk;G Xtpak; ( Mjhuk; )

7. Gj;jh; Xtpaq;fs;

thry;fspy; EZf;fkhd mofpa Xtpaq;fSld;> m[e;jh

Filtiufspd; Filtiu vz; 6-y; cs;s ,e;j Xtpak; Gj;jhpd;
tho;f;ifapy; ele;j gy;NtW epfo;Tfis rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. ,e;j ,ul;il khb
Filtiu KOikailahky; ,Ue;jNghJk;> Jwtpfspd; ,y;ykhf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Filtiuapy; Gj;jh; cUtKk; mkh;e;Js;sJ.

45
8. nfsjk Gj;jhpd; gpwg;G - gftj;gpu#jp

m[e;jhtpd; ,e;j RtNuhtpak; Nghjprj;thtpd; gpwg;ig nfsjk

Gj;juhf rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. ,J kpfTk; njspthd RtNuhtpak;. m[e;jh
Filtiu 2-,y; fhzg;gLk; ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; nfsjk Gj;jhpd; gpwg;G
njhlh;ghd gy;NtW mj;jpahaq;fs; rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fgpyt];Jtpd;
uhzp khah MW je;jq;fisf; nfhz;l nts;is ahidapd; fditg;
ghh;g;gjpy; ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ. ,J xU nja;tPf fdT vd;W
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; khah xU nja;tPf Foe;ijiag; ngw;nwLg;ghh; vd;W
mwpQh;fs; fzpj;Js;sdh;. ,J gftj;g;u#jpapd; fij vdg;gLfpwJ.
Xtpaj;jpd; fPNo cs;s gFjpapy;> Nghjprj;Jth; jdJ mLj;j gpwg;igg; gw;wp
kw;w flTs;fSld; fye;JiuahLfpwhh;.

m[e;jh Xtpaf; FO - gftj;gpu#jp - nfsjk Gj;jhpd; gpwg;G.

9. jdghy fij - Gj;jh; ntwpgpbj;j ahidia mbgzpa itg;gJ

Filtiu 17-d; jho;thuj;jpy; jdghydpd; fij Xtpak; cs;sJ.

ahid ntwpj;jdkhf njUf;fspy; XLtij Xtpak; fhl;LfpwJ. jdghyd;
m[hjrj;U kd;ddpd; nry;y ahid. jdghyh vg;NghJNk Nfhgkhf
,Ue;jhh;> njUtpy; tplg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; jPq;F tpistpj;jhh;. ,e;j m[e;jh
RtNuhtpak; ,uf;fKs;s Gj;jh; jdghyid vg;gb mikjpg;gLj;Jfpwhh;
vd;gij rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. ,J epiwa tptuq;fSld; kpfTk; Jbg;ghd kw;Wk;
Mw;wy;kpf;f Xtpak;. ,e;j Xtpak; jho;thur; Rth; KOtJk; gutpAs;sJ.
xt;nthU NgdYk; jdghydpd; ,e;j [hjff; fijapd; xt;nthU
fhl;rpiaAk; rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. ,e;j Gfo;ngw;w fij Gj;jh; esfphp ahidia
mlf;fpaJ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
46
 m[e;jh Filtiu 17 jho;thuj;jpy; jdghy Xtpak;

10. Gj;jh; kw;Wk; uhFyh - ,jaj;ij ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; m[e;jh Xtpak;

nfsjk Gj;jh; jdJ kfd; uhFydplkpUe;J xU fpz;zk; mhprpia

Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ Nghd;w kdijj; njhLk; Xtpak; ,J. nfsjkhpd; kidtp
aNrhjuhTk; glj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwhh;. nfsjkh; muz;kidia tpl;L
ntspNaw KbT nra;jNghJ mts; Nguoptpw;F Mshdhs;. mth; mtiu
muz;kidf;F ke;jphpj;j ghyhilf;Fj; jpUk;gr; nry;y Kad;whh;. uhFyh
gpr;ir ghj;jpuj;jpy; ke;jphpj;j ghyhilia Gj;jUf;F toq;fpdhh;. Gj;jh; mij
czh;e;J uhFydplk; jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;jhh;. gpd;dh;> uhFyDk; Gj;jhpd;
mbr;RtLfisg; gpd;gw;wp Jwtpahdhh;.

uhFyh kw;Wk; aNrhjuhTld; Gj;jh;

47
11. m[e;jh Filtiuapd; Mapuk; Gj;jh;fs;

m[e;jh Filtiufspd; kw;nwhU gpugykhd RtNuhtpak; Mapuk;

Gj;jh;fs; vd;W gpugykhf mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,e;j RtNuhtpak; Filtiu vz;
2- ,y; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Filtiu fp.gp. 464-,y; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,it
gy;NtW Nahf Njhuizapy; mkh;e;jpUf;Fk; vz;zw;w rpwpa Gj;jh;
cUtq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;. ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; fUtiwf;F mUfhikapy;>
nrt;tf tbt rl;lj;jpy; Neh;j;jpahf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Jujph;\;ltrkhf>
,e;j Xtpaq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit rpije;Jtpl;ld.

m[e;jh Mapuk; Gj;jh;fspd; xU gFjp

thry; Xtpaq;fs; ( Mjhuk; )

12. thry; Xtpak;

m[e;jh Filtiufspy; cs;s gy thry; Xtpaq;fspy; xd;whd

,J, murh;fSk; r%fq;fSk; xUtiunahUth; cztUe;jpAk;> kJ
mUe;jpAk; kfpo;r;rpAld; kfpo;e;j fhl;rpfis rpj;jhpf;fpwJ.

48
 rpije;j thry; Xtpak; ( Mjhuk; )

13. m[e;jhtpd; eldg; ngz;

m[e;jhtpd; rpd;dkhd Xtpaq;fspy; xd;W eldkhLk; ngz;zpd;

Xtpak;.,J Filtiu 1-y; cs;s k`h[df [hjf FOtpd; xU
gFjpahFk;. ,e;j ePjpkd;w eldf; fiyQhpd; mUSk; Neh;j;jpAk; ,e;j
RtNuhtpaj;jpy; mofhf rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j Xtpak;
kpfTk; mhpg;Gf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhtJ glk;> m[e;jh Filtiufs;
gphpj;jhdpah;fshy; kPz;Lk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Neuj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mNj
glj;ij uhgh;l; fpy;]pd; kW cUthf;fk; fhl;LfpwJ.

m[e;jh Xtpaj;jpd; eldg; ngz; - mry;

1. rk;rhu rf;fuk; - ntt;NtW cyfq;fspd; rf;fuk;

,J m[e;jh Fiffspy; kpfTk; Rthu];akhd Xtpak;. ,J

ntt;NtW cyfq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; kpfTk; Ez;zwpT Xtpak;.
Jujph;\;ltrkhf> ,e;j Xtpaj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp Vw;fdNt
Nrjkile;Js;sJ.
49
 m[e;jhtpy; cs;s rk;rhu rf;fuk;

ifKiwahf mfo;thuha;r;rp nra;ag;gl;l ,e;j Filtiufs; 2>000

Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf caph; gpioj;Js;sd. NkYk; Xtpaq;fs;>
RtNuhtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fs; ,d;Dk; cq;fis Mr;rhpaj;jpy;
Mo;j;Jfpd;wd. tuyhw;W Mh;tyh;fs;> Gifg;glf; fiyQh;fs;>
fl;blf;fiy khzth;fs; kw;Wk; nghJthf Rw;Wyhg; gazpfSf;F
Gfyplkhf ,Uf;Fk; m[e;jh Filtiufs;> ,e;jpa fiy kw;Wk;
fyhr;rhuj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; mjpy; <LgLtjw;Fk; rhpahd
,lkhFk;.

m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspd; fhyfl;lq;fs;

m[e;jhtpy; cs;s cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w Xtpaq;fSk; ,uz;L gue;j

fl;lq;fshf cs;sd.

Kjy; fl;l Xtpaq;fs;

Ke;ijaJ Filtiu vz;fspy; Jz;L Jz;lhd khjphpfs; tbtpy;

ftdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Filtiu 9 kw;Wk; 10 fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr;
Nrh;e;jJ vdj; juTfs; cs;sd. ,e;j Xtpaq;fspy; cs;s glq;fspd;
jiyf;ftrk; kw;Wk; gpw Mguzq;fs; rhQ;rp kw;Wk; efuj;jpd; mbg;gil
epthuz rpw;gj;ij xj;jpUf;fpd;wd.

,uz;lhk; fl;l Xtpaq;fs;

fp.gp 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 6-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; njhlq;fp mLj;j

,uz;L E}w;whz;LfSf;F njhlh;e;jd. tfhlf fhyj;jpd; ,e;j Kd;
khjphpahd Xtpaq;fspd; khjphpia Filtiu vz;fspy; fhzyhk;. 1> 2> 16
50
kw;Wk; 17. ,e;j Xtpaq;fspd; ghzp kw;Wk; nray;ghl;bd; khWghL
ftdpf;fg;gLfpwJ> Kf;fpakhf mtw;wpd; ntt;NtW Mrphpah;fshy;.
kuzjz;lidapd; rhpT rpy Xtpaq;fspy; ftdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Gj;jhpd;
rpy fbdkhd> ,ae;jpu kw;Wk; capuw;w cUtq;fs; rpy gpw;fhy
Xtpaq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Xtpaq;fspd; Kf;fpa fUg;nghUs;
gy;NtW [hjff; fijfs;> Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifAld; njhlh;Gila gy;NtW
rk;gtq;fs; kw;Wk; rkfhy epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; r%f tho;f;if Mfpatw;iw
rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. cr;rtuk;G myq;fhukhdJ vg;NghJk; myq;fhu tbtq;fs;>
tbtpay; kw;Wk; kyh;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; ghiw Nkw;gug;ig tphpthfj; jahhpj;j gpwF Xtpaq;fs;

nray;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ghiw Nkw;gug;gpy; csp kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; gs;sq;fs;
tplg;gl;lJ. mjdhy; mjd; Nky; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mLf;F xU gaDs;s
Kiwapy; itf;fg;gLk;. jiumLf;F vd;gJ ghiwfs; my;yJ kzy;>
fha;fwp ,iofs;> ney; ckp> Gy; kw;Wk; Rth;fs; kw;Wk; $iufspd;
fuLKulhd Nkw;gug;gpy; fhpk Njhw;wk; nfhz;l gpw ehh;g; nghUl;fSld;
fye;j /ngU[pd]; g+kpapd; Njhuhakhd mLf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,uz;lhtJ Nfhl; NrW kw;Wk; /ngh;U[pd]; kz; ed;whf ghiwj; J}s;
my;yJ kzy;; fye;J jiuapd; Nkw;gug;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;dh;
Nkw;gug;G ,Wjpahf Rz;zhk;G fOtp xU nky;ypa Nfhl; Kbf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j Nkw;gug;gpy;> ntspg;Gwq;fs; ijhpakhf tiuag;gLfpd;wd. gpd;dh;
,ilntspfs; tl;lkhd kw;Wk; gpsh];bf; njhFjpfspd; tpisit mila
ntt;NtW epoy;fs; kw;Wk; Nlhd;fspy; Njitahd tz;zq;fshy;
epug;gg;gLfpd;wd. gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; epoy;fs; rptg;G
kw;Wk; kQ;rs; fhtp> nlh;uh nth;Nl (gr;ir g+kp)> Rz;zhk;G> fNahypd;
(nkd;ikahd nts;is fspkz;)> [pg;rk;> tpsf;F fUg;G kw;Wk; Nygp];
yhRyp (mlu; ePyepwk;) tiu NtWgLfpd;wd. ,q;Nf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kf;fpa
gpizg;G nghUs; gir. m[e;jhtpy; cs;s Xtpaq;fs; RtNuhtpaq;fs;
my;y. Vnddpy;> mit igz;bq; Vn[z;bd; cjtpAld; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.
mNj rkak; /g;nu];Nfhtpy; Rz;zhk;G fOTk; <ukhf ,Uf;Fk;NghNj
Xtpaq;fs; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk; xU cs;shh;e;j gpizg;G
Kftuhf nray;gLfpwJ.

51
 ,ay; - 3

m[e;jh Gj;ju; [hjff;fijfs;

52
 m[e;jh Gj;ju; [hjff;fijfs;

Filtiuapd; Xtpaq;fs;:

Filtiu Xtpaq;fspy; Gj;jupd; rpwg;Gkpf;f [hjff; fijfs;

rpj;jhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. 29 Kiw gpwtp vLj;j gpwFjhd; Gj;juhf gpwf;fpwhu;.

Filtiu 1

1. Nghjprj;t gj;kghzp kw;Wk; mtNyhrp`u Xtpaj; njhFjpfs; :

k`hahdj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; Nghjprj;Jth; kw;wth;fSila

ed;ikfis Gj;j itg;gJ epiyapy; mila vd tpdTfpwhh;. ,e;j
kdepiyia Nghjp rpj;jk; vd;W Nghd;WfpwJ. caph;fSf;F cjTtjw;F
cWjpnkhopfis g+Zfpwhh;. ,e;j ,e;epiyapy; kw;w gy;NtW XtpakhdJ
m[e;jh Kjy; Filtiuapy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; thdpy; tPiz
thrpf;Fk; nja;tq;fs; kuq;fs; kw;Wk; Fuq;Ffs; cs;sd. Nghjprj;tgj;k
ghzpahdth; Gd;dif nfhz;l Kfk; Mo;e;j czh;TfSld; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j Xtpaj;jpy; nrq;fhtp epwq;fshfNt gad;gLj;jp cs;sdh;. Nghjprj;Jth;
gj;kthzpapd; ifapy; gj;kj; jpidf; (jhkiuia) iffspy; jhq;fpagbAk;
ghjp%ba fz;fisAk; ePz;l GUtq;fSk; mtd; khh;Gk; ,ilAk;
Nghjprj;Jth; t[;ughzp ,bapid nfhz;lth;. t[;ughzp Xtpaj;jpy;
fOj;jzp> FWfpa iftisay;fs;> ePz;l fphPlk; Nghd;wit cs;sd. me;j
fphPlj;jpy; khd;fs; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W xUth; mkh;e;j epiyapy; ,Ug;gJ
Nghd;W fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2. Nghjprj;t mtNyhrp`u :

mtNyhrp`u Xtpak; vd;gJ Gj;juhdth; gq;fJld; epd;w epiyapy;

mgaj;Jld; iffspy; kyh;fis Ve;jp cs;shh;. mthpd; kw;nwhU ifia
gf;fj;jpy; cs;s Xh; Njhodpd; kPJ itj;J rha;e;j epiyapy; cs;shh.;
gf;fj;jpy; cs;s Xh; Njhodpd; kPJ ifia itj;J rha;e;j epiyapy;
cs;shh;. ,th; mUNf gzp ngz;zhdts; kyh;fis cila jl;il
53
Ve;jpagb epd;W nfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;whs;. ,thpd; fphPlk; ePz;l mfykhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,th; fphPlj;jpy; Kj;J kzp khiyfs; njhq;f
tplg;gl;Ls;sd. mth; ghjpfz;fis %bathW thia epwe;j epiyapy;
cs;shh;. ,tiu nrq;fhtp epwj;jpy; mikf;fNtz;Lk;. ,jpy; ,th;
Mguzq;fs; fhl;rpAld; ,tUf;F mUfpy; xU ngz; Mdts; Nrhfkhf
jiy Fdpe;J cs;shh;. Mdhy; ,e;j Xtpaj;ij mlh; fhtp epwj;jpy;
jPl;lg;gl;L Njhw;wk; mopf;fpd;wd.

3. rq;fghy Xtpak; :

Nghjprj;Jth; kfj ehl;bd; ,sturuhf gpwe;J JwT klj;jpy; trpj;J

tUk; nka;Qhd top elf;Fk; Md;k Qhdpahf jd; je;ijia fhz te;j
ehfmurh; rk;ghyhpd; cah;itAk; rpwg;igAk; fz;Zw;w Nghjprj;Jth; ehf
cyfpy; gpwf;f tpUk;gpdhh;. rpwpJ fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF mur tho;f;ifapy;
rypg;G Vw;gl;LfpwJ Kw;gpwtpapy; nra;j ghtq;fSf;F ghpfhuk; NjLk; tpjkhf
Ntz;LNthh;f;F vWk;G Gw;wpd; kPJ cliy Ntz;LNthh;f;F mspj;jhh;. xNu
ehspy; 16 kdpjh;fs; mtiu %f;Fj;Jisfspy; fapw;iw fl;b ,Oj;J
fhag;gLj;jp ,Oj;Jr; nrd;wth;fSf;F fhRfisAk; vUJfisAk;
Jauj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLtpj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;. rhk;gahtpd; Jauj;ij ePq;fpa tiu
ePhpy; cs;s jd; muz;kidf;F mioj;J nrd;W Xuhz;L fhyk;
,d;gq;fshy; kfpo;tpj;jhh;.

4. rk;gy milahsk; [hjf fhl;rp kw;Wk; tplg;gl Xtpaf; fhl;rp-

Nghjprj;Jth; rk;nga;ah ehfkd;dhfg; gpwg;ngLf;fpwhh;. Ch;e;J

nry;Yk; ghk;ghf ,Ug;gjpy; mtUf;F tpUg;gk; ,y;iy. mjdhy; mth;
kdpjh;fs; thOk; cyfpw;F nry;y Mirg;gl;L ghk;ghf khwp ghk;G Gw;Wf;Fs;
thrk; nra;fpwhh;. ghk;ghl;b xUth; ,tiu gpbj;J eldkhl itj;J Ntbf;if
fhl;b nfhz;L ,Ue;jhd;. xUehs; thuzhrpapy; murdpd; mikg;gpd;
fhuzkhf muz;kidf;F nrd;W eldkhl itf;Fk; NghJ rk;igahtpd;
kidtpapd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f ,tiu tpLtpj;jdh;. ,e;j ed;wpf;
flDf;F thuzhrp muriu ghk;Gfs; thOk; ,lj;jpw;F mioj;J nrd;W 7
ehl;fs; tpUe;J nfhLj;jpUf;fpwhh;.

54
5. kfh [dfg` [hjfk; kw;Wk; khwd; - Gj;jh; XtpanjhFjpfs; :

kfh[df ck;g`hf [hjfk; nry;tjw;F Kd;G vd;gJ Gj;jh;

ed;dPuhLtJ. cila xU J}z;fs; Jwtwk; MFk;. ed;dPuhLk;NghJ
kz;lgj;jpd; eLNt ,J ,aw;wg;gLfpwJ. mg;NghJ ,tUf;F ,UGwKk;
rhkuk; tPRk; ngz;fs; ,kyh;fis cila jl;Lfs; itj;jpUf;Fk;
ngz;fSk; cs;sd. ,thpd; NkNy jz;zPh; Cw;Wtjw;F ,U rPlh;fs;
myq;fhpj;j ghidapid nfhz;L cs;sdh;. ,thpd; ,U GwKk; kuq;fis
cs;sd. Gj;jh; kPJ mkh;e;J Ve;jpagb MLfSk; Mdth; ehd;fhy;
ciliaNkilapd; cs;shh;. ,J JwT epiy vd;gjhy; mth; ve;j
Mguzq;fSk; ,y;yhkYk; mikjpepiy ,e;j ed;dPuhLk; epfo;r;rpNa
kfh[dck;g`hf [hjfk; MFk;.

6. khwd; - Gj;jh; :

khwd; vd;gJ ngsj;j rhj;jpuq;fspy; $wg;gLk; muf;fd; Mthd;.

Rfhij gilj;j ghy; md;dk; cz;l Nghjprj;Jtuhd nfsjk Kdpth;
murkuj;jpd; mbapy; gj;khrdj;jpy; mkh;e;J jpahdk; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jhh;.
mg;NghJ nfsjkhpd; jtj;ij fiyf;f te;j kwhd; fl;ilFwshy; $g;gpl;L
jtj;ij fiyf;f Kad;whd; nfsjkh; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy. mij
mjd;gpwF kioNa tuitj;J Jd;GWj;jpdhd; nfsjkd; mjw;F
Jd;Gwtpy;iy. mjd; gpwF ahidia itj;J Jd;GWj;jpdhd;. mJNghyNt>
mjd;gpwF VJk; khwd; elf;ftpy;iy. ehd; Njth;fisAk; hp\pfisAk;
jtj;jpy; ,Ue;J fiyg;Ngd;. ehd; eP kdpjd; jhNd cd; jtj;ij ehd;
fisj;JtpLNtd; vd;W khwd; $wptpl;L> gpwF ngz;fis itj;J jtj;ij
$wpa fiyf;f Kad;whd; khwdhy; Kbatpy;iy. mjw;F nfsjkh; $wpdhh;.
ehd; jhdk;> rPyk;> ( xOf;fk; epakk;> Mirfs; mfw;W gpwh; eyDf;fhf
tho;jy;)> gQ;rh (Qhdk;)> ,tPhpak; (Mw;wy;)> fe;jp(nghWik)> tha;ik
gj;jpak; )mjpl;lhdk;> (xOf;fk; Neh;ik ,tw;wpypUe;J> ngwhky; ,Uj;jy;
Nkij (md;Gk; mUSk; clik) cNgl;ir tpUg;G-ntWg;G ,y;yhjpUj;jy;
vd 10 jh;kq;fis epiwNtw;wp Mifahy; cd;dplk; vdf;F mr;rkpy;iy
vd;whh;. ,j;jUkq;fis epiwNtw;wpajw;F rhd;W cz;lh? vd khwd;
Nfl;ljw;F nfsjkh; ,J tuhilapypUe;J ifia ntspNa ePl;b g+kpiar;
55
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhh;. mg;NghJ fjputd; kiwAk; Ntisapy; g+kpahdJ 6 Kiw
FYq;fpaij fz;l khwd; gilfSld; mt;tplj;ij tpl;L mfd;whd;.

Filtiu 2

1. tpJu gz;bj [hjfk;

,ue;jjpia murdpd; kjpEl;g khjphpahd ,ju gz;bjdpd;

mwpthw;wy; epiwe;j Ngr;ir Nfl;f tpUk;gpajhf murpd; fijia
tpsf;FtJ tpJugz;bj [hjfk;. tpJu gz;bjdpd; ,jaj;ij vtndhUtd;
nfhz;L tUfpwhNdh mtDf;F mofpa ehf ,sturpahd ,ue;jjpia
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhLg;gjhf thf;FWjp jug;gl;lJ vd;gJ fij.
#jhl;lj;jpy; tpJu ghz;bjdpd; muridj; Njhw;fbj;J tpJu ghz;bjidg;
gidakhfTk; ngw;W ehf murpaplk; mtidf; nfhz;L te;J nfhLj;J
mtis kidtpahf mile;jhd; kr\ Gd;dhfd;. Xh; MFk; mofpa
,sturp ,ue;jjp> #jhl;lk;> ehf muz;kidapy; tpJu ghz;bdpd; gpurq;fk;>
Gd;dhfd; ,ue;jjpapd; kfpo;r;rpfukhd jpUkzk; ,tw;iw midj;ijAk;
tphpthfj; jPl;lg;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

2. `k;] [hjfk;

mwpTiu Nghjpf;Fk; nghd; md;dj;ijf; fdtpy; fz;l uhzp

Nfkhtpd; fijiaf; $WfpwJ. `k;] [hjfk; jdf;F mwpTiu
jUtjw;Fk; gwit gpbg;gtd; nghd; md;dj;ijAk; mjd; NjhopiaAk;
gpbj;Jj; jd;dplk; nfhz;L tuj; jd; fztdhf murid mts;
tw;GWj;jpdhs;. nghd; md;dk; mur fl;bypy; mkh;e;J murpf;F mwpTiu
$Wtij rpj;jpuk; fhl;LfpwJ. ,jw;F Kd; gwit gpbg;gtd; md;dj;ijg;
gpbg;gJ fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nghd; md;dk; thOk; jhkiuf;Fsk;
mofhfr; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

56
 Filtiu 9

Vw;nfdNt ehk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy ,J xU Gj;jf; Nfhapy;

kz;lgkhFk;. mofpa Kfg;igAk;> cl;Gwj;jpd; eLtpy; Flj;ijAk;> mjd;
,UkUq;fpYk; gf;fr; rpiwfisAk; nfhz;Ls;s ,f;Filtiuapy;
thpirahf epw;Fk; fw;W}z;fs; fz;izf; fth;fpd;wd. ,f;Filtiuapy;
,uz;L kbg;Gfshfg; g+rg;gl;l tz;zq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;
jd;ikAk;> ghzpAk; ekf;Ff; fp.K.2-k; E}w;whz;L Xtpaj; jd;ikia mwpa
cjTfpd;wd.

Filtiu 10

m[e;jhf; Filtiufspy; kpfTk; njhd;ik tha;e;jJ ,g;gj;jhtJ

FiltiuahFk;. ,J fp.K.2-k; E}w;whz;by; ntl;lg;gl;l njd;gij
,q;Fs;s fy;ntl;L xd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jid ntl;Ltpj;jtd; 'trpj;jp
Gj;j Rjhjp|| vd;gtd; vd;gijAk; ,f;fy;ntl;bypUe;J mwpfpNwhk;.

,jpYs;s Xtpaq;fs; Nghjpkuj;ij topgLtij tpsf;Ffpd;wd. Xh;

murd; jd; ghpthuq;fSld; nrd;W Nghjpkuj;ij topgLk; fhl;rp ,q;Fr;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kw;nwhU fhl;rpapy; murd; gj;Jg; ngz;fspd; eLNt
epd;Wnfhz;L jdJ ,lf;ifia mUfpy; epw;Fk; ngz;zpd; tyj;Njhs; kPJ
itj;Jf; nfhz;L jdJ tyf;if Ms;fhl;b tpuyhy; Nghjpkuj;ijr;
Rl;bf;fhl;b VNjh $Wfpwhd;. mtdJ ,lg;Gwj;jpy; ehd;F ngz;fSk; xU
Foe;ijAk; cs;sdh;. ,th;fSf;Fk; ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; jhd; me;jg; Nghjpkuk;
epw;fpwJ. mtDf;F tyg;Gwj;jpy; epw;Fk; Ie;J gzpg;ngz;fspy; xUj;jp
ftpif Ve;jp epw;fpwhs;@ mtSf;F ,UGwKk; epw;gth;fs; g+irg; nghUs;fs;
epuk;gpa ghj;jpuq;fis vLj;Jr;nry;fpd;wdh;@ kw;wth;fs; murd; $Wtij
cw;Wf; Nfl;fpd;wdh;. ,jpy; fhzg;gLk; cUtq;fspy; jiyayq;fhuq;fs;>
Milmzpfyd;fs; Kjypad kpifglf; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

,e;jg; gj;jhtJ Filtiuapd; kw;nwhU Gwj;jpy; Gj;jhpd;

gok;gpwg;gpaf; fijfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPl;lg;gl;l ,uz;L Xtpa
mzpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; xd;W rhj;jhe;jd; (Chhaddanta)
fijia tpsf;FtjhFk;. gok;gpwtpnahd;wpy; Gj;jh; Xh; ahidf; $l;lj;jpd;
57
jiytuhf ,kakiyr; rhuypy; tjpe;jNghJ kfhRghj;jh> #yRghj;jh
vd;Dk; ,UkidtpaNuhL (ahidfs;) tho;e;jhh;. ,sk; kidtpahd
#yRghj;jh jd; fzth; kfhRghj;jh tplk; ngUk; fhjy; nfhz;bUg;gijg;
nghwhjtsha; caph; ePj;Jf; fhrp murd; xUtDf;F kfshfg; gpwf;fpwhs;.
jd; Kd;gpwtpapy; fztuhapUe;j Gj;jh; ,d;dKk; jd; kidtpAld;
tho;tijg; nghwhjtsha; mtiu Ntl;ilahbj; je;jq;fisf; nfhz;L
te;jhy; jhd; jd; Neha; ePq;Fnkdg; ngha; NehAw;Wg; gLf;ifapy; fplf;fpwhs;.
ahidf; $l;lj;jpd; eLNt MW je;jq;fSld; fk;gPukha; epw;Fk;
rhj;jhe;jid fhrpaurdhy; mDg;gg;gl;l Ntlh;fs; kuq;fspy; kiwe;J epd;W
mk;nga;J nfhy;Yfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fspd; nfhba nraiyf;fz;L GypAk;
fubAk; $l eLeLq;fp ntwpj;J Nehf;Ffpd;wd. Ntlh;fs; rhj;jhe;jdpd;
je;jq;fis Rke;Jte;J fhrp murdpd; muritapy; itf;fpd;wdh;. mtw;iwf;
fz;lJk; mt;tpsturp jd; Kd;gpwtpapy; rhj;jhe;jNdhL fopj;j ,d;g
ehs;fis vz;zpj;Jf;fj;jhy; tUe;jpj;jiy Fdpe;J kPz;Lk; Njwhjtsha;
kuzk; milfpwhs;. ,f;fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPl;lg;gl;l xtpa
mzp thpirfspy; fz;izAk; fUj;ijAk; ftuj;jf;fd rhj;jhe;jd; jd;
$l;lj;jhhpd; eLNt epw;Fk; fk;gPuj; Njhw;wKk;> mtid Ntl;ilahLk;
NrhDj;jpud; vDk; Ntl;ilf;fhudpd; mk;nga;Ak; nraYk;> mjidf; fz;L
eLq;Fk; tpyq;Ffspd; ghh;itAk;> je;jq;fisf; fz;l murpahh; jiyFdpe;J
foptpuf;fk; nfhs;SjYk;> mtisr; Rw;wpYk; gugug;Gld; epd;W gzpGhpAk;
gzpg;ngz;fspd; fhl;rpAk; xU rpwe;j ehlff; fhl;rpfisg; Nghy; neQ;rj;ij
<h;g;gdtha;j; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy;> ,d;W ,e;j Xtpaq;fs; kpfTk;
Nrjkile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Filtiu 16
,J tfhlf murd; mhpNrd;dJ mikr;rd; tuhf Njtdhy;
ntl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; Filtiuapy; fhzg;gLk; cUtq;fSf;Fg;
g+rg;gl;Ls;s tz;zq;fspy; ePytz;zk; mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjpy; %d;W Gj;jhpd; cUtq;fs;. J}q;Fk; khjpd; cUtk;> ,wf;Fk;
,sturp Mfpa Xtpaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthff; fp.gp.5-k;
E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J fp.gp.8-k; E}w;whz;L tiu m[e;jhf; Filtiufspy;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Xtpaq;fspy; xU tifahd GJikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

58
1.ee;j mur [hjfk;

2.mRjp [hjfk;

3. kfh ck;kf;f [hjfk;

4.Rj;j Nrhk [hjfk;

1. ee;j mur [hjfk;

,e;j gjpdhwhtJ Filtiuapy; Xtpaq;fis m[e;jhf;

FiffspYs;s fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fs; ahtw;wpDk; jiy rpwe;jitnad;W
$wg;gLfpwJ.

,q;Fs;s Xtpa mzp xd;W ee;j murDila tho;f;if tuyhw;iw

tpthpf;fpwJ. ee;j murNdhL Gj;jh; ciuahLtijAk; ,q;Ff; fhzyhk;.
ee;j murd; Gj;jhpd; cgNjrj;ijf; Nfl;Lj; JwtpahfptpLfpwhd;. Mdhy;>
kPz;Lk; mtd; fgpytRJTf;Fr; nrd;wJk; jdJ NguoF gilj;j
kidtpahd Re;jhpahy; <h;f;fg;gl;L mq;NfNa jq;fptpLfpwhd;. Gj;jh;
fgpytRJTf;Fr; nrd;W mtdplj;jpy; jdJ jpUNthl;ilf; nfhLj;Jj;
jd;Dld; mioj;J te;J kPz;Lk; mtidj; Jwtpahf;Ffpwhh;. ee;jd; gy
Njh;TfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; cz;ikahd JwT tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd;.

,q;F ee;jd; Gj;jrkaj;jpw;F khWtijAk;> Gj;jNuhL Nrh;e;Jnfhz;L

NjTyfj;jpw;F nrd;W Njtkhjh;fisf; fhz;gijAk; mofpa Xtpaq;fshff;
fhzyhk;.

2.mRjp [hjfk;

grpahy; gyehs; thbapUe;j gazpfspd; grpf;F tpUe;jhf Xh; ahid

jd;idj;jhNd kha;j;Jf;nfhz;l fijia tpsf;FtJ jhd; mRjp [hjfk;
MFk;.

59
3. kfh ck;kf;f [hjfk;

,uz;L ngz;fs; xU Foe;ijiaj; jdpj;jdpNa jk;Kilanjd;W

thjhbj; njhLj;J tof;fpy; kNfhrjdd; vd;gtd; eLtdhf ,Ue;J
cz;ikahd jhiaf; fz;Lgpbj;j fijia tpsf;FtJ jhd; kfh ck;kf;f
[hjfk; MFk;.

4. Rjh Nrhk [hjfk;

xU ngz; rpq;fk; Rjhrd; vd;Dk; mofpa ,sturd; cwq;fpf;

nfhz;bUe;j NghJ mtdJ ghjj;ijj; jd; ehf;fhy; ef;fpajhy;
fUTWfpwJ. gpd;dh; xU kfidg; ngWfpwJ. me;j kfd; khe;jiuNa
czthf cl;nfhs;fpwhd;. mtd; gpd;dh; ey;topg;gLj;jg;gl;L RjNrhkd;
vd;Dk; ,sturdhf;fg;gLfpwhd; vd;gNj RjNrhk [hjfj;jpd; fijahFk;.

Filtiu 17
,e;jf; Filtiu thfhlf murd; mhpNrdDila rpw;wurd;
xUtdhy; Filag;gl;lnjd;W ,jd; jho;thuj;jpYs;s fy;ntl;bypUe;J
mwpfpNwhk;. kpfg; nghpa fjT topiaAila ,e;jf; Filtiuapy; jhd;
Gj;jh; VO cUtq;fspy; jPl;lg; ngw;Ws;shh;. ,jd; thapy; rl;lq;fSf;F
Nkw;gFjpapy; fq;if> aKidfspd; cUtq;fs; mofhfr;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j VO cUtq;fSk; ,Ufhy;fisAk;
klf;fpf;nfhz;L mkh;e;jthW iffisg; gy;NtW tifahf cah;j;jpAk;>
jho;j;jpAk; cs;sd. jho;thuj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq; fspYk; ,utpy; fhw;wpY}h;e;J
nry;Yk; mofpa Njtijfspd; cUtq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. mitfSf;Fg;
gpd;dzpahf ntz;Nkfq;fs; glh;e;jpUg;gJk; mit ,ul;ilapul;ilahf
,ize;J gwg;gJk; ,dpikahd fhl;rpahFk;. jho;thug; gFjpapd;
,lg;gf;fj;jpy; Gj;jhpd; cwtpddhd Njtjj;jd; Xh; ahidia Vtpg;Gj;jiuf;
nfhy;y KaYk; fhl;rp rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j ahid Gj;j gfthid
tzq;fp mth; ghjj;jpy; jd; jiyiar; rha;j;J kz;bapl;L epw;gJ rpwg;ghfg;
gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jho;thuj;jpd; $iuAk; ,dpa fhl;rpfSld;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.

60
 mLj;Js;s nghpa $lk; 63 mb ePsKk;> 62 mb mfyKk; 13
mbAauKk; cilajhFk;. ,jpYk; mofhd xtpaq;fs; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jidaLj;Jr; rpW $lnkhd;Ws;sJ. ,jpy; rpy cUtq;fs;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. nghpa $lj;jpd; eLtpYs;s Rthpy; tprad; vd;w ,sturd;
gilAld; ,yq;ifapypwq;fp mj;jPit ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; fhl;rp
rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;FiltiuapYs;s kw;nwhU fhl;rp Gj;jh;
nka;awpT ngw;wgpd; jpUNthl;Lld; jd; kidtpaplKk; kfdplKk; te;J
gpr;irNaw;wiyr; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ. tyf;ifapy; Gj;jh; jpUNthl;il
Ve;jpf;nfhz;L> ,lJ ifia cah;j;jp epw;fpwhh;. mtUf;F Nky; xU
Njtij kyh;r; nrz;L fisg; gpbj;Js;sJ. 'ghhprhj|| kyh;fs;
tpz;zpypUe;J mth;kPJ J}tg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fhl;rpia mth; kidtp
aNrhjiuAk;> kfd; ,uhFtDk; gyfzpapypUe;J fz;L tzq;Ffpwhh;fs;.

,e;jg; gjpNdohtJ Filtiuapy; Nghjprj;Jtj; jj;Jtj;ij

tpsf;Fk; fhl;rpfNs mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. rhjhe;j [hjfk;
2. kfhfgp [hjfj;jpd; Kjw;gFjp
3. mRjp [hjfk;
4. mk;r [hjfk;
5. Ntrhe;jpu [hjfk;
6. kfhfgp [hjfj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gFjp
7. RjNrhk [hjfk;
8. rhughkpf [hjfk;

Kjypa gok;gpwg;gpay; fijfs; Xtpa tbtpy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

61
 ,ay; 4

ngsj;j kjk; - nfsjk Gj;ju;

62
Gj;j kjk;

Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffspy; ,Ue;J cUthd

cyfpd; Kf;fpa kjq;fspy; ngsj;jk; xd;whFk;. Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfs; Gj;j
kugpd; mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wd. Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfspd; ,Wjp Nehf;fk;
xU egh; xU ey;y tho;f;ifia mila cjTtjhFk;.

kj Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:

Filtiufspy; cs;s Xtpak; kw;Wk; rpw;gq;fs; Gj;j tk;rhtspiar;

Nrh;e;jit@ nfsjk Gj;jh; (fp.K. 600-,y;) Xtpak; kw;Wk; rpw;gf;fiyf;F
vjpuhdth;. mth; jd;idg; gw;wpa glj;ijj; jil nra;jhu;. NkYk;> mth;
fd;dpah];jphpfspd; thpirapy; ngz;fis mDkjpf;fhj Miriaj;
J}z;Lk; tz;zkakhd Milfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
vy;yh tho;f;ifiaAk; typ vd;W czh;e;jhd;. Kf;jpia (eph;thzk;)
miltjw;fhd rpwe;j top> kfpo;r;rpf;fhf midtiuAk; mlf;FtjhFk;.

gpwF Vd; Jwtpfs; Gj;jhpd; glq;fisNah my;yJ Jwtpfspd;

cUtq;fisNah mtUila kw;Wk; rhj;jpakhd Gj;jhpd; glq;fisNah
tiue;jhh;fs;?

Gj;jhpd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> gy goq;FbapdUk; xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fSk;

'mwpnthspngw;wth;|| vd;w ek;gpf;ifia Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;. fy;tpawptw;w
kf;fSld;> fUj;Jf;fSf;F Kd; cUtq;fs; tUk;> ,e;j kjk; khwpath;fs;
Gj;jh; kw;Wk; mtuJ mtjhuq;fspd; cUtq;fis tzq;f tpUk;gpdh;.
,e;Jf;fs; jq;fs; flTs;fis tzq;Ffpwhh;fs; vd;gJ midtUk;
mwpe;jNj. Gj;j Jwtpfs; nfsjkhpd; Ke;ija mtjhuq;fisg; gw;wp gy
fijfis cUthf;fpdh;.

cjhuzkhf> mth; kw;nwhU gpwtpapy; xU fhyj;jpy; jhkiuahf

,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth; xU ahid. kw;nwhU gpwtpapy;> mth; ,sturuhf
,Ue;jhh;@ Jwtpfs; ,e;j kdpj fijfis tiue;jdh;. NkYk;> mit Gj;jhpd;
gy; my;yJ Kb ePy; Nghd;w epidTr;rpd;dq;fspd; kPJ> FwpaPl;L ];J}gp

63
my;yJ NkL fy;yiwf;F mUfpy; Gilg;Gfspy; nrJf;fg;gl;ld. ahj;hPfh;fs;
milahs Xtpak; kw;Wk; glq;fis tzq;fj; njhlq;fpdh;.

gpd;dh; Jwtpfs; ,e;j tifahd my;yJ topghl;il xU Gdpj

rlq;fhf tsh;j;jdh;. `Pdahdk; my;yJ ngsj;j ,d;g kWg;gpd; fl;lk;>
,t;thW nkJthf kfhahdkhf khWfpwJ> Miria Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
ngsj;jk;-Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; ,Ug;gpd; typia epidtpy; itj;jpUf;Fk;.

ngsj;jj;jpd; `Pdahd kw;Wk; k`hahd fl;lq;fspd; NtWghl;ilr;

RUf;fkhf ehk; $wyhk;:

`Pdahd ngsj;jk; kf;fisj; jq;fis ek;gp> rhpahd elj;ijapd;

vl;L topfisg; gpd;gw;Wk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lJ. Gj;jh; ,e;J flTisg;
Nghy; ,y;iy> mtiu topgLgth; cjtp Nfl;fyhk;. k`hahdk; Gj;jiu
Vwf;Fiwa flTs;fshf khw;wpaJ xUNtis ,e;J kjj;jpd; nry;thf;fpd;
fPo;> ,e;j jhuhsthj ek;gpf;if Njhd;wpa Neuj;jpy;> ngsj;jk; rq;fj;jpy;
ngz;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ> my;yJ Jwtpfs; kw;Wk; fd;dpah];jphpfspd;
thpirapy;> NkYk; rpy gapw;rpfspd; %yk; eph;thzj;ij mila kf;fSf;F
cjTtjhf rlq;Ffs; cWjpaspj;jJ. m[e;jh Filtiufs; nrJf;fg;gl;l
Neuj;jpy;> ngsj;jh;fs; ,e;Jf;fSf;F ,izahd cUtq;fis
cUthf;fpAs;sdh;.

Gj;jh; ghpeph;thzk; mile;j rpw;gk;

m[e;jhtpy; fhzg;gLk; Gj;jh; ngUk;ghYk; xU gf;fj;jpypUe;J

ghh;j;jhy; Gd;difg;ghh;> kW gf;fj;jpypUe;J ghh;j;jhy; Nrhfj;Jld; ,Ug;ghh;.
m[e;jh FiltiufspNyNa jdpr;rpwg;G kpf;f rpw;gkhff; fUjg;gLtJ> vz;
26-k; Filtiuapy; cs;s Gj;jhpd; ghpeph;thzf; fhl;rpjhd;. Gj;jh; ,wg;gjw;F
Kd;G xU gf;fkhfg; gLj;jpUf;fpwhh;. mtUf;Ff; fPNo mtuJ rPlh;fs;
midtUk; Nrhfj;Jld; mkh;e;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. Mdhy;> mtUf;F NkNy>
thDyfj; Njth;fs; midtUk; mtuJ tUifia vjph;ghh;j;J
Gd;difAld; fhj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. me;jf; Filtiu KOtJNk
capNuhl;lkhd rpw;gq;fs; epiwe;Js;sd.

64
ngsj;jj;jpd; Njhw;wk; vq;Fs;sJ?

o ngsj;jk; ,e;jpahtpy; 2>600 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;G njhlq;fpaJ.

mJ xU egiu khw;Wk; jpwidf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

o ,J njw;F kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspd; Kf;fpakhd

kjq;fspy; xd;whFk;.

o fp.K.563-,y; gpwe;j rpj;jhh;j;j fTjkhpd; Nghjidfs;> tho;f;if

mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ kjk;.

o mth; ,e;jpa-Neghs vy;iyf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s Yk;gpdpapy;

cs;s fgpy;t];Jtpy; ,Ue;J Ml;rp nra;j rhf;fpa Fyj;jpd;
mur FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.

o 29 tajpy;> nfsjkh; tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawp> nry;tk; epiwe;j

jdJ tho;f;ifia epuhfhpj;J> JwT my;yJ jPtpu Ra
xOf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;.

o 49 ehl;fs; njhlh;r;rpahd jpahdj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> nfsjkh; gPfhhpy;

cs;s Nghj;fah vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; xU kuj;jbapy; Nghjpia
(Qhdk;) mile;jhh;.

o Gj;jh; jdJ Kjy; gpurq;fj;ij cj;jpugpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s gdhu];

efUf;F mUfpy; cs;s rhuehj; fpuhkj;jpy; nra;jhh;. ,e;j epfo;T
jh;k - rf;uh - gputh;j;jdh (rl;lj;jpd; rf;fuj;ij jpUg;Gjy;) vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

o mth; jdJ 80-tJ tajpy; fp.K.483-,y; cj;jpugpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s

F\pefuh vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,we;jhh;. ,e;epfo;T k`hghpepu;thzk;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

65
Gj;j kjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;d?

o cyf ,d;gj;jpy; <LgLjy; kw;Wk; fLikahd kJtpyf;F kw;Wk;

Jwtwk; Mfpa ,uz;L cr;repiyfisj; jtph;f;FkhW Gj;jh;
jk;ikg; gpd;gw;Wgth;fis Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;.

o mjw;Fg; gjpyhf 'kj;jpak; khh;f;fk;|| my;yJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba

eLg; ghij vd;W mth; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

o mtiug; nghWj;jtiu> ngsj;jj;jpd; jdpj;Jtf; $Wfis

typAWj;Jtjd; %yk; xt;nthUtUk; tho;f;ifapy; jq;fs;
kfpo;r;rpf;F nghWg;ghdth;fs;.

o ngsj;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nghjidfs; ehd;F cd;dj cz;ikfs;

my;yJ Mhpa-rr;rdp kw;Wk; 'vl;L ghij|| my;yJ m];jq;fpfh
khh;f;fj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fUj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Gj;j kjj;jpd; ntt;NtW gs;spfs; ahit?

1. k`hahdk;

,J ngsj;j kjj;jpd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa gs;spfspy; xd;whFk;.

k`hahdk; vd;gJ rk];fpUj thh;j;ijahFk;. ,jd; nghUs; 'nghpa
thfdk;". ,J Gj;jhpd; nrhh;f;fj;ij ek;GfpwJ kw;Wk; Gj;jh; kw;Wk;
Nghjprj;Jth;fspd; rpiy topghL Gj;jhpd; ,ay;ig cs;slf;fpaJ. ,J tl
,e;jpah kw;Wk; fh\;kPhpy; Njhd;wp gpd;dh; fpof;Nf kj;jpa Mrpah> fpof;F
Mrpah kw;Wk; njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpd; rpy gFjpfspy; gutpaJ. rPdh>
nfhhpah> jpngj; kw;Wk; [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspy; gjpf;fg;gl;l Gj;j gs;spfs;
k`hahd ghuk;ghpaj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit.

66
2. `pdhadh

cz;ikapy; Fiwthd thfdk;. ,J Gj;jhpd; mry; Nghjid my;yJ

nghpath;fspd; Nfhl;ghl;il ek;GfpwJ. ,J rpiy topghl;by; ek;gpf;if
,y;iy kw;Wk; Ra xOf;fk; kw;Wk; jpahdj;jpd; %yk; jdpg;gl;l ,ul;rpg;ig
mila Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. Njuthlh xU `pdhadh gphpT.

3. Njuthj

,d;Ws;s Gj;jkjj;jpd; kpfg; goikahd fpis ,JthFk;. ,J

Gj;jhpd; mry; NghjidfSf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;sJ. Njuthj ngsj;jk;
,yq;ifapy; tsh;r;rpaile;J. gpd;dh; njd;fpof;fhrpahtpd; kw;w
gFjpfSf;Fk; gutpaJ. ,J fk;Nghbah> yhNth];> kpahd;kh;> ,yq;if
kw;Wk; jha;yhe;J Mfpa ehLfspy; kjj;jpd; Nkyhjpf;f tbtkhFk;.

4. t[;uahdk;

t[;uhadh vd;why; 'jz;lh;Nghy;l; thfdk;". ,J jhe;j;hPf ngsj;jk;

vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Gj;j gs;sp 900 CE-,y; ,e;jpahtpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J kw;w ngsj;j gs;spfSld; xg;gpLifapy; vN]hnjhpf;
$Wfs; kw;Wk; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd rlq;Ffis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.

5. n[d;

,J kfhahd ngsj;jj;jpd; xU gs;spahFk;. ,J lhq; tk;rj;jpd;

NghJ rPdhtpy; rPd ngsj;jj;jpd; n[d; gs;spahf Njhd;wp gpd;dh; gy;NtW
gs;spfshf tsh;e;jJ. ,J fp.gp.7-Mk; E}w;whz;by; [g;ghDf;F gutpaJ.
,e;j ngsj;j ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; kpfTk; jdpj;Jtkhd mk;rk; jpahdk;.

67
Kf;fpa ngsj;j E}y;fs; ahit?

o Gj;jhpd; Nghjid tha;nkhopahf ,Ue;jJ. mth; 45 Mz;Lfs;

fw;gpj;jhh;. mth; ciuahw;Wk; FOtpw;F Vw;wthW fw;gpj;jiy
khw;wpaikj;jhh;.

o rq;fj;jpdh; Nghjidfis kdg;ghlk; nra;jdh;. jpUtpohf;fs;

kw;Wk; rpwg;G epfo;Tfspy; FO XJjy;fs; ,Ue;jd.

o Nghjidfs; Kjy; fTd;rpypy; xj;jpif nra;ag;gl;L

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;ld kw;Wk; fp.K.483-,y; %d;W gplfhf;fshf
gphpf;fg;gl;ld.

o mtuJ Nghjidfs; fp.K.25-,y; ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;ld.

gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy; ngsj;jk; vt;thW gutpaJ?

Gj;jUf;F ,uz;L tifahd rPlh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. Jwtpfs; (gpf;\{fs;)

kw;Wk; rhjhuz topghl;lhsh;fs; (cghrpfh;fs;). mtuJ Nghjidfisg;
gug;Gk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Jwtpfs; rq;fj;jpy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;ldh;.
rq;fkhdJ [dehaf mbg;gilapy; Msg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; mjd;
cWg;gpdh;fspilNa xOf;fj;ij mky;gLj;j mjpfhuk; ngw;wJ.
rq;fj;jpdhpd; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpfspd; fhuzkhf> Gj;jh; tho;e;j
fhyj;jpYk; tl ,e;jpahtpy; ngsj;jk; Ntfkhf Kd;NdwpaJ. Gj;jhpd;
kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> mtiug; gpd;gw;Wgth;fs; mtuJ jpahdg; ghijapy;
gazpj;J fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Rw;wpj; jphpe;jdh;. 200 Mz;Lfshf> nghpa nkshpa
kd;dd; - mNrhfhpd; tUif tiu> ngsj;jk; mth;fspd; ,e;Jf;fshy;
kiwf;fg;gl;lJ. mtuJ fypq;f ntw;wpapd; ,uj;jf;fshpf;Fg; gpwF> Nguurh;
mNrhfh; cyf ntw;wpapd; nfhs;ifiaf; iftpl KbT nra;J> jk;k
ntw;wpia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. %d;whtJ ngsj;j rigapd; NghJ mNrhfh;
fhe;jhuh> fh\;kPh;> fphP];> ,yq;if> gh;kh (kpahd;kh;)> vfpg;J kw;Wk; jha;yhe;J
Nghd;w gy;NtW gFjpfSf;F gy;NtW ngsj;j J}Jfis mDg;gpdhh;.
mNrhfh; jdJ kp\dhp Kaw;rpapd; %yk; ngsj;jj;ij Nkw;F MrpahtpYk;
68
,yq;ifapYk; gug;gpdhh;. ,t;thW xU cs;Su; kjg;gphpT cyf kjkhf
khw;wg;gl;lJ.

,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F Gj;j kjj;jpd; gq;fspg;G vd;d?

m`pk;rhtpd; fUj;J mjd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ghFk;. gpd;dh;> mJ ek;

Njrj;jpd; Nerj;Jf;Fhpa kjpg;Gfspy; xd;whf khwpaJ. ,e;jpahtpd; fiy
kw;Wk; fl;blf;fiyf;F mjd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. rhQ;rp> gh;`j;
kw;Wk; fahtpy; cs;s ];J}gpfs; mw;Gjkhd fl;blf;fiyg; gFjpfs;. ,J
jf;\pyh> ehse;jh kw;Wk; tpf;ukrpyh Nghd;w FbapUg;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
%yk; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jpaJ. ghyp nkhop kw;Wk; gpw cs;h; nkhopfs; Gj;j
kjj;jpd; Nghjidfs; %yk; tsh;e;jd. ,J ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;ij
Mrpahtpd; gpw gFjpfSf;Fk; gutr; nra;jJ.

Gj;j kjj;Jld; njhlh;Gila And];Nfhtpd; ghuk;ghpa jsq;fs;

1. gPfhh;> ehse;jhtpy; cs;s ehse;jh k`htp`huj;jpd; njhy;nghUs; jsk;

2. rhQ;rpapy; cs;s Gj;j epidTr;rpd;dq;fs;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;

3. gPfhh;> Nghj;fahtpy; cs;s kfhNghjp Nfhapy; tshfk;

4. m[e;jh Fiffs; mTuq;fhghj;> kfhuh\;buh

69
 ,ay; 5

rhjthfdu;fspd; gq;F

70
 rhjthfdh;fspd; gq;fspg;G

fp.K. 2-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp. 2-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu

,e;jpahtpd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy Xtpaq;fSs; Kw;gl;lit rhjthfdh;

fhyj;jitahFk;. fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J fp.gp. ,uz;lhk;
E}w;whz;L tiu jf;fpzj;jpd; Nkk;gl;l ty;yurh;fs; rhjthfdh;jhk;. ,e;j
murh;fs; fhyj;jpy;> ngUk;ghYk; Nkw;fpe;jpahtpy; kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w rpy
ngsj;jf; Filtiufs; ntl;lg;gl;ld. m[e;jhtpd; kpfTk; Kw;gl;l
FiltiufSk; rhjthfdh; fhyj;jitjhk;. gh[h> mkuhtjp> rhQ;rpapy;
cs;s rhjthfdhpd; Kw;fhyr; rpw;gq;fis kpfTk; xj;j Xtpaq;fs;
m[e;jhtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; xd;gJ> gj;jhk;
Filtiufspy; Ftpe;Jfplf;fpd;wd.

Xtpaq;fs;> Rth;fisAk; J}z;fisAk; tpjhdq;fisAk;

epiwf;fpd;wd@ NfhjkGj;jhpd; tho;f;ifapypUe;Jk; [hjf mtjhdq;fspy;
$wg;gLk; mtuJ Kw;gpwtpf; fijfspy; ,Ue;Jk; cs;s fhl;rpfisr;
rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd. kyh;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l fiyg; gz;Gf; $Wfs;
(motifs) kpf;f jpwikAld; jPl;lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

,q;Nf cs;s xtpaq;fspd; Kw;gl;l fhyj;ij xd;gJ> gj;jhk;

Filtiufspy; fhZk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. m[e;jhtpd; ,t;tpU
Filtiufspy; fhZk; Xtpaq;fis fp.K. Kjy; ,uz;L E}w;whz;Lfspd;
rhjthfdr; rpw;gq;fNshL xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;g;gJ gad; jUtjhFk;. fy;ntl;Lf;fs;
fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L gpuhkp vOj;Jf;fshyhdit. mjdhy; mNdfkhf
Xtpaq;fs; rhjthfdhpd; Muk;g fhyj;jit vdf; $wyhk;. tpjprhtpd; je;jr;
rpw;gpfshy; nrJf;fg;gl;l rhQ;rp Njhuzthapypd; fy;ntl;L xd;W $WtJ
Nghy mJTk; mth; fhyj;jJ vdf; nfhs;syhk;. ,t;thW> ,e;jpahntq;Fk;
cs;s Fg;j> thfhlf ,ilf;fhy Xtpaq;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbfshf
,t;Nthtpaq;fs; mikfpd;wd.

71
xd;gjhk; Filtiu

mofpa Kfg;Gld; $ba xU Nrjpa miw. mjd; eLf;$lk;>

miutl;l xJf;fplk;> gf;fr; rpiwfs; KOJk; J}z;fs; rk ,ilntspfspy;
thpirahf epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. miutl;l xJf;fplj;jpd; gf;fkhf Xh;
cj;Njrpf ];J}gk; ,Uf;fpwJ. fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;Lr; rpw;gf; fiyapd;
Muk;gj; jdpr; rpwg;Gg; gz;G fisj; J}z;fSk; Nrjpaj;jpd; gpw ghfq;fSk;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. Filtiuapy; Xtpaq;fs; xd;wpd;Nky; xd;whf ,uz;L
g+r;Rf;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. Ke;jpaJ Filtiu ntl;lg;ngw;w fhyj;jJ>
gpe;jpaJ fp.gp. Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jJ.

gj;jhk; Filtiu

miutl;l xJf;fplj;jpd; filrpapy; gpuhh;j;jid epiw Ntw;w Ntz;b

mspf;fg;gl;l ];J}gk; cs;s Nrjpa miwfSs; ,q;Nf fhyj;jhy;
Kw;gl;lJ. Kfg;gpd; ed;nfhilahsh; trpjpGj fj`b vd;gth; vdf;
Fwpf;Fk; fp.K. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;L xd;W ,jpy; cz;L.
Nghjpkuj;ijj; njhOtijAk;> rhk [hjfj;ijAk;> \l;je;j [hjfj;ijAk;
,q;Nf cs;s Xtpaq;fs; rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd.

RUq;ff;$wpd; rhk [hjfk; gpd;tUkhW:

Kd; gpwtp xd;wpy; Nghjprj;Jth; fz;zpy;yhg; ngw;Nwhh;fSf;Fg;

gpwe;jhh;. mg;nghOJ> mth; ngah; rhkd; vd;gJ@ tdj;jpy; Jwtpfsha;
tho;e;j ngw;Nwhh;fSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;Jte;jhh;. Mw;wpy; Flj;jpy; ePh;
epiwj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jnghOJ Ntl;ilahlr; nrd;wpUe;j thuzhrp murdhy;
mk;nga;J nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. jhd; nra;j tUe;jj;jf;f jtiwg; gpd;dNu murd;
czh;e;jhd;. rhkdplkpUe;J cjtpaw;w mtd; ngw;Nwhh;fisg;gw;wpj; njhpe;J
mth;fs; md;Gf;Fhpa Gjy;tdpd; ,lj;ij epug;Gtjhfr; nrhy;yp mtd;
Kd;te;jhd;. Jizaw;w ngw;Nwhh;fspd; Mo;e;j Jauj;ijg; ghh;j;J
,uf;fq;nfhz;L xU ngz;nja;tk; mth;fSf;Ff; fz;ghh;it
mspj;jNjhly;yhJ mth;fs; Gjy;tidAk; caph;g;gpj;J mspj;jJ.
Ntl;ilahLk; murd;> mk;ghy; ijf;fg;gl;l rhkd;> foptpuf;fk; nfhz;l

72
murd;> rhkdpd; tUe;Jk; ngw;Nwhh;fs;. kPz;Lk; caph;ngw;nwOe;j rhkd;
Mfpa fhl;rpfis vy;yhk; Xtpak; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ.

\l;je;j [hjfk;

rpwe;j ahidahfg; gpwe;J> kfhRgj;jh> Ry;yRgj;jh vd;Dk; jd; ,U

murpaUld; ,kakiyaUNf xU jhkiuf; Fsj;jpy; ahidf;$l;lj;jpd;
jiytdhf ey;y epiyapy; tho;e;j Nghjprj;Jthpd; fijiag; ngsj;j
epidTr; rpd;dq;fspy; mbf;fb fhl;lg;gLk; \l;je;j [hjfk; tpthpf;fpwJ.
jd; jiytdpd; md;Gf;Fhpats; kfhRgj;jh vdr; Ry;yRgj;jh
nghwhiknfhz;L> jd; rf;fsj;jpaplk; jdpg; gw;Wf; fhl;ba MW nfhk;Gs;s
ahidaplk; tQ;re;jPh;f;f thuzhrp Njrj;J murpahfg; gpwf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w
gpuhh;j;jidAld; ,we;jhs;. ,sturpaha;g; gpwe;jNghJ mts;
Neha;tha;g;gl;bUg;gjhfg; ghrhq;F nra;J gpzpiaj; jPh;f;f \l;je;jdpd;
nfhk;Gfisf; nfhz;Ltuf; Nfhhpdhs;.

thp tbtk; 1

ah];jhdpiag; ghh;j;J
murp kaq;Ffpwhs;: \l;je;j [hjfk;> rhjthfdh;> fp.K. 2Mk; E}w;whz;L>
10Mk; Fif> m[e;jh

73
 ,jw;nfd mDg;gg;gl;l NrhDj;jud; vd;Dk; Ntld; tpyq;iff;
fhag;gLj;jpdhd;. Mdhy;> \l;je;jd; nfhbatid kd;dpj;Jj; jd;
nfhk;Gfis kdKte;J mspj;jhd;. murp nfhk;Gfisg; ghh;j;j mstpy;
kaf;fKw;W tpOe;jhs;. gpwF foptpuf;fk; epuk;g kdkpoe;J kbe;jhs; (t.t.1).

nghpa Mykuj;jpd; mUNf jhkiuf; Fsj;jpy; MW nfhk;Gs;s

ahidAk; mtdJ murpaUk; elj;jpa ,d;g tho;f;if> thuzhrp murp
NehAw;wpUg;gjhfg; ghrhq;F nra;jy;> nfhk;Gfisf; nfhz;Ltu Ntlid
mDg;Gjy;> mtd; mtw;iw ntl;b murpaplk; nfhzh;jy;> mts; ghh;j;J
kaf;fKWjy; ,tw;iw xtpaq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

fp.gp. ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpr; rhjthfdr; rpw;gq;fisg; Nghd;w

Xtpaj;JZf;Ffs; Ngl;rh Filtiuapy; Nguhrphpah; ONthJg;uhahy;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,q;Nf cs;s Xh; ,seq;ifapd; cUtk; mofhdJ.
xw;iwtl Kj;Jkhiy mzpe;J> Neh;j;jpahf nespe;Jepw;Fk; ,e;j cUtk;
mkuhtjpapYk; fhh;yhtpYk; cs;s ,JNghd;w cUtq;fis
epidTgLj;JfpwJ. fpwp];J rfhg;jj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpNyNa ,e;jpaf; fiyf;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gut Muk;gpj;Jtpl;l rPdj; JUf;fp];jhdj;Jj; jz;ld;
xypf;fpy; cs;s jhkiuf; Fsj;Jg; ngz;zpd; Xtpaj;Jld; ,ij xg;gpl;Lg;
ghh;g;gJ ey;yJ.

muR midj;J kjq;fSf;Fk; gue;j kw;Wk; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik nfhz;l

nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpajhy;> rhjthfd fhyk; ngsj;jj;jpw;F rhjfkhf
,Ue;jJ. `Pdahd kw;Wk; k`hahd ngsj;jk; ,uz;bYk; muR
Neh;kiwahd mZFKiwiaf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ngsj;jk; ehL KOtJk;
gutpaJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> Muk;gfhy rhjth`dh; fhyj;jpy; `pdahd kjk;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ> mNj rkak; k`hahd topghl;L Kiw gpw;fhyj;jpy;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. rhjth`dh; fhyk; m[e;jhtpy; cs;s goikahd
Filtiufshy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,th;fsJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;> irj;a
Filtiufs; 8> 9 kw;Wk; 10 kw;Wk; tp`hiu Filtiufs; 12 kw;Wk; 13
Mfpait fl;lg;gl;ld. tzpfg; ghijapy; gazpj;j tzpfh;fSk; Filtiu
fl;Lkhdj;jpy; gq;fspj;jdh;.

74
Filtiu 8

m[e;jhtpy; cs;s xU Kbf;fg;glhj tp`hiu MFk;. ,J kpff;

Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ kw;Wk; klq;fspy; goikahdjhf
,Uf;fyhk;. Kd;gf;fk; nghpa gFjpfshf mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kz;lgj;jpd; xt;nthU KidapYk; ,uz;L nry;fs; kw;Wk; fUtiwapd;
,UGwKk; ,uz;L miwfs; nfhz;l xU rpwpa klkhf ,J ,Uf;fyhk;.

Filtiu 9

m[e;jhtpy; cs;s goikahd irj;aq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,J fp.K.1-

Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jJ kw;Wk; `Pdahd ngsj;j ek;gpf;iff;F
nrhe;jkhdJ. ntspg;Gwj;jpy;> ,J nrt;tfkhf cs;sJ. Mdhy;> cs;Ns
,Ugj;jp %d;W (23) J}z;fs; Nky;Gwk;> mij xU Net;> xU mg;]; kw;Wk;
,ilfopfshf gphpf;fpwJ.

Filtiu 12

`pdahd tp`hiu> Filtiu 12 goikahd ntl;lg;gl;l

Filtiufspy; xd;whFk;. ,J fp.K. 150-f;F Ke;ijaJ. mjd; KO Kd;
Rth; kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. gpd; Rthpy; cs;s fy;ntl;bd; gb> fdhkjhjh vd;w
tzpfuhy; ,e;j Filtiu klhyaj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Filtiu 13

fp.gp. Kjy; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;j xU rpwpa tp`hiuahFk;.

kz;lgj;jpd; %d;W gf;fq;fspYk; VO fyq;fs; cs;sd. xt;nthd;Wk;
,uz;L fy;gLf;iffs; kw;Wk; cah;j;jg;gl;l fy; jiyaizfs; cs;sd.
nry;fs; kpfTk; rpwpajhf ,Ug;gjhy;> mit jq;Fkplq;fshf (yadfphp`h)
kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

75
 ,ay; 6

Fg;jhpd; Xtpaq;fs;

76
 Fg;jhpd; Xtpaq;fs;

(Njhuh. fp.gp. 300-600)

Mhpa rkaKk;> rkaf; fiyfSk; kpfr; rPhpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;W

kpsph;e;j fhyNk Fg;jUila fhykhFk;. vdNt jhd; ,f;fhyj;ijg;
'nghw;fhyk;|| vd miof;fpd;wdh;. fq;ifr; rkntsp KOtJk; Mhpa
rkak; MSikNahL muNrhr;rpaJnad rPdg;gazp ghfpahd; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
MapDk; Gj;jKk;> rkzKk; caph;ngw;wpUe;jd vd;gijAk; ehk; mwpfpNwhk;.
fp.gp. 454-,y; thyhgpapy; $ba rkz khehL RNtjhk;guh;fspd; rka
xOf;fq;fisj; njhFj;J ntspapl;lJ vd;gijAk;> Nkw;fpe;jpahtpYk;>
njd;dpe;jpahtpYk; ,g;gphptpdh; nropg;ghf tsk;ngw;wd vd;gijAk;
mwpfpNwhk;. ,ijg;NghyNt Gj;j rkaKk; Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; 'kltho;f;if||
newpf;fhd jpl;lq;fis tFj;jnjd;gijAk;> tRte;J Nghd;w Gj;j
Mrphpah;fs; Fg;jh;fshy; Nghw;wpf; fhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gijAk; mwpfpNwhk;.
rpwg;ghf Mhpa rkak; kWkyh;r;rp ngw;w ,f;fhyj;jpy; tsh;e;j gy;NtW
fiyfspy; XtpaKk; tsh;r;rpngw;wd vd;gJ rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

,f;fhyj;jpy; ghf;> m[e;jh> rpfphpah> rpj;jd;dthry; Kjypa

,lq;fspy; Kjd; Kjyhf Xtpaf;fiy rpwg;Gw tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ.
,tw;iwg; gpd;gw;wpj;jhd; thfhlfh;fSk; jq;fs; ehl;by; Xtpaf;fiyiag;
gug;gpdhh;fs;. m[e;jhtpy; cs;s gjpdhwhtJ> gjpNdohtJ
FiltiufspYs;s Xtpaq;fs; Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; jPl;lg;gl;litnadf;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,it Njhuh. fp.gp. 500-y; jPl;lg;gl;bUf;fyhnkdf;
fUjg;gLfpwJ. gj;njhd;gjhtJ FifapYs;s Xtpaq;fSk; Fg;jh;
fhyj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit vd;fpd;wdh;. FthypahpYs;s ghf; Fiffspy;
fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fs; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jitad;Wk;> ,it m[e;jhf;
Filtiufspy; fhzg;gLk; Fg;jh; fhy xtpaq;fSf;F vt;tifapYk;
Fiwe;jitay;y vd;Wk; gh;. tp. V. rpkpJ Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. rpfphpahtpYs;s
Xtpaq;fspy; ngz;fs; Gj;jUf;Fg; gilf;fg; g+f;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;
fhl;rp rpwg;ghfr; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; m[e;jh Filtiu Xtpaj;jpw;F
mij xg;gplKbahJ. Nkw;$wpaahTk; ,e;jpahpd; nghJthd Mj;kpf
czh;r;rpia cs;slf;fpAs;s xtpaq;fNs vd;Wk;> ,j;jifa czh;r;rp

77
,e;jpahtpypUe;J Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy; Mrpah KOtJk; gutpapUe;jij ,it
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;Wk; jpU. Mde;jf; Fkhurhkp Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

m[e;jhf; Filtiu Xtpaq;fs;

fp.gp. ehd;fhk;> Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Filag;gl;litahff;

fUjg;gLk; m[e;jhf; Filtiufspy; ,uz;lhtJ Filtiuapy;
fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk;> gjpNdohtJ Filtiuapd; tyg;Gwr; Rthpy;
fhzg;gLk; Xtpaq;fSk; rpk;k mtjhdk; vd;Dk; Gj;jhpd; gok; gpwg;gpaf;
fijiar; rpj;jphpg;gitahf cs;sd.

,uz;lhtJ Filtiuapy; cs;s MUjp vd;Dk; Nfhapypy; Ie;J

ngz;fs; topghl;Lg; (Muhjid) nghUs;fSld; nry;Ytijr; rpj;jphpf;Fk;
Xtpak; xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ. mth;fspy; ,lJ gf;fj;jpd; Xuj;jpy; epw;Fk;
ngz;zpd; jiy kaph; kyh;fshy; gpd;dg;gl;Lj; Njhspy; Gus;fpwJ.
mtSila ,lf;ifapd; tpuy;fSk; tpag;igj; njhptpf;Fk; ghd;ikapy;
jPl;lg;ngw;Ws;sd. mts; tyf;ifapy; xU $iAs;sJ. mts; mUfpy;
epw;Fk; kw;nwhU ngz;zpd; $e;jy; NrhlidAk;> ghh;itapd; moFk;
rPuhfTs;sd. Ie;jhtJ ngz; xU igaidg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhs;.
me;jg; igaDk;> mtDf;Fg; gpd;GwKs;s igaDk; jq;fs; fhy;fSf;F
,ilapy; xU Nfhiyg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;. mth;fSf; fPNo ehd;F
ngz;fs; tpisahbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdh;. ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; xU thiokuk;
epw;fpd;wJ. mjpy; tphpfpd;w FUj;Jk;> fhw;wpNy fpope;J RUz;bUf;Fk;
,iyfSk; ,aw;iahfNt mike;Js;sd.

Fg;jh;fhy Xtpaf;fiyiag; gw;wp mwpQh;fspd; GfOiufs;

gh;. tp. v/R. mfh;thy; Xtpaf;fiy Fg;jh; fhyj;jpy;jhd;

KOikngw;wJ vd;fpwhh;. ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; m[e;jh> ghf; Filtiufspy;
kl;LNkay;yhJ> njw;Nf rpj;jd;dthrypYk;> fly; fle;J <oehl;by;
rpfphpahtpYk; xspaf;fiy cyfg;Gfo; ngWksT tsh;e;jJ vd;fpwhh;. ,f;fhy
Xtpaq;fs; khe;jiu kl;LNk RUg;nghUshff; nfhs;shky;> tpyq;FfisAk;>
gwitfisAk;> nrb nfhbfisAk;> mz;lntspg; nghUs;fisAk; gilj;J
78
moifAzh;e;J> cs;sj;Js; kiwe;Js;s Md;kpf moif mwpaj;
Jz;bdntd;gJk; mtUila GfOiuahFk;.

gh;. Mh;. b. ghdh;rp vd;ghh; fp.gp. ehd;fhk;> Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;

tl,e;jpahtpypUe;j khe;jhpd; Nfhl;ghLfis vz;zq;fisf; Fg;jh;
fhyf;fiy vjpnuhspj;j;jhy; ,jid 'kWkyh;r;rpf; fiy|| vdyhk; vd;fpwhh;.
,jpYs;s fiy EZf;fk;> tpiug;G (cj;Ntfk;)> ,aw;ifia
ntspf;fhl;Lk; Kiw Mfpatw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ> ,aw;ifapd; ,dk;
Ghpahj Xireak; Kjypait espdj;NjhL xsptpLtij Nehpy; fhzyhk;
vd;fpwhh; fhh;bq;ld;. Czh;fs; (Huns)> ,Ryhkpah;fs; KjypNahhpd;
gilnaLg;GfSf;Fg; gpd;Dk; ,q;Fkq;Fkhf vQ;rpepw;Fk; xUrpy
Fg;jh;fspd; fiyfisf; fhZk;NghJ ghzUk;> Athd;-Rthq;Fk;
kpifg;gLj;jpf; $wtpy;iy nad;gJ njspthfpwnjd;W vr;. [p. ,uhtpy;rd;
vd;ghh; $Wfpwhh;.

Fg;jhpd; rkfhy Xtpakhd GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F mUfpYs;s

rpj;jd;dthry; XtpakhFk;. ,Nj fhyj;jpy; <oj;jpy; rpfphpah vd;Dkplj;jpy;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s Xtpak; ngz;fs; Gj;jf; NfhapYf;F mzp tFj;Jr; nry;y>
mth;fspd; g+irg;nghUs;fis Ve;jpathW gzpg;ngz;fs; gpd; nry;Yfpd;w
fhl;rp kdj;ijf; ftUfpwJ. ,J fp.gp. 479-f;Fk; 497-f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
fhyj;jpy; jPl;lg;gl;lJ.

79
 ,ay; 7

tfhlfu;fspd; gq;F

80
 tfhl murh;fspd; gq;fspg;G

fp.gp. 4-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 6-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu

jf;fpzj;jpy; rhjthfdiu mLj;J thfhlfh; te;jdh;. mth;fs;

Mw;wy; kpf;f murh;fs;@ ghurpth;fSlDk;> Fg;jh;fSlDk; jpUkz
cwTnfhz;bUe;jdh;. mkuhtjpapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fp.gp.,uz;lhk;
E}w;whz;Lf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; Kjd; Kjyhf thfhlfh; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdh;.
,t;thW fpU\;zh gs;sj;jhf;fpypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;J te;J Njhw;Wtpj;j
,th;fs; muR> gpe;jpa E}w;whz;Lfspy; nkJthf tsh;e;jJ vdj;
Njhd;WfpwJ. thfhlf murh; gputuNrdh; kpFe;j ,yf;fpag; Gyik
tha;e;jtuhf khj;jpuk; md;wpf; fiyf;Fk;> mofpd; vy;yh tbtq;fSf;Fk;
Gutyuhf ,Ue;jhh; vdj; njhpfpwJ. m[e;jhtpy; cs;s rpy Filtiufspy;
thfhlfh; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,tw;wpd;
fhyj;ijj; jPh;khdkhff; Fwpg;gpl;L Nkw;$wpa murh;fs; fhyj;jit ,it
vdf; $wp tplyhk;.

njhd;ikahd Filtiufs; rhjthfdh; fhyj;Jf; fl;ll mikg;gpd;

kpfj; njhd;ikahd $Wfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. rhjthfdh; fhyj;jdtw;iw
xj;j ,q;Fs;s J}z;fSk;> ntspg;Gwj;ij myq;fhpf;Fk; NtypAk;> Nrjpa
rhsuq;fSk; mf;fhyj;jpy; Gj;jh;gpuhid kdpj cUtpy; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ
,Of;F vd;w fUj;J epytpajhy; ,q;Fs;s cj;Njrpf ];J}gj;jpy; Gj;jh;
kdpj cUtpy; fhz;gpf;fg;glhjJk;> fhyr; rhd;Wfshfpd;wd. ,e;jf;
Filtiufs; ,t;thwpUf;f> fhyj;jhy; rw;Wg; gpe;jpa Filtiufspy; Fg;j-
thfhlf fhyj;ijr; rhh;e;j Ntiyg;ghlike;j J}z;fSk;> NghjpiffSk;>
rhsu mikg;gpd; rpw;g Kjph;r;rpAk;> mjpfkhd rpw;g myq;fhuq;fSk;>
Nrjpaj;jpy; cj;Njrpf ];J}gj;jpd; gf;fq;fspy; njspthf kdpj cUtpy;
nrJf;fg;gl;l Gj;jh; cUtKk; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.

m[e;jhtpy;> Kf;fpakhfg; gpe;jpa Filtiufspy; cs;s rpw;gq;fs;

thfhlfh; fhyj;J KOtsh;r;rpapd; cah;e;j epiyiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
tlf;NfapUe;j Fg;jf; fiyf;Fr; rkfhyj;jjhd jf;fpzj;jpd; thfhlff;
fiyia Muha ,tw;iwg; ghh;f;fpYk; rpwe;j rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.

81
 m[e;jhtpd; Rth;fs;> J}z;fs;> tpjhdq;fs; KOJk; Xtpaq;fs;
epiwe;jpUf;fpd;wd. ehafhpd; tho;f;ifapypUe;Jk; mtuJ
Kw;gpwtpfisg;gw;wpa [hjf mtjhdq;fspypUe;Jk; cs;s fhl;rpfisAk;>
kyh;fisAk;> tpyq;FfisAk; nfhz;l fiyg; gz;Gf; $WfisAk;
tpsf;Fk; ngsj;jf; fiyapd; nghpa fhl;rpf;$lkhf mit mikfpd;wd.
filrpapy;nrhy;yg;gl;l fiyg; gz;Gf; $Wfs; kpFe;j jdprpwg;Gg;
gz;Gtha;e;j gy;tiff; Nfhyq;fspy; jpwikahfg; Gidag;gl;Ls;sd.

tfhlf kd;dh;fspd; mur Mjutpd; fhuzkhf> m[e;jhtpy; cs;s

k`hahd Filtiufs; kpfr; rpwe;jit. ,e;jpahtpd; kj;jpag; gFjpf;F
nghw;fhyj;ijf; nfhz;L te;j ngUik Fg;j kd;dh;fs; vd;why;> tfhlfh;fs;
mij jf;fhzj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;jdh;. tfhlf tk;rk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;w tk;rkhFk;.

m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspd; tpsf;fq;fs; m[e;jh Xtpaq;fs; vQ;rpapUf;Fk;

gz;ila ,e;jpa fiyapd; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfspy; xd;whFk;.,it
And];Nfhtpd; $w;Wg;gb> ,e;jpa fiyia ghjpj;j Gj;j kjf;fiyapd;
jiyrpwe;j gilg;Gfs;. m[e;jhtpd; Xtpaq;fs; Xtpaq;fis tpl
RtNuhtpaq;fshFk;.

Gj;jh; kw;Wk; m[e;jh Filtiufspy; ,Ue;JtUk; gpw glq;fs;

Gj;jhpd; Kfk; Nghd;w cah;e;j Fzq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J
mikjp kw;Wk; rpwe;j fz;zpaj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. nrJf;fg;gl;l
midj;J rpw;gq;fSk; kpfTk; ntspg;gilahd Kfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
mth;fs; ,uf;fKk; md;Gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ehf cUtq;fs;> `hpjp kw;Wk;
gQ;rpfh cUtq;fs;> Gj;jhpd; k`hghpeph;thzk;> Gj;jhpd; rydffhl;rp
Nghd;wit kpf Kf;fpakhdit.

82
 XtpaDk; Xtpa KiwAk;

gw;Nwhtpa Kiw (tempera)

m[e;jhtpy; Xtpak; jPl;Lk; Kiw gw;Nwhtpa Kiw (tempera). ,q;F

cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs;fs; kpf vspait. nrq;fhtp> kQ;rl;fhtp>
Giff;fWg;G> fe;jff; fdpkfpapd; ePyk;> nts;is vdr; rpw;g E}y;fspy;
vy;yhk; tof;fkhf tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Itif tz;zq;fSk; ,q;Nf
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghiwapd;kPJ g+rg;gl;l Kjy; tz;zg;g+r;R ckpAk; gprpDk;
Nrh;j;j fspkz;zhyhdJ. ,jw;FNky; Rz;zhk;G g+rg;gl;L> ed;F
nkJthf;fg;gl;L> gsgsg; ghf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jj; jsj;jpy; Xtpaq;fs;
jPl;lg;ngw;wd. fhpa gOg;G epwj;jpNyh> fWg;G epwj;jpNyh cUtiug;glk;
tiuag;gl;Lg; gpwF tz;zq;fs; Nrh;f;fg;gl;ld. rpw;g E}y;fspy;
gj;u[th;j;jid vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;s Gs;spfs;> NfhLfs; ,Lk; Kiwfspd;
nra;tpsf;fkhfNt fPw;WfSk; Gs;spfSk; jPl;b xspepoypd; tpisTfs;
ngwg; gl;ld. m[e;jhtpy; jPl;lg;ngw;w Xtpa cUtq;fspy; fhZk; NfhLfs;
xU epr;ra ghtj;JlDk;> tise;Jk;> cUt> Mo> nrOikAlDk;
,Uf;fpd;wd. ,it Mw;wy;tha;e;j cUtiug;glj;ijg; GfOk; tpj;jrhy
gQ;rpifapd; thpfis epidt+l;Lfpd;wd. 'KO cUtKk; vspaKiwapy;
tiue;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ||. tiuag;gl;l rpy NfhLfNs $l cUtj;jpd; KOg;
gyidAk; mspj;JtpLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhf> m[e;jhtpy; cs;s fiy
ty;Yeh;fs;> 'Mw;wy;tha;e;j NfhLfisf; fiyapd; cr;rkhf Mrhhpah;fs;
ghuhl;Lfpwhh;fs;|| vd tp\;Z jh;Nkhj;juj;jpy; $wpagb> cUtiug;glj;jpd;
cah;it ep&gpj;Jf; fhl;bAs;sdh;.

m[e;jh Xtpad; jd;idr;Rw;wpAs;s tho;f;ifiaAk;> kpf;f

moFtha;e;j ,aw;iff; fhl;rpfisAk; Mo;e;j mDjhgj;JlDk;>
Efh;Tzh;TlDk; $h;e;J ftdpj;jpUf;fpwhd;. jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffspd;
tho;f;if mtd; ftdj;ij kpfTk; J}z;bapUf;fpwJ. jPl;bf; fhl;Ltjw;fhfj;
Njh;e;njLj;j nghUl;fs; [Pt Ie;JNth> jhtuq;fNsh vJthdhYk;
mg;nghUl;fis mtd; md;Gld; ifahz;bUf;fpwhd;.

83
 gj;jhk; Filtiuapy; Mykuj;jpdbapypUf;Fk; ahidfs;> gjpNdohk;
Filtiuapy; `k;] [hjfj;jpy; cs;s md;dq;fs;> mNj Filtiuapd;
kpf [hjfj;jpy; cs;s khd; Mfpad> tpyq;FfisAk;> gwitfisAk; jPl;l
Xtpad; vt;thW MjuTld; mZfpdhd; vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; rpy rhd;Wfs;
vdf; nfhs;syhk;. muritapd; gsgsf;Fk; rpwg;igAk;> ehl;Lg;Gw
tho;f;ifapd; vspikiaAk;> kuq;fslh;e;j #oypdpilNa Jwtpapd;
mikjpahd tho;f;ifiaAk; jPl;Ltjpy; ,td; ty;ytdhf ,Ue;jhd;.

Xtpaj;jpd; MW mq;fq;fs;

&gNgjk; (cUt NtWghL)> gpukhzk; (rhpahd msT)> ghtk;

(kdntOr;rpia tpsf;Fjy;)> yhtz;a Nah[dk; (mo$l;Ljy;)> rhjpUr;ak;
(cUt xw;Wik)> th;zpfhgq;fk; (NkLgs;sq;fisAk; jpl;gj;ijAk;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; Kiwapy; tz;zq;fisf; fyg;gJ) vd;Dk; Xtpaj;jpd; MW
mq;fq;fis (\lq;fj;ij) tpsf;Fk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; m[e;jhtpd;
,e;j Xtpaq;fspy; cs;sd. ,q;Nf fhZk; tbtq;fspd; tifg;ngUf;fk;
cz;ikapNyNa ek;g Kbahjjhf cs;sJ. ,q;Fs;s Xtpah;fs; kdpj>
kpUf> kutpd cUtj;jpd; gue;j rpf;fy;tha;e;j KOikiaj; jd;tag;gLj;jpj;
jq;fs; fw;gidf;F vy;iyaw;w ,lk;nfhLj;J> vz;zpyhf; Nfhyq;fis
,aw;wpdhh;. m[e;jh fiy ty;YeDf;Fj; jdp cUtq;fspd; msTg;
nghUj;jq;fs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghL ,Ue;jJ khj;jpuk; md;wp> mtw;iwf; $l;lkhf
,izj;J KOik jUk; jpwDk; ,Ue;jJ. mtd; ,j;jifa rpwe;j fiyg;
gilg;Gf;fis cUthf;fpAs;shd;. goq;fijfspd; fhl;rpfis tpthpg;gjpy;
kdntOr;rp mjd; cah;epiyia milfpwJ. rpy cUtq;fspy; cs;s eak;
yhtz;a Nah[dj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. |Ntre;ju [hjfj;jpy;|
fhzg;gLtJ Nghd;w cUtq;fs; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gj; jPl;lg;ngw;Ws;sd.
cUtg;glj; jPl;lypd; gz;Geyk; njspthfg; Gyg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhjpUr;ak;
ed;F ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

,sturid kfj;Jtj;jpd; cUtkhfTk;> Jwtpia vspikahfTk;>

Viog; gpuhkzidg; gpbthjkhd gpr;irf;fhudhfTk; Ntre;ju [hjfk;
th;zpf;fpwJ.

84
 jq;fs; njhopypy; Mo;e;jpUf;Fk; gy;NtW tpahghhpfis ,sturd;
Ntre;jpuDk;> mtd; kidtpAk; cyhr;nry;Yk; jiyikr;rhiy topNa>
jPl;bf;fhl;Lk; ,Ugj;jpNaohk; Fiff; fhl;rp> gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; tzpf
tho;f;ifapd; mofpa rpj;jpukha; mikfpwJ. gjpNdohk; Filtiuapy; cs;s
'<oj;jpd; fiuia miljy;|| vd;Dk; Xtpak; murDf;Fhpa cah;tpd; xU
kpfr; rpwe;j cUtikg;G. me;jg;Guj;jpNyh> Njhl;lj;jpNyh cs;s muridAk;
mtd; NjtpiaAk; fzNeuj;Jf;Ff; fhl;Lk; muz;kidapd; cl;Gwk; murit
Xtpadpd; ghh;itapdpd;Wk; xd;Wk; xspf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

thp tbtk; 2.
Neaf;fuk; fOj;ijg; gpd;d neUq;fpj; jOTjy; thfhlfh;> fp.gp. 5Mk;
E}w;whz;L> Fif 17> m[e;jh

Neaf;fuk; fOj;ijg; gpd;d neUq;fpj; jOTk; Neh;j;jpiaAk;>

fhjw;ngz;zpd; filf; fz; tPr;Rf;fisAk; mtdhy; jPl;lKbAk;.
,NjNghd;w nghUspd; NtnwhU rhd;W ,sturp xg;gid nra;tJ.
Njtijfisr; rpj;jphpg;gjpy; xtpadpd; fw;gid cah;it ntspaplg;
gjpNdohk; Filtiuapy; cs;s thdj;jpNy nry;Yk; fe;jUth;fisf;
fhl;bYk; rpwe;j rhd;Wfs; mNefkhf NtW ,y;iy. fhjypUtuJ kdkfpo;
fhl;rpapd; jiyrpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; m[e;jhtpy; cs;sd. gjpNdohk;
Filtiuapd; Eiothapypd; NkNy xU thpir KOtJk; ,j;jifa
fhl;rpfs; cs;sd.

gy;tif ghtj;Njhw;w epiyfis cUthf;Ftjpy; thfhlf

XtpaDf;fpUe;j gy;Jiwg; Gyik ,q;Fs;s gy fztd; kidtpahpd;
cUtq;fs; %yk; njspthfpwJ. Kjw;Filtiuapy; 'khu jhprdKk;||>
85
gjpNdohk; Filtiuapy; 'thdpypUe;J Gj;jh; fPNo rhq;fPrhtpy; ,wq;FtJk;||>
Kjw;Filtiuapy; ',sturh; rpj;jhh;j;jUk;> aNrhjiuAk;|| Nghd;w rpwe;j
nghUs;fisg; gw;wpg; gy kNdhepiyfspy; ehafhpd; gygl;l Njhw;wq;fis
cd;djkhf Xtpag;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;wthW> fiyQh;fs; jq;fs;
kNdhgf;Ftj;ij cah;j;jpf;nfhz;ldh;. tpjhdq;fspy; md;dq;fs;>
gwitfs;> tpj;jpahju rjpgjpfs;> kq;fsfukhd rq;Ffs;> jhkiufs;> mUk;G
Kjy; kyh; <whf cs;s jhkiuAld; $ba nespe;J nespe;J nry;Yk;
Nth;j;jz;Lfs;> jhs;fs;> nghpjhfg; gue;j ,iyfs; ,tw;iwf; fhl;Lk; ePz;l
Xtpaj; njhlh;fSk;> Xu Xtpaq;fSk; fiytsk; nrwpe;j gy;tiff;
Nfhyq;fis Mf;Fk;. fiyQdpd; jpwikia ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

m[e;jhtpy; fhzg;gLk; thfhlf kuGfs; Ke;jpa rhjthfd

fhyj;jpdpd;Wk; ngwg;gLgit. mkuhtjpr; rpw;gq;fspd; vjpnuhypNghy; ,q;Nf
fhzg;gLk; gy Xtpaq;fspypUe;J ,ij ed;F czuyhk;. Fg;j-thfhlf
fhyj;Jr; rpwg;gpay;ghd Kj;Jf;fshYk;> ,iog;gl;ilfshYk; Mf;fg;ngw;w
myq;fhuf; $Wjhd; rhjthfdhpd; vspa> Mdhy;> rpwe;j fiyapdpd;Wk;
,tw;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ. gpw;fhyr; rpw;gj;jpy; thfhlf kuGfs;
njhlh;e;jd.

m[e;jhTk; gy;ytu;fhy rpw;gKk;

m[e;jhtpd; fiy Mjh;rj;jpy; gpwe;j 'kfkhah Njtp|| rpw;gk;

fhQ;rpGuk; ifyhrehju; Nfhtpypd; gpd;Gwk;; fhzg;gLk;; xNu khjphp epiyfspy;
cs;s cUtq;fspypUe;J ,ij mwpayhk;. m[e;jh cUtq;fs; mtw;wpw;Fk;
Ke;jpa mkuhtjp cUtq;fis epidTgLj;Jfpd;wd. m[e;jhtpYk;>
fhQ;rpGuj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; xNu khjphpahd> epw;Fk;epiy Kd;dhy;
ePl;bapUf;Fk; tyf;fhypd; tisT> jw;nrayhd xw;Wikahf ,Uf;fKbahJ.

m[e;jhtpy; cs;s mofpa tz;z Xtpaq;fs; Ke;jpa mkuhtjpr;

rpw;gj;jpd; ngUikiaAk;> mJ gpujpgypf;Fk; gz;ghl;ilAk; Cfpf;fTk; ed;F
czuTk; cjTfpd;wd. tz;zj;jpd; Nrh;f;if ,y;yhj fhuzj;jhy;>
mkuhtjpapy; cs;s nropj;j Mguzq;fs;> gd;dpw ,uj;jpdq;fs;> gfl;Lk;
fth;r;rpAk; epiwe;j Jzpkzpfs;> fk;gPukhd fl;llq;fs;> Mlk;guk; Mfpad
ek; ftdj;ij cld; fth;tjpy;iy.
86
Gj;jupd; tho;f;iff;fhl;rpfs;

Gj;jhpd; tho;f;ifapdpd;Wk; rpj;jphpj;j fhl;rpfspYk; m[e;jh Xtpad;

kpQ;rptpl;lhd;. m[e;jhtpy; fhZk; ehsfphpapd; fij mkuhtjp my;yJ
Nfhypiag; ghh;f;fpYk; Mw;wy;tha;e;jthW jPl;lg;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,NjNghyj;
jhd; Gj;jhplk; uhFyid mspf;Fk; fhl;rpAk;. gphpl;b\;
mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpapy; cs;s ,e;jf; fhl;rpapd; mkuhtjpr; rpw;gg;gFjp
cyfpd; ve;jg; ngsj;j kjr;rpd;dj;jpYk; cs;s ,e;jf; fhl;rpAld;
xg;gplf;$bajhf ,Ug;gpDk; m[e;jhtpy; fpilg;gJ kpfTk; jiyrpwe;j
gilg;G.

|tpz;Zyfpdpd;Wk; Gj;jh; fPNo ,wq;FtJk;| tphpthd |khujhprd|f;

fhl;rpAk; ,izaw;W tpsq;Ffpd;wd. m[e;jhf; Filtiufspy; Gj;jh;
tho;f;ifapypUe;J jPl;lg;ngw;w fhl;rpfSs; ek; ftdj;ij kpfTk;
fth;gitfshf ,it mikfpd;wd.

Gj;jh; tho;f;iff; fhl;rpfisr; rpj;jphpf;Fk; rpwe;j gilg;Gf;fs;

Kjw;Filtiuapy; cs;sd. ,sturd; rpj;jhh;j;jiuAk; aNrhjiuiaAk;
fhl;LfpwJ xU nghpa gFjp. Nghjprj;Jt tr;rpughzp> khujhprdk;>
rpuht];jpapd; mw;Gjk;. ee;jdpd; fij ,it kw;wtw;wpy; cs;sd.
khujhprdf; fhl;rpapy; Nghjp kuj;jbapy; khuDk; mtd; mofpa kfspUk;
nra;Ak; rhfrq;fshy; ghjpf;fg;glhkYk; vjphpfspd; typagil vjph;j;Jk;
gaKWj;jpAk; mikjp FiyahkYk; Qhdxspngw cWjpnfhz;ltuhf
ehafh; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. murh; gpuNrd[pj;jpd; jiyikapd;fPo; FOkpa
nghpa$l;lj;jpd; Kd; xNu fhyj;jpy; vz;zw;w cUtq;fspy;> 'rpuht];jpapd;
mw;Gjj;jpy;|| Gj;jh; fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwhh;. rka Ngjj;jpdiuf; Fog;gNt
,t;thW nra;ag;gl;lJ.

Gj;juhy;> kdkpy;yhJ kjk; khw;wg;gl;lhd; ee;jd;. muz;kidapy;

ePh;ky;fpa fz;fSld; mtDf;fhf Vq;fpdhs;. mtd; mofpa kidtp Re;jhp.
mtDk; mtis tpUk;gp jtpf;fpwhd;. ,ij tpsf;FfpwJ ee;jd; fij.
,q;Fs;s Xtpak; JaUw;w Re;jhpiar; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ. ,e;jf; Filtiuapy;

87
rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s kw;w [hjff; fijfs; rpgp [hjfk;> rq;fghy [hjfk;>
kfh[df [hjfk;> rk;Nga [hjfk; vd;gd.

Nghjprj;Jth; vt;thW jd; jiriaNa Gwhitj; Juj;jpr; nrd;w

gUe;Jf;fhff; nfhLj;jhh; vd;gij Kjw;fij tpthpf;fpwJ. nfhbath; $l;lk;
jd;idj; njhy;iy nra;a mikjpAld; mDkjpj;jhd; xU ehf ,sturd;.
,uf;fk; nfhz;l topg;Nghf;fd; mtidf; fhg;ghw;wpdhd;. jdJ mofpa Ruq;f
tPl;by; topg;Nghf;fid ed;wpAzh;Tld; ,sturd; cgrhpj;jhd;. ,ijf;
$WfpwJ 'rq;fghy [hjfk|;|. ehf murdpd; kfpo;epiyiaAk;> cjtp
nra;jtDf;F. mtd; nrYj;Jk; ed;wpAzh;itAk; xtpak; fhl;LfpwJ.

k`h[df [hjfk;> thfhlfu;> fp.gp. 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L> m[e;jh

k`h[dfd; ,sturp rPtypia kze;jhd;. cyf Nghfq; fspy;

mtid itj;Jf;nfhs;s mts; vt;tsNth Kad;Wk; mtd; Jwtpahf
,Uf;f cWjpg+z;lhd;. ,jd; tpisthf> rPtyp fztdpd; topiag;
gpd;gw;wpdhs;. ,ij tpsf;FfpwJ 'k`h[df [hjfk;||.

Kw;gpwtpapy; rk;Ngad; vd;Dk; ehf ,sturdhfg; Nghjprj;Jth;

gpwe;jhh;. xU ghk;ghl;bahy; gpbf;fg;gl;lhh;. mth; murp Rkiz thuzhrp
Njrj;J muridj; jdf;fhf ,jpy; jiyaplr; nrhy;yp ,sturidf;
fhg;ghw;wpdhs;. ,Jjhd; 'rk;Nga [hjfk;||.
88
 Nghjprj;Jth;> khahNjtpapd; fdT> fdtpd; fUj;J mwpjy;>
tpz;zpdpd;Wk; fPopwq;Fjy;> gpwg;G> VO mbfs; - ,tw;iw tpsf;Fk; xU
nghpa Xtpak; ,uz;lhk; Filtiuapy; cs;sJ. ,q;Nf tpsf;fg;gl;l
[hjfq;fs; `k;] [hjfk;> tpJugz;bj [hjfk;> &U [hjfk;> g+uz
mtjhdk; vd;gd. Mapuk; Gj;jhpd; Xtpaq;fspd; nfhiliaf; Fwpf;Fk;
nra;jp vOjg;gl;l tz;zr; rpijTfSk;> [hjf khyhtpy; cs;s f;\he;jp
[hjfr; nra;As;fs; rpyTk; ,q;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd.

mwTiu Nghjpf;Fk; nghd; md;dj;ijf; fdtpy; fz;l ,uhzp

Nfkhtpd; fijiaf; $WfpwJ '`k;] [hjfk;||. jdf;F mwTiu
jUtjw;Fg; gwit gpbg;gtd; nghd; md;dj;ijAk; mjd; NjhopiaAk;
gpbj;Jj; jd;dplk; nfhz;Ltuj; jd; fztdhd murid mts;
tw;GWj;jpdhs;. nghd; md;dk; mur fl;bypy; mkh;e;J murpf;F mwTiu
$Wtijr; rpj;jpuk; fhl;LfpwJ. ,jw;F Ke;jp gwit gpbg;gtd; md;dj;ijg;
gpbg;gJ fhl;lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. nghd; md;dk; thOk; jhkiuf;Fsk; mofhfr;
rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

,e;jpug;gpu];j murdpd; kjpEl;g ke;jphpahd tpJu gz;bjdpd;

mwpthw;wy; epiwe;j Ngr;irf; Nfl;f tpUk;gpa ehf murpapd; fijia
tpsf;FtJ 'tpJugz;bj [hjfk;||. tpJugz;bjdpd; ,jaj;ij
vtndhUtd; nfhz;L tUfpwhNdh mtDf;F mofpa ehf ,sturpahd
,ue;jjpiaj; jpUkzk; nra;JnfhLg;gjhf thf;FWjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ
vd;gJ fij. #jhl;lj;jpy; tpJugz;bjdpd; muridj; Njhw;fbj;J>
tpJugz;bjidg; gzakhfg; ngw;W> ehf murpaplk; mtidf;
nfhz;Lte;J nfhLj;J mtis kidtpahf mile;jhd; af;\Gd;dhfd;.
Xh; CQ;rypy; MLk; mofpa ,sturp ,ue;jjp> #jhl;lk;> ehf
muz;kidapy; tpJugz;bjdpd; gpurq;fk;> Gd;dhfd; ,ue;jjpapd;
kfpo;r;rpfukhd jpUkzk; ,tw;why; fij tphpthfj; jPl;lg; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ.

'&U [hjfk;||> ePhpy; %o;fpa kdpjidf; fhg;ghw;wpa xU <u neQ;Rs;s

nghd;khdpd; fij. me;j kdpjNdh ed;wpawptpy;yhJ khid murDf;Ff;
fhl;bf;nfhLj;jhd;. murDf;Fk; murpf;Fk; nghd;khd; mwTiu je;J>
ed;wpawpT ,y;yhj kdpjid kd;dpj;J> cyFf;F jh;kj;ijg;gw;wpa xU
89
NgUiuia toq;fpw;W. ePhpy; %o;Fk; kdpjid khd; fhg;ghw;Wk; rk;gtj;ij
Xtpak; fhl;LfpwJ.

Gj;juhy; g+uzd; kjk; khw;wg;gLtijAk;> mtd; rNfhjudhd gtpyd;

fhg;ghw;wg;gLk; mw;Gjj;ijAk; tpsf;FfpwJ jpt;ahtjhdj;jpd; 'g+uz
mtjhdf; fij||.

thuzhrp murdhy; ,iof;fg;gl;l jPq;Ffis vy;yhk; jhq;fpg;

nghWikapd; cUtkhf ,Ue;j murpsq;Fkudpd; fij 'f;\he;jp [hjfk;||.

Filtiu 16

m[e;jhtpd; kpf mofpa tp`huq;fSs; xd;W gjpdhwhk; Filtiu.

fp.gp.Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; thfhlf murd; mhpNrduJ ke;jphpahd
tuhfNjtuhy; ,e;jf; Filtiu mspf;fg;gl;lnjd ,q;Fs;s fy;ntl;nlhd;W
$WfpwJ. rhsuq;fs;> fjTfs;> mofpa rpj;jpurhiyfs;> Njtfd;dpiffspd;
rpw;gq;fs;> myq;fhuj; J}z;fs;> gbfs;> xU Nrjpa ke;jpuk;> xU nghpa
ePh;j;Njf;fk;> ehfuh[htpd; Nfhapy; ,tw;why; ,e;j tpfhuk;
myq;fhpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ vdf; fy;ntl;by; jug;gl;Ls;s nra;jp Kw;wpYk;
rhpahf cs;sJ.

ee;jdpd; fij> rpuht];jpapd; mw;Gjk;> R[hjhtpd; epNtjdk;> jpuG\h

gy;ypfhtpd; epfo;r;rp> coT tpotpd; epfo;r;rp> mrpjhtpd; tUif> gs;spapy;
,sturd;> khah Njtpapd; fdT ,tw;iw ,q;Fs;s Xtpaq;fs;
rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd.

'ee;jdpd; fij|| mtd; kjkhw;wj;ijg; gw;wpaJ. fgpy t];JTf;Fj;

jpUk;gpaJk; Gj;jh; ee;jdpd; khspiff;Fr; nrd;whh;. mg;nghOJ ee;jd;
xg;gid nra;tjpy; mtd; mofpa kidtp Re;jhpf;F cjtpnra;J
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ehafiu tuNtw;f ee;jd; vOe;jhd;. Mdhy;> Gj;jNuh jd;
gpf\; h ghj;jpuj;ij mtdplj;jpy; nfhLj;J tp`huj;Jf;Fj; jd;idg;
gpd;njhlh;e;J tug;gzpj;jhh;. ,q;Nf mtd; tpUg;gj;Jf;F vjpuhf mtd;
kjk; khw;wg;gl;lhd;. vdpDk;> Jwtpapd; #Siufspy; ee;jid epiyj;J
epw;fr; nra;a Gj;jh;> mtid thDyFf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;W mq;Fs;s kpf
90
mofpa fd;dpiffis mtDf;Ff; fhz;gpj;jhh;. JwTj; jd;ikapy;
cWjpahf ,Ug;gpd; ,th;fis vy;yhk; mtDf;F mspg;gjhf
thf;FWjpje;jhh;. tpiutpNyNa ee;jd; <LghL kpf;f Jwtpahdhd;. rka
<LghLila tho;f;ifapd; cz;ikia czh;e;J thDyf kq;ifaiug;
gpwF xU NghJk; epidf;fNtapy;iy. ee;jdJ kjkhw;wj;ijAk;> Njt
fd;dpiffisf; fhzg; Gj;jUld; thDyFf;Fr; nry;tijAk; ,q;Fs;s
fhl;rpfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,Nj fijiaf; Fwpj;j ehfhh;[{dnfhz;lhtpd;
rpw;g rpj;jphpg;Gld; ,J xg;gplf;$baJ.

,e;jf; Filtiuapy; jPl;lg;ngw;w [hjfq;fSs; rpy `];jp

[hjfKk;> kfhck;kf [hjfKk;> RjhNrhk [hjfKk; MFk;.

grpf;Fk; gy topg;Nghf;fh;fSf;F cztspf;fg; ngUk; cauj;jpypUe;J

tpOe;J jd;idj;jhNd nfhd;Wnfhz;l rpwe;j ahidapd; fij
[hjfkhyhtpy; cs;s '`];jp [hjfk;||.

'kfhck;kf [hjfk;|| kpfTk; ePz;l xU fij@ ,q;Nf

rpj;jphpf;fg;gLtjw;F mjpypUe;J xU fpisf; fij vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ
'Gjy;tdpd; Gjph;||> xU rpW Foe;ijiaj; jd;Dilanjd kdpjidj;
jpd;Dk; Xh; muf;fpAk; cz;ikj; jhAk; chpiknfhz;lhbdh;. ,th;fs;
rz;iliaj; jPh;f;f kNfhrjd; ePjpgjpahf ,Ue;jhh;. ,th;fs; ,UtiuAk;
Foe;ijiag; gpbj;J ,Of;fr; nrhd;dhh; kNfhrjd;. ,jdhy; Foe;ij
mDgtpj;j nfhba Ntjidiaf; fhzj;jhshJ tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jtspy;
cz;ikj; jhiaf; fz;lhh; mth;. ,Nj fijapYs;s 'Njh;||> 'gQ;R E}y;||
Nghd;w Gjph;fs; gpwF tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tdj;Jf;F Ntl;ilahl te;j tdg;Gkpf;f ,sturdhd Rjrdplk; xU

ngz; rpq;fk; vt;thW ikay;nfhz;lJ vd;gij [hjfkhyhtpy; cs;s
'RjNrhk [hjfk||; tpsf;FfpwJ. cwq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;j ,sturdpd;
fhy;fis ef;fp mts; fUTw;whs;. gpwe;jJk; ,e;j ,aw;ifg; gpwo;T
kdpjidj; jpd;Dk; mur Fkhudhfp ,Wjpapy; ,sturd; RjNrhkdhf
khwpw;W. J}q;Fk; ,sturdpd; fhy;fis ef;Fk; ngz; rpq;fj;ijf; fhl;LfpwJ
Xtpak;.

91
Filtiu 17

jho;thuj;Jr; Rthpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fy;ntl;by; $wpapUg;gJ

Nghy thfhlf murdhd mhpNrduJ rpw;wurd; xUtdhy; gjpNdohk;
Filtiu ntl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F mofpa g+ Ntiyg;ghLld; $ba tphpthfr;
nrJf;fg;gl;l thapy; cz;L. thapypd; gf;f epiyfspy; cs;s fq;if>
aKidapd; rpw;gq;fs; kfpo;t+l;Ltdthf cs;sd.

,q;Fs;s Xtpaq;fSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit tpg];ap> rpfp> tp];tg+>

rpuFr;re;jh;> fdfKdp> fhrpah;> rhf;fpaKdp vd;Dk; Ke;jpa VO
Gj;jh;fSk;> tug;NghFk; Gj;juhd ikj;jpNuaUk;> ehsfphpia mlf;FjYk;>
rhq;fprhtpy; fPopwq;FjYk;> rpuht];jpapd; mw;GjKk;> uhFyDld; re;jpg;Gk;
MFk;.

,q;F rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;Ls;s [hjfq;fs; tUkhW: \l;je;j [hjfk;>

Kjyhk; kfhfgp [hjfk;> `];jp [hjfk;> `k;] [hjfk;> Ntre;ju [hjfk;>
,uz;lhk; kfhfgp [hjfk;> RjNrhk [hjfk; rugkpf [hjfk;> kr;r [hjfk;>
kjpNghrf [hjfk;> rhk [hjfk;> k`p\ [hjfk;> jpt;ahtjhdj;jp ypUe;J
rpk;kydpd; fij> ty`];] [hjfk;> rpgp [hjfk;> &U [hjfk;> epf;Nuhjkpf
[hjfk; ,tw;wpdpd;Wk; rpy tpsf;fq;fs;.

Kw;gpwtpapy; Fuq;Ff; $l;lj;jpd; jiytdhfg; gpwe;jpUe;j

Nghjprj;Jthpd; fijia tpthpf;fpwJ 'Kjyhk; kfhfgp [hjfk;||. xU
fhyj;jpy; Mw;wq;fiuapy; ,dpa khq;fdpfisr; Ritj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jnghOJ thuzhrp gpukjj;jdpd; tpy;tPuh;fshy; Fuq;Ffs;
jhf;fg;gl;ld. ghyk; mikj;J Mw;iwf;fle;J Fuq;Ffisf; fhg;ghw;w
Nghjprj;Jth; tpiutpy; xU %q;fpiy vLj;J ePl;bdhh;.Mdhy;> ,J rpwpJ
fl;ilahf ,Uf;ff;fz;L ghyj;ij epiwf;fj; jd; cliyNa ePl;bdhh;.
Fuq;fpd; rpwe;j Fzk; murdpd; neQ;ir cUf;fpw;W. mtd; Fuq;Ff;F
khpahij nra;J> jh;kj;ijg;gw;wp mjdplk; mwTiu Nfl;lhd;. MW
khq;fdpfs; njhq;Fk; gokuj; Njhl;lk;> mjprakhd ghyk;> Fuq;fpd; mwTiu
vy;yhk; Xtpaq;fshfj; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

92
 jd;dplk; Nfl;l vijAk; tiuahJ toq;Fk; rpwe;j ,sturdpd;
tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jphpf;fpwJ 'Ntre;ju [hjfk;||. ehl;bd; tsikf;Ff;
fhuzkhftpUe;j kjpg;G tha;e;j ahidiaANk mtd; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhd;.
,jd; tpisthf mtd; ehl;bdpd;Wk; kidtp kf;fSld; ehL
flj;jg;gl;lhd;. ,Wjpapy; Njh;> Fjpiufs;> kf;fs;> kidtp cl;gl
mtdplkpUe;j midj;ijAk; mtd; mspj; jhd;. ehL flj;jg;gLjy;>
efuj;jpypUe;J Ntre;jud; Njhpy; ePq;Fjy;> tdj;jpy; mtd; tho;f;if>
[{[fd; vd;w nfhba gpuhkzDf;Fj; jd; Foe;ijfisf; nfhLj;jy;>
mth;fs; ghl;ldhhplk; Foe;ijfis kPl;lspj;jy;> ,sturDk; ,sturpAk;
kfpo;Tld; jpUk;Gjy; ,tw;iwnay;yhk; rpj;jpuq;fs; ,q;Ff; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

Mo;e;j Fopapdpd;Wk; xU ed;wpnfl;l kdpjidj; jg;Gtpj;j Fuq;fpd;

fijiaf; $WfpwJ ',uz;lhk; kfhfgp [hjfk;||. Fuq;iff; nfhy;y kdpjd;
Kad;wgpd;Dq; $l kpfg; ngUe;jd;ikAld; Fuq;F kdpjDf;F
tdj;jpdpd;Wk; ntspNa nry;y topfhl;bw;W. kdpjd; FopapypUe;J ntsptu
cjTk; Fuq;ifAk;> kdpjdpd; ed;wpnfl;l jd;ikiaAk; rpj;jpuq;fs;
tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

thuzhrp muridf; Fopapdpd;Wk; xU fiykhd; jg;Gtpj;j fijiar;

nrhy;YfpwJ 'rugkpf [hjfk;||.

kio nga;ar; nra;Ntd; vd Mizapl;L ciuj;J kioapd;ikahy;

kuznka;Jk; epiyapypUe;j jd; Rw;wj; jpdiuf; fhg;ghw;wpa Nghjprj;Jthpd;
goq;fijia tpthpf;fpwJ 'kr;r [hjfk;||.

FUl;Lj; jhiaf; ftdpj;J te;j ahidapd; md;ig tpsf;FfpwJ

'kjpNghrf [hjfk;||. thuzhrp murdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ahid> ghpthy;
murd; jd; FUl;Lj; jhaplk; jd;idr; Nrh;g;gpf;Fk;tiu czitj; njhl
kWj;Jtpl;lJ. czitj; njhl ahid kWg;gJ> mjd; tpLjiy> jhAld;
kdkfpo;NthL jpUk;gr; Nrh;e;Jnfhs;tJ ,tw;iwf; fhl;rpfs;
rpj;jphpf;fpd;wd.
xU Fuq;fpd; rpW FWk;Gfis mikjpAld; nghWj;Jf; nfhz;l
Nghjprj;Jthpd; fijiaf; $WfpwJ 'k`p\ [hjfk;||.

93
 gy tpahghhpfSld; nrd;w rpk;kydJ fg;gy; Nga;kfsph; epuk;gpa
xU mjpraj; jPtpy; jl;bj;jfh;e;jJ. mq;Nf mtg;Ngwhy; jiujl;bath;fis
mofpa Njt fd;dpiffspd; cUtpy; ,Ue;j Nga;kfsph; Vkhw;wp tpOq;fpdh;.
Fjpiuahfg; gpwe;jpUe;j Nghjprj;Jth; jfh;e;j fg;gypy; ,Ue;j
tpahghhpfisf; fhg;ghw;w Kd;te;jhh;. Mdhy;> Nga;kfsph; gpd;
jq;fpath;fis mopj;Jtpl;ldh;. Nga;kfspUs; xUj;jp mofpa ngz;
cUtpy; iffspy; xU Foe;ijAld; rpk;kyidg; gpd;njhlh;e;jhs;.
murdplk; rpk;kyidj; jd; fztd; vd chpiknfhz;lhbdhs;. murNdh
mts; mofhy; epiyFiyf; fg;ngw;W> ke;jphpfspd; MNyhridf;nfjpuhf
mtis murpahf;fpdhd;. ,t;thwhf muz;kid Ml;fs; Nga; kfspuhy;
tpOq;fg;ngw;W gbg;gbahf eph;%ykhf;fg;gl;ldh;. rpk;kyd; ,th;fis
tpul;babj;J> ,th;fs; jPTf;F xU NridAld; nrd;W> ,th;fisj;
Njhw;fbj;J> ,th;fSf;F murdhdhd;.

xU FUl;Lg; gpuhkzdhf khWNtlj;jpy; te;jpUg;gtd; rfud;

vd;gjwpahJ mtd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;fj; jd; fz; ,dpjspj;j fhjw;
Gz;zpad; fij 'rpgp [hjfk;||. ,e;jf; fhl;rpapy; rpgp uh[h vd thfhlf
vOj;Jf;fspy; rpj;jphpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

murDf;F mwTiu mspf;f khidg;gpbj;j fijiaj; jUfpwJ '&U

[hjfk;||.

thuzhrp murdpd; czTf;FNtz;bf; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l fUTw;Ws;s

xU ngz; khDf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jd;idf; nfhy;Yk;gb mspj;j <u neQ;Rs;s
khdhfg; gpwe;j Nghjprj;Jthpd; fij epf;Nuhjkpf [hjfk;. ,e;j ,uf;fr;
nrayhy; murd; cs;sk; cUfp khidg; Nghw;wpf; fUiziag; gw;wp mjd;
mwTiuiaf; ftdkhff; Nfl;lhd;. aNrhjiuapd; Kd;Dk; kfd; uhFyd;
Kd;Dk; gpf;\hghj;jpuk; jhq;fpepw;Fk; Gj;jh; gj;njhd;gjhk; Filtiuapy;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;shh;.

Filtiu 26

94
 rydf; fhl;rp kpfTk; rpwg;ghfr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j FOtpy;
cs;s xt;nthU cUtKk; jpwikahf nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNj
Filtiuapy; Gj;jhpd; k`hghpeph;thzk; kfj;JtkhdJ.

m[e;jh Xtpaq;fspy; ,uz;L kw;Wk; %d;W mLf;Ffisf; nfhz;l

fl;blq;fisAk; fhzyhk;. muz;kidfs;> ghy;fdpfs;> ePjpkd;w miwfs;
kw;Wk; gLf;ifaiwfs; me;j Neuj;jpy; mur tho;f;ifiag; gw;wpa
Ez;zwpit toq;Ffpd;wd. Xtpaj;jpy; cs;s Kg;gupkhz tpisT
fiyQhpd; $hpa ftdpg;G kw;Wk; KOikia ep&gpf;fpwJ.

Filtiu 17

rpgp [hjfhtpy; cs;s xU tp`hiuahFk; .xU ku mikg;igf;

fl;Ltjpy; rhpahd Moj;ij rpj;jhpf;fpwJ. mNj Nghy; Fbirapy; epw;Fk;
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; kdpjh;fspd; FO Filtiu 2-,d; tyJ Rthpy;
tiuag;gl;l tpJugz;bj [hjfhpd; FO ,e;j tpisit vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
,e;j Ngdypy;> xU N[hb mur muz;kidf;F nrhe;jkhdJ Nghy;
rpj;jhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fye;Jiuahlypy; ,Uf;Fk; ngz;fs; Nfyhpf;F NkNy
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

95
vLj;jhz;l E}y;fs;

1. ,e;jpafiy tuyhW - Nfh. jq;fNtY

i. Kjy; ghfk;

ii. ,uz;lhk; ghfk;

2. njd; ,e;jpa tuyhW - K. A. ePyfz;l rh];jphp

3. ,e;jpa Xtpak; - f. rptuhk%h;j;jp

4. Gj;j [hjff; fijfs; - kapiy rPdp. Ntq;flrhkp

96
 KbTiu

m[e;jh Xtpak; Gj;jh; [hjff; fijfs; - Xh; Ma;T vd;w ,e;E}iy

epiwT ngWfpd;wd. ,jid vOj njhlq;fpa nghOJ Fiwe;j gf;fq;fSld;
Kbe;JtpLk; vd;W vz;zpNdd;. Mdhy;> vd;idAk; kPwp mjpf gf;fq;fis
nfhz;l E}yhf tpuptile;Js;sJ.

fiyfspd; cly; vd;W fl;llf;fiy $wg;gLfpwJ. me;j clypy;

gy;NtW cWg;Gfshf mike;J mzpnra;git jhd; rpw;gf;fiy kw;Wk;
Xtpaf;fiyahFk;. Xtpak; vd;w nrhy; 'Xt;T|| vd;Dk; tpidr;nrhy;ypypUe;J
gpwe;jjhFk;. Mapuj;J ,UE}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd; 'tp\;Zjh;Nkhj;jpuk;||
vd;Dk; E}ypy; Xtpaq;fis gw;wp $wpAs;sdh;.

rhSf;fpa murdhd NrhNk\;tud; vd;gtd; jdJ mfpy rpj;jhe;j

rpe;jhkzp vd;Dk; E}ypy; Xtpaq;fis ,Utifahf gphpj;Jf; $Wfpwhd;.
xU cUtk; fz;zhbapy; njhptJ Nghy; tiuAk; Xtpaj;ij 'tpj;jk;||
vd;Wk;> fw;gidapypUe;J tiuAk; Xtpaj;ij 'mtpj;jk;|| vd;Wk;
tifg;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhd;.

,uhkhazk;> kfhghujk; Nghd;w ,jpfhrq;fspYk; Gj;j rkz

E}y;fspYk; Xtpaj;ij gw;wp tphpthd nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

m[e;jh Filtiuapy; Gj;jhpd; tho;f;if tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtq;fs;

midj;Jk; rpw;gkhfTk;> RtNuhtpaq;fshfTk; ,q;F mike;Js;sd.

,e;E}iy vd; mwptpd; Jiznfhz;Nlh> fw;w fy;tpapd;

Jiznfhz;Nlh> MuhAk; Mw;wiy nfhz;Nlh vOjpNdd; vd;W nrhd;dhy;
mit kpifahfhJ.

,t;tha;Ntl;by; m[e;jh FiltiufisAk; mq;F mike;Js;s

RtNuhtpaj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; czh;e;J> mtw;wpd; Nkd;ikia
tUq;fhy jiyKiw Xtpah;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;bajd; NjitiaAk;
gjpT nra;Js;Nsd;.

97
jpl;lg;gzpapd; kjpg;gPL

98
Gifg;glq;fs;

99
100
101
102