Civics(Chapter-1)

Monday, March 11, 2024 9:18 PM

1) Power sharing is the true spirit of democracy. Justify this statement.

Ans)
i. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, who have to live with its
effect.
ii. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to governed.
iii. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

2) Describe any three forms of power sharing in modern democracies.

Ans)
i. Power is shared among different organs of government, such as legislature, executive and Judiciary.
ii. Power can be shared among government at different levels- a general government for the entire
country and the governments at the provincial or regional level.
iii. Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religion and linguistic groups.

3) "Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies but they follow different system of power sharing".
Support the statement by giving three points of difference.
Ans)
i. In Belgium, communities have equal share in the government while in Sri Lanka leaders of the
Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority.
ii. In Belgium there is a provision of special government called 'community government' to look after
cultural, educational and language related issues while in Sri Lanka, none of the major political parties
led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders was sensitive to language and culture of Tamils.
iii. In Belgium, there is no discrimination between various religions while in Sri Lanka, Buddhism is the
official religion of the country.

4) Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian polices adopted by the Sri Lankan government.
Ans)
i. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala leaders
were sensitive to their language and culture and the government policies denied them equal political
rights which led to increased feeling of alienation among them.
ii. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that the constitution denied them equal rights in politics, in getting jobs
and ignored their interests. The relation between the Tamil and Sinhala communities became
extremely strained as a result.
iii. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil, for regional
autonomy and equality of opportunity in every field.
iv. Therefore, the measures adopted by the government to establish Sinhala supremacy led to distrust
between the two communities which turned the widespread conflict into a Civil War.

5) What is the ethnic composition of Belgium complex?

Ans)
i. 59% of the country’s total population lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language.

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 i. 59% of the country’s total population lives in the Flemish region and speak Dutch language.
ii. Another 40 per cent people live in Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one per cent of the
Belgians speak German.
iii. Whereas in the Belgian capital, Brussels, 80 per cent of the population is French-speaking and 20 per
cent is Dutch-speaking.

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History (Chapter-2)
Saturday, March 30, 2024 7:19 PM

1) What provided a shared bond that tied many different social groups together?
Ans) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different
social groups together.

2) What was the impact of First World War on India?

Ans)
a. The war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defence
expenditure which war financed by war loans and increasing taxes.
b. Through the war years price increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 - leading to extreme
hardship for the common people.
c. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the force recruitment in rural areas cause
widespread anger.
d. Then in 1920-21 and 1918-19 , crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of
food.
e. This was accompanied by an influenza pandemic, according to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million
people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

3) What did the idea of satyagraha emphasized for?

Ans) The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not
necessary to fight the oppressor.

4) What is a satyagrahi a capable of?

Ans) A satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the
conscience of the oppressor.

5) What do you mean by the word "Satyagraha" ?

Ans) Satyagraha was a non violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor. The idea of
satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search the truth.

6) Name any two main satyagraha movements organised by the Mahatma Gandhi in favour of
peasants.
Ans)
A. Champaran: Gandhiji launched this satyagraha to inspire the peasants to struggle against the
oppressive plantation system.
B. Kheda: He launched the Kheda satyagraha to support the peasants who were not in position to
pay the revenue due to crop failure.

7) Explain Rowlatt Act.

Ans) this act had been hurriedly passed through the imperial legislature council despite opposition of
the indian members. It gave the government enormous power to repress political activities and
allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
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allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

8) Describe the incident that took place on 13 April,1919.

Ans)
A. On 13 April the infamous Jalliawallah Bagh Incident took place. On that day a large crowd gathered
in the enclosed ground of Jalliawallah Bagh.
B. Some came to protest against the government's new repressive measures. Others had came to
attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
C. Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been
imposed.
D. Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds.
E. His object, as he declared later, was to 'produce a moral effect', to create in the minds of
satyagrahis a felling of terror and awe.

9) How did the indians show their disapproval towards the rowlatt act?
Ans)
 Mahatma Gandhi reacted sharply and decided to launch a non-violent civil disobiedience against
such unjust law.
 Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on a strike in railways, workshops and shops
closed down.
 Peaceful protest meeting were organised at Jalliawallah Bagh, Amritsar

10) Who launched the Khalifat movement and why was this movement launched?
Ans) Khilafat movement was a united struggle launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali with the
cooperation of Mahatma Gandhi.

The first world war ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh peace
treaty was going to imposed on the Ottoman Empire, the spiritual head of the Islam world. The Sultan
was deprieved of real authority even over those territories which were left under his control. This
angered the Muslims in India. To defend the powers of Khalifa and to avert harsh peace treaty to be
imposed on the Ottoman Empire, the Khilafat committee was formed in 1919 in Bombay.

11) Why Gandhiji supported Khilafat movement?

Ans)
 As the Rowlatt Satyagraha was limited to cities and towns Gandhiji felt the need to launch a more
broad based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised
without bringing the Hindus and Muslims close together. So he took up the Khilafat issue.
 A new generation of Muslim leaders like the Ali brothers, Muhammed Ali and Shaukat Ali, began
discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.
Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring the Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national
movement.

12) Why

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Economics (Chapter-1)
06 April 2024 19:23

1) Similarly for development people look at the mix of goals. Explain with examples.
Ans)
a) If you get a job in a far of place, before accepting it you would try to consider many factors, apart
from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere, and opportunity to learn. In
another case, job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your
sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no
time for your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

b. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society
increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be more
sharing of household responsibilities and greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe
and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.

c) Hence, the development goals that people have a not only about better income but also about
other important things in life.

2) What does National development mean?

Ans) The term “national development” refers to the improvement of a country in all areas, including
the political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, and material spheres. The capacity of a nation to
enhance its citizens' standard of living is an indicator of the nation's level of development.

• It is very important to keep in mind at different persons could have different as well as conflicting
notions of a country's development.

3) For comparing countries their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes .
Explain.
Ans)
a) Countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. This is based on
the understanding that more income means more of the things that human beings need.
b) Whatever people like, and should have, they will be able to get with greater income.
c) So greater income itself is considered to be one of the most important goal.

4) Define the income of the country?

Ans) it is the income of all the residents of the country. This gives us the total income of the country.

5) Define average income?

Ans) it is the total income of the country divided by total population. This is also called per capita
income.

6) What are the different categories does world development reports brought out by the World
bank has divided countries?
Ans)
a) Countries with per capita income of US dollar 49300 per annum and above in 2019 are called high
income countries or rich.
b) Countries with per capita income of US dollar 2500 or less are called low income countries.

• India comes in the category of lower middle income countries because its per capita income in
2019 was just US dollar 6700 per annum.

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 2019 was just US dollar 6700 per annum.

7) What are developed countries?

Ans) the rich countries, excluding countries of middle East and certain small countries are called
developed countries.

8) Which criteria do we use the to compare students?

Ans) the criteria we may use depends on the purpose of comparison. We use different criteria to
choose a sports team, a debate team, a music team or a team to organise a picnic. Still, if for some it
purpose, we have to choose the criteria for the all-round progress of children in the class.

9) How shall we compare students on the basis of their all-round progress?

Ans)
a) Usually we take one of more important characteristics of persons and compare them based on
these categories.
b) Of course there can be differences about what are the important characteristics that one should
form on the basis of comparison: friendliness and the spirit of cooperation, creativity or mark
secured.

10) Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
Explain with example.
Ans)
a) So income by itself is not a complete adequate indicator of material goods and services that
citizens are able to use.
b) For example, normally, your money cannot buy you are pollution free environment and ensure
that you get unadulterated medicine unless you can afford to shift to a community that already
has all these things.
c) Money man also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases unless the whole of your
community take preventive steps.
d) Actually for many of the important things in life the best way also the cheapest way is to provide
this goods and services collectively.

11) Why we are able to study?

Ans) We are actually able to study because many other children also want you to study and because
many people believe that the government should open schools and provide other facilities should at all
the children have a chance to study. Even now in many areas children particularly girls and not able to
go to High School because the government /society has not provided adequate facilities

12) Which state of India has the lowest in in infant mortality rate and why?
Ans) Kerela has the lowest infant mortality rate in India because it has a liquid provision of basic health
and education facilities.

13) How does UNDP compare countries in 2020?

Ans) UNDP compare countries based on the education levels of the people, their health status and per
capita income.
14) Why groundwater is over used?
Ans) Groundwater is a highly over us resource because of the following reasons:-

a) Due to large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water and unequal
access to it.
b) To facilitate higher food gain production for a large population water resources are being over
exploited to irrigated areas and dry season agriculture.
c) In the housing societies or colonies in the cities there is an arrangement of own ground water
pumping devices to meet water needs.

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 pumping devices to meet water needs.

15) Can there be development without overuse?

Ans) Yes, it is possible to have development without overuse. This is possible if we practice sustainable
development which involves using of resources judiciously.

16) Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
Ans) Yes, crude oil is essential for a development process in a country because of the following
reasons:-
a) Most of the industries and factory depend on crude oil
b) 97% of energy required for transportation is provided by crude oil.
c) They are many products such as diesel, jet fuel, LPG, Kerosene etc that we get from crude oil and
it is essential for development.
d) Crude oil is also essential for the production of plastic, paints, petrochemical, and synthetic
fabrics.
e) The economics of several Nations also depend on the export of crude oils.
f) USA state depends on crude oil and gas for the generation of 20% of its electricity.

17) India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the country looking at the
above situation?
Ans) Rising imports of crude oil and petroleum products have led to several problem in the balance of
payments. on the other hand, the cost and prices of a white range of goods have increased due to
global inflation of oil. In spite of stringent monetary and fiscal controls, the wholesale price index in
India has been continuously Rising. With such high Reliance on imported energy products, is significant
proportion of the export earnings, which otherwise could be channelled into productive domestic
investments, is used to meet expenditure on the imported production. Therefore, India's independence
on foreign countries for crude and petroleum products will have a negative impact.

18) Sustainability of development is a new area of knowledge. Do you agree? Just for your answer
Ans)
a) No, we don't angry with this statement because a sustainable development is not a new area of
knowledge this has been the main concern of leaders and thinkers in the past. Gandhiji was very
up in voice in his concern about resource conservation.
b) Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientist,
economist, philosophers and other social scientist of working together.
c) In general, the question of development of progress is perennial.
d) At all times, as a member of society and as an individual's we need to ask where we want to go,
what we wish to become and what are goals are. To the debate on development continues.

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History (Chapter-2)
Sunday, April 7, 2024 12:45 PM

1) What create a shared bond that tied many different groups together?
Ans) The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond get time many
different groups together.

2) what did Congress party do under Mahatma Gandhi?

Ans) the Congress party under Mahatma Gandhi try to forge these groups together within one
movement, but the unity did not emerge without conflict.

3) What was the impact of First World War on India?

Ans)
a) First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation.
b) It led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes; custom duties were raised an income tax introduced.
c) Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 leading to a
extreme hardship for the common people.
d) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas ghost
widespread anger.
e) Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21 , cross failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute
shortages of food.

4) Describe the work of Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa?

Ans) Mahatma Gandhi had to come from South Africa where he had successfully fought the
racist regime with a noble method of mass agitation, but he called satyagraha. Funny Leon

5) What did the idea of satyagraha emphasize?

Ans) The Idea of Satyagraha emphasize the power of do not end the need to search for truth. It
suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force
was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

6) What did gandhiji do after arriving in India?

Ans)
 After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised satyagraha
movements in various places .
 In 1917 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
against the oppressive plantation system.
 Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda
district of Gujarat.
 Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not

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 Affected by crop failure and a plague epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could not
pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be relaxed.
 In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha
movement amongst cotton mill workers.

7) What do you mean by the word "Satyagraha" ?

Ans) Satyagraha was a non-violent method of mass agitation against the oppressor.
The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search the
truth.

8) What is a satyagrahi is capable of?

Ans) A satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence. This could be done by
appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

9) Explain Rowlatt Act.

Ans) This act had been hurriedly passed through the imperial legislature council
despite opposition of the Indian members. It gave the government enormous power
to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial
for two years.

10) Write a short note on the impact of Rowlatt Act.

Ans)
 Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway
workshops, and shops closed down.
 Alarmed by the popular upsurge, and scared that lines of communication such as
the railways and telegraph would be disrupted.
 the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.
 Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar.
 Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

11) Write a short note on Jalliawallah Bagh Incident.

Ans)
 On 13 April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place.
 On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.
 Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures. Others
had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
 Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that
had been imposed.
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 had been imposed.
 Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd,
killing hundreds.

12) What was the main objective of general Dyer?

Ans) His object, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create in the
minds of satyagrahis a feeling of terror and awe.

13) Write a short note on Khilafat Movement.

Ans)
 The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
 there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the
Ottoman emperor – the spiritual head of the Islamic world (the Khalifa).
 To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee was formed in
Bombay in March 1919.
 A young generation of Muslim leaders like the brothers Muhammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a
united mass action on the issue.
 Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a
unified national movement.

14) What was the effect of Jallianwallah Bagh Incident?

Ans)
 There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
 The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and
terrorise people.
 satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets,
and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs.
 people were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan)
were bombed.
 Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement.

15) What did Gandhiji declared in his famous book, "Hind Swaraj"?
Ans) In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British
rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only
because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India
would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.

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16) "Many within the congress were, however, concerned about the proposals,"-
Explain the statement.
Ans)
 They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November
1920.
 they feared that the movement might lead to popular violence.
 In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle
within the Congress.
 For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the
opponents of the movement.
 Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was
worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted.

17) What were the effects of Non- Cooperation Movement?

Ans)
 Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges,
headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
 The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
 Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in
huge bonfires.
 The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping
from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
 In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance
foreign trade.

18) What were the reasons behind the gradual slowdown of Non-Cooperation
Movement?
Ans)
 Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass produced mill cloth and poor
people could not afford to buy it.
 Similarly the boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to
be successful, alternative Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could
be used in place of the British ones.
 These were slow to come up. So students and teachers began trickling back to
government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

19) Write a short note on the movement led in Awadh?

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19) Write a short note on the movement led in Awadh?
Ans)
 In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi who had earlier
been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.
 The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from
peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses.
 Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
 As tenants they had no security of tenure, being regularly evicted so that they
could acquire no right over the leased land.
 The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and
social boycott of oppressive landlords.

20) What were the effects of Awadh Peasant Struggle?

Ans)
 In many places Nai – dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive
landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen.
 In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking
to the villagers, and trying to understand their grievances.
 By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba
Ramchandra and a few others.
 Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the
region.
 So when the Non-cooperation Movement began the following year, the effort of
the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider
struggle.

21) Describe the movement led by Alluri Sitaram Raju.

Ans)
 In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement
spread in the early 1920s – not a form of struggle that the Congress could
approve.
 the colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from
entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. This
enraged the hill people.
 Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights
were being denied.
 Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make
correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet
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 correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet
shots.
 When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building,
the hill people revolted.

22) What does Swaraj mean in Plantation?

Ans)
 For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and
out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a
link with the village from which they had come.
 Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted
to leave the tea gardens without permission.
 When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers
defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
 They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in
their own villages.
 They interpreted the term swaraj in their own ways, imagining it to be a time
when all suffering and all troubles would be over.

23) Why did Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off Non-cooperation Movement?
Ans) In February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation
Movement. He felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis
needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggles.

24) What were the two factors for the situation of internal debate and dissention?
Ans)
 The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression. Agricultural prices
began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.
 As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it
difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930, the countryside was
in turmoil.

25) Why was Simon Commission rejected by Indians?

OR
Write a short note on Simon Commission?
Ans)
 Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John
Simon.
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 Simon.
 Set up in response to the nationalist movement, the commission was to look into
the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
 The problem was that the commission did not have a single Indian member. They
were all British.

26) Write a short note on Salt March OR Dandi March?

Ans)
 Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted
volunteers.
 The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the
Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.
 The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day.
 Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told
them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British.
 On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing
salt by boiling sea water.

27) How was Non-cooperation Movement different from Civil Disobedience

Movement?
Ans)
 People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, as they
had done in 1921-22, but also to break colonial laws.
 Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt
and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
 As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops were
picketed.
 Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned.
 In many places forest people violated forest laws – going into Reserved Forests to
collect wood and graze cattle.

28) Why did Mahatma Gandhi called off Civil Disobedience Movement?
Ans)
 the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This
led to violent clashes in many places.
 When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in
April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing
armored cars and police firing. Many were killed.
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 armored cars and police firing. Many were killed.
 Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked
police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations – all structures
that symbolised British rule.
 Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about
100,000 people were arrested.
 In such a situation, Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off the movement
and entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March 1931.

29) Why did Gandhiji relaunch Civil Disobedience Movement?

Ans)


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