‘ ° Metals and N tal 2 OA-Metas é z v Curricular Goals @ Competencies '_ Explore the world of matter and its * Classify matter based on observable physical constituents, properties and behaviour and chemical characteristics (C-1.1) (cG-1) * Describe changes in matter and use particulate . Explore the nature and processes of nature to represent the properties of matter science cieote See au the F and the changes (C-1.2) evolution of scientific knowledge an * Formulate questions using scientific conducting scientific inquiry (CG-6) terminology and collect ceeeeerieee (c-6.2) Let’s Get Sta rted the pictures given below. Can you name the element used in making each of cles? Write down your answers in the space provided. >. Look at th these arti | LLtttt Pencils Thermometer Electric wires Foil paper that each element has a unique composition. her in their properties. Due to their variety of ways in our daily lives. erties. Based on the similarities in their oad classes: metals and non-metals. |, lustrous, malleable, ductile, icity. Copper, gold, iron andFr nenes PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-Mer Table 4.1 lists the physical properties of metals and non-metals ly Table 4,1: Physical properties of metals and non-m ets Non-metais bes ——— 1. Physical state —= ] y genera y exist in solid g They are generally solid at room | They generally ex solid or gases temperature and crys alline in nature. les room temperature. Examples are oy ‘ hlorine and hydrogen, which exiss 2% sare magnesium, aluminium, | cl g st in ge ae - | gaseous state. Solid non-metals are onal ia (amorphous) in nature, for example ca Exception: Mercury exists in the liquid and sulphur. state at room temperature. Exception: Bromine exists in the liquid gx Il. Lustre have lustre, that is, they areshiny in | They lack lustre, that is, they are not ¢ mples are gold, silver and | appearance. Examples are chlorine, sulphur and carbon (charcoal) ai mp tre when exposed Exceptions: The only non-metals that s lustre are iodine and carbon (as graphi | diamond), Il. Hardness T | Non-metals are soft. Exception: Diamond, the har metals. Sodium isvery | substance, is made of carbon, d.can be cut with a knife easi pmels are brittle (break into pieces | ered) but + P teand coal, Malleable, ExamplMetals Non-metals <— VI. Thermal conductivity tivity is a property of substances that permits heat to pass through them. Thermal conduct good conductors of heat. Hence, | Most non-metals are bad conductors of heat. dely used in the making of Examples are iodine, sulphur and silicon. nsils. Examples are silver and — Exception: Diamond is a good conductor of heat. Metals are they are wi cooking ute: copper. a VII. Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity is a property of substances that permits electric current to pass through them. Mostly, metals are good conductors of | Most non-metals are bad conductors electricity. Hence, they are widely used for | of electricity. making electrical appliances. Examples Exception: Carbon in the form of graphite are aluminium and copper. | conducts electricity. VIII. Sonority ity is a property of substances that can produce a ringing sound when hit by hard Sonor! objects. a i a Mostly, metals are sonorous. Thus, they | Mostly, non-metals are non-sonorous. are used to make ob; such - im a __ ity of metals and non-metals copper, graphite and carbon (coal), per wires, small transparent light bulbs and (coal) each. With the help of a ObservationIl. To check electrical conductivity 1 Set up an electrical circuit as shown in the figure given alongside. 2. Take an iron nail and a plastic spoon. Connect the material to be tested separately in the circuit between the terminals as shown in the figures. 3, Observe whether the bulb glows or not. Observation: Lo Iron nail 2. Plastic spoon Conclusion: Activity 2 Note: This activity needs to be performed Carefully in the presenceand Iron pail with the assistance of a teacher. \, Copper ‘Aim: To compare the thermal conductivities of metals and pit non-metals Materials required: Copper or aluminium wire, carbon or ‘graphite N Wax Tod, spirit lamp or Bunsen burner, wax, labora tory stand and needles Procedure: 4, Take the copper or aluminium wire and fx the wire to a stand, Attach an iron nail to one of the free en ids of shown inHeMICAl PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NOW-METALS i dnon- metals exhibit different chemical properties a , Reac ction with Oxygen ally, metals react with oxygen to form metallic oxides. These metallic net! , Genera are basic in nature, and thus, they turn red litmus solution to blue. ides @ oxides : . Metals + Oxygen ———> Metallic oxides (basic in nature) n, on heating, burns with a dazzling white flame in the presence of 4 Nags form magnesium oxide. cee oMB + Oo, . 2MgO Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide an Metals § such as sodium and potassium react vigorously with : ‘ oxygen at room temperature to form sodium oxide and ace potassium oxide, respectively. Since these metals burst into = ft in n the open (or in contact with air), they are them immersed in kerosene (Fig. 4.1). 2Na,O Sodium oxide flames if le + Oxides that behave as both acidic and basic oxides are called amphoteric oxides Examples: Aluminium oxide (ALO), Zine oxide (ZnO) Phosphorus, a very reactive non-metal that can cateh fire when exposed to air, is usually stored in water as it does not react with water.st Activity 3 Note: This activity needs to be performed carefully in the | presence and with the assistance of a teacher. Aim: To examine that metallic oxides are basic in nature Materials required: spirit lamp, magnesium ribbon, a pair oy of tongs, red litmus paper, water and a 100 m/ glass beaker Procedure; 1. Take one magnesium ribbon. = 2. With the help of a pair of tongs, heat the magnesium ribbon over a spirit lamp flame. Bi 3. You will observe that the magnesium ribbon burns with a dazzling white flame and forms a white powder. 4. Collect this powder in a separate glass beaker containing water and d 5. Test this solution with a red litmus paper and observe the colour turning of t, S Of the magnesium Tibboy Observation: nee — = Sample Colour change in the red li mus papey > Magnesium Conclusion: TT Activity 4 litmus papera B Spoon, gas jar, Petri dish, blue Procedure: 4 Eee ver a spirit lamp flame. witha lid. pi the jar, Then, coverit 3, Remove the 4, Add some Be the water, 88S Produced with 5. Pour some intoa Petrid witha blueli Observation: Conclusion:y aT area + pevise aud Recall ose the correct option. which of the following elements forms acidic oxide? i (a) Lithium (b) Sodium (c) Carbon (@) Beryllium _ which of the following elements produces basic oxide? (a) Sulphur (b) Phosphorus (c) Magnesium (4) Chlorine 3, which of the following elements is stored in kerosene? (a) potassium (b) Magnesium (c) sulphur (4) Carbon Reaction with Water etals: Generally, metals react with water to form metal oxides or metal hydroxides and hydrogen gas: Metals + Water ———» Metal oxides or Metal hydroxides + Hydrogen gas Metals such as potassium, sodium and calcium react vigorously with cold water to ctive hydroxides and release hydrogen gas, A large amount of heat is ised are called exothermic reactions. ie water t sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. + Ht roxide © Hydrogen gas e reaction makes the ig. 4.2: Reaction of sodium with water