REDOX REACTIONS

A chemical change involves the formation of a new substance(s). Based on the way in which the change is brought
chemical reactions are categorised in to 4 types

1) Chemical combination 2) Chemical decomposition

3) Chemical displacement 4) Double decomposition

Based on the kind of change, the above types of reactions (except double decomposition) are also described otherwise
as

1) Combination redox reactions 2) Decomposition redox reactions

3) Displacement redox reactions

Reactions in which one substance undergoes oxidation and other substance undergoes reduction simultaneously are
called Redox reactions oxidation and reduction can be defined in terms of old views and modern views
I) Classical Concept of Oxidation and Reduction

OXIDATION REDUCTION
It is defined as It is defined as
1) Addition of oxygen to others 1) Addition of hydrogen to others
Ex: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO Ex: 1) F2 + H2 → 2HF
C + O2 → CO2 Ex: 2) H2S + Cl2 → 2HCl + S
* both Mg & C got oxidised * both F2 & Cl2 got reduced
2) Addition of electronegative element or a non metal 2) Addition of electro positive element to others
Ex:- 1) 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl Ex: 1) Cl2 + Mg → MgCl2
2) Fe + S → FeS 2) 2Ca + 3N2 → Ca3N2
* both Na & Fe got oxidised * both Cl2 & N2 got reduced
3) Removal of Hydrogen from others 3) Removal of oxygen from others
Ex: 1) H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3S Ex: (1) CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
2) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 (2) ZnO + CO → Zn + CO2
* both Zn and H2S got oxidised * both CuO & ZnO lost oxygen hence metals got reduced
4) Removal of electropositive element 4) Removal of electro negative element
Ex:- 1) Zn + FeSO4 → ZnSO4 + Fe Ex:- 1) 2FeCl3 + H2 → 2FeCl2 + 2HCl
2) 2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe 2) 2FeCl3 + SnCl2 → 2FeCl2 + SnCl4
* both Zn & Al got oxidised as they removed Fe metal * In both the cases, FeCl3 lost chlorine thus got reduced.
II.
OXIDISING AGENT REDUCING AGENT
1) It is the substance which oxidises other substance 1) It is the substance which reduces the other substance
2) It provides oxygen or removes hydrogen form others 2) it provides hydrogen or removes oxygen from others
3) It gets reduced in a reaction 3) If gets oxidised in a reaction
Ex: - HNO3, H2SO4, H2O2, O3 KClO3, KNO3, KMnO4, Ex:- H2S, SO2, CO, HBr, HI, FeSO4, SnCl2, NH3 etc
K2Cr2O7 F2, Cl2, Br2 etc Illustrations
Illustrations:- 1) H2S + Cl2 → 2HCl + S
1) PbS + 4H2O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2O 2) FeO + CO → Fe + CO2
2) 2Hg + O3 → Hg2O + O2 3) 2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3S
3) H2S + Cl2 → 2HCl + S 4) H2SO4 + 2HBr → Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O
4) C + 2HNO3 → CO2 + H2O + 2NO2 5) CH3CH2OH + Cl2 → CH3CHO + 2HCl
5) Cu + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

III Redox Reactions – Identification of oxidising and reducing agents

Ex: 1) CuO + H2→ Cu + H2O

In the reaction, CuO provided oxygen to ‘H2’ hence CuO is oxidising agent. H2 removed oxygen from CuO hence H2 is
reducing agent
Ex: 2) 2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O + 3S
In this reaction, SO2 provided oxygen to H2S hence it is an oxidising gent. H2S removed oxygen from SO2 hence it is a
reducing agent
Ex: 3) H2SO4 + 2HI → I2 + SO2 + 2H2O
In this reaction, HI provided hydrogen to H2SO4 hence it is a reducing agent. As H2SO4 remooved hydrogen from HI, it
is an oxidising agent

Exercise: - Identify the oxidant and reductant in the following

Reaction Oxidant Reductant

1) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
2) H2S(aq) + Br2(aq) → 2HBr (aq) + S
3) Be + 2NaOH → Na2BeO2 + H2
4) 3CuO + 2NH3 → Cu + N2 + 3H2O
5) 6 N2H4 + 8 KClO3 → 12NO + 8 KCl + 12H2O
II. ELECTRONIC CONCEPT OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

Based on the importance of electrons in the chemical reactions, Electronic concept of oxidation and reduction are
introduced to describe redox reactions

Oxidation Reduction
1) It is defined as loss of electrons or de-electronation 1) It is defined as gain of electrons (or) electronation
(removal of electrons) (addition of electrons)
2) A neutral atom may become positive (or) a positive ion 2) A neutral atom may become negative (or) a mole
become more positive (or) a negative ion may become positive ion may become neutral (or) a positive may
neutral become less positive
+2 Ex:- S + 2e → S 2
Ex:- Ca → Ca + 2e
Fe+2 → Fe+3 + e Cu +2 + 2e → Cu

S 2 → S + 2e Fe+3 + e → Fe+2

3) During electrolysis oxidation occurs at anode 3) During electrolysis reduction occurs at cathode

4) A substance which undergoes oxidation is called as 4) A substance which undergoes reduction is called as

reducing agent oxidising agent.

 Ex:- (1) In the reaction

loss of 2e−

2Na + S → 2Na+ + S−2

gain of 2e−

a) Na got oxidised hence it is a reducing agent

b) S got reduced hence it is an oxidising agent

Ex:- (2) In the reaction

loss of 2e−

Cu + 2Ag+ → Cu+2 + 2Ag

gain of 2e−

a) Cu got oxidised hence it is a reducing agent

b) Ag+ got reduced hence it is an oxidising agent

 (3) In the reaction

loss of 2e−

Sn+2 + 2Fe+3 → Sn+4 + 2Fe+2

gain of 2e−

a) Sn+2 got oxidised hence it is a reducing agent

b) Fe+3 got reduced hence it is an oxidising agent

Exercise: - Identify oxidising agent and reducing agent in the following

Reaction Oxidant Reductant

1) 2 Br- + Cl2 → Br2 + 2Cl-
2) 3Mg + 2H+3 → 3Mg+2 + 2Al
3) H2 + Cu+2 → 2H+ + Cu
4) 2N−3 + 3Cu+2 → N2 + 3Cu
III) OXIDATION NUMBER CONCEPT OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION

In the case of mono atomic species, the real charge present on an atom in its ionic state is defined as oxidation state or
oxidation number.

Ex:- O.N of Na+, Zn+2, Fe+3 are +1, + 2 + 3 respectively

O.N of Cl-, S-2, P-3 are – 1, - 2, - 3 respectively.

The charge which an atom appears to have when all other atoms are removed in the form of ion is referred oxidation
number.

Ex:- 1) KClO3 ⎯⎯⎯→

in water
K+ + ClO3−

From KClO3 if Cl & O are removed as ClO3− then K+ is left over hence O.N is + 1 for ‘K’

2) MgSO4 ⎯⎯⎯
in water
→ Mg +2 + SO4−2

From MgSO4, when S & O are removed as SO4−2 ion then Mg+2 is leftover hence O.N is + 2 for Mg

3) NH 4Cl ⎯⎯⎯→
in water
NH 4+ + Cl −

From NH4Cl, when N & H are removed as NH 4+ then Cl- is left over hence O.N is – 1 of ‘Cl’

In free state or uncombined state. O.N is assumed as zero for an element.

Oxidation number per atom is called oxidation state O.N and O.S are same meaningful generally.

In a poly atomic molecule or ion, oxidation state of an element is ascertained based on a set of rules

O.N is assigned by assuming complete transfer of bonding pair of electron to the most electro negative atom.

For the transfer of each electron pair more electro negative atom is assigned with one unit –ve charge and less
electronegative atom is assigned with one unit +ve charge.
+ +
Ex: (1) In HCl, H −−−− Cl −1 → H Cl

Ex: (2) In COCl2 (phosgene)

Cl−1
−1 +1 +1 Thus O.S of O = - 2,
O ==== C
−1 +1 +1 Cl−1
C = + 4 and Cl = - 1
 Oxidation Reduction
1) It is defined as an increase in oxidation number 1) It is defined as a decrease in oxidation number
2) The change in O.N may be 2) The change in O.N may be

a) from zero to positive ( Na ⎯⎯→ Na )

−e + a) from zero to negative.
−2 e
S −2 ⎯⎯→ S0
b) from less +ve to more + ve
b) from less – ve to more – ve
( Sn+2 ⎯⎯→
−2 e
Sn+4 ) +2 e
O2−2 ⎯⎯→ 2O −2
c) From negative to zero or positive
c) from positive to neutral.
−2 −2 e
S ⎯⎯→ S 0
0
+2e
−3
−5 e
+2 Cu+2 ⎯⎯→ Cu
NH 3 ⎯⎯→ NO
3) A Substance which shows a decrease in O.N is
3) A substance which shows an increase in O.N is
called as an oxidising agent
called as reducing agent

Ex:- (1) In the reaction 2Fe+3 + 3 Sn+2 → 2Fe+2 + 3Sn+4

a) O.N of Fe is decreased (+ 3 to + 2) hence Fe+3 is an oxidant

b) O.N of Sn is increased (+ 2 to + 4) hence Sn+4 is a reductant

Ex: - (2) In the reaction S-2 + Cl2 → S + 2Cl-

a) O.N of ‘S’ is increased (-2 to O) hence it is reductant

b) O.N of ‘Cl’ is decreased (0 to – 1) hence it is oxidant

−2+1 0 −1+1 −1
Ex:- (3) In the reaction C2 H 4 + Br2 → C2 H 4 Br2

a) O.N of C is increased (-2 to -1) hence C2H4 is reductant

b) O.N of Br is decreased (0 to -1) hence Br2 is oxidant.

3.2 RULES FOR THE CALCULATION OF OXIDATION NUMBER

1. The oxidation number of an atom in the free or elementary state is zero. e.g. Oxidation number of helium atom in
He, hydrogen in H2, oxygen in O2, iron Fe, phosphorus in P4 and sulphur in S8 is zero.

2. The oxidation number of oxygen generally in compound is -2. e.g. In H2O, Na2O, MgO, H2SO4.

Exceptions : i) In peroxides the oxidation number of oxygen is -1

e.g. H2O2, Na2O2, BaO2

ii) In super oxides the oxidation number of oxygen is – ½

e.g. KO2, RbO2

iii) In flourine compounds the oxidation number of oxygen is positive

e.g. In OF2, oxidation number of O = +2

In O2F2, oxidation number of O = +1

iv) In ozonides, oxidation number of O = − 1/3

3. The oxidation number of hydrogen generally in compounds is +1. e.g. In H2O, HCl, H2SO4.
Exception : In metallic hydrides and complex hydrides the O.N of H is -1

e.g. NaH, CaH2, LiAlH4, NaBH4

4. In compounds O.N of F is always -1. e.g. HF, F2O, F2O2, NaF, ClF3
5. In compounds the O.N of alkali metals (IA group elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs Fr) is + 1.
6. In compounds the O.N of alkaline earth metals (II A group elements Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) is + 2.
7. In metallic halides the O.N of halogen is -1 e.g., In KBr, O.N of Br = -1
8. In metallic sulphides the O.N of sulphur is -2
e.g In ZnS, O.N of S = -2
9. The O.N of an element in a mono atomic ion is equal to charge present on it.
e.g. O.N of N in nitride ion N− is −3.

10. The stun of O.N’s of all atoms in a polyatomic ion is equal to charge present on it.
e.g., In SO4− ion, (O.N of S) + (4 x O.N of O) = - 2
O.N of S = +6 and O = -2  [(+6) + 4(-2)] = - 2
11. The stun of O.N’s of all atoms in a molecule is equal to zero.
e.g., In HNO3, (O.N of H) + (O.N of N) + (3 x O.N of O) = 0
O.N of N = +5 and O = -2 H = + 1  [(+1) + (+5) + 3(-2)] = 0
12. In a metal carbonyl, the O.N of metal is zero

e.g. In Ni(CO)4, O.N of Ni = 0 . In Fe(CO)5, O.N of Fe = 0

 In Cr(CO)6, O.N of Cr = 0

13. In CuH (Cu is -1) in metal carbonyls [Co(CO)4]- and [Rh(CO)4]− O.N of Co & Rh is – ve.

14. In metal amalgam like Na – Hg, Zn – Hg O.N of metal or Hg is taken as zero

15. Maximum O.N of an element = group no – 10 (except for O & F)

16. Minimum O.N of an element = group no – 18 (except for metals)

17. Variable O.N is mostly shown by transition metals and p-block elements

Ex:- 1) for ‘Mn’ +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 O.N are possible 2) for ‘Bi’ + 3, +5 & Tl + 3, +1 O.N are possible
Evaluation of O.N by bonding concept :-
O.N can be evaluated based on concept of bonding in between atoms in a molecule.
The apparent charge on any atom in a molecule assuming complete shift of all bond pairs to the most electro negative
atoms is taken as O.N
Ex (1) In hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
−1 +1
H
+1
O
−1
Cl  OS of H = +1, O = - 2, Cl = +1

Ex (2) In bleaching powder (CaOCl2)

Cl−1
+1  O.S of Ca = + 2 O = - 2
Ca
−1 +1
+1  Cl
-Cl −−−−−−
Cl = +1- 1
−1
1) For each covalent bond, more electronegative atom gains charge ‘–1’ and less electronegative atom is given +1 Charge
2) w.r.t double (=) and triple () bonds more electronegative atom is assigned with -2 and – 3 charge
+3 −2 +2 +2
Ex: - 1) H −−−−
: C  N −3 2) O ==== C ==== O−2
+1 −1

O.S = +1, +2, - 3 O.S = -2, +4, -

3) w.r.t a dative bond / coordinate bond donar atom is assigned with + 2 charge and acceptor atom is given – 2 charge
−1 +2
O−
Ex:- 1) HNO3 H −−−− : +1 N
: O −−−− O.S of H = +1, O = -2, N = +5
+1 −1 +2
−
O
−2
+2
2) N2O4 O ==== +2N o −−−− o
N ++22 ==== O −2 O.S of N = +4, O = -2
 
O−2 O−2

Note:- When covalent bond is in between same atoms no shifting of bond pair takes place either side (No charge for either
atoms).
4) If a dative bond is formed from more electro negative atom to less electronegative atom no assaigning of + 2 and +2
charges
0 0
Ex:- H −−−− N ==== C O.S of H = +1, N = -3 C = + 2
−2 +2

5) O.N of same element in the same molecule may be different since it depends on electronegativity of bonded atoms.
+1 −
H O
+1 −1 −1 +1 −1
H –−− C –−− C –−−  –−− 
Ex:- CH3COOH −1 + −1 +
+1
H
O.S = -3 O.S = +3
6) If calculated O.N (as per rules) exceeds that of maximum O.N (i.e group no - 10) then we have to assume peroxy bonds
in the molecule

Ex:- 1) H2SO5 O.N of S = 2(+1) + x + 5 (-2) = +8

Max O.S of S = 16 – 10 = + 6 then assume a peroxy bond

In that case for a pair of oxygens assign – 1 O.S

O.N of S = 2(+1) + x + 3 (-2) +2(-1) = 0 then x = +6

Ex: - 2) H2S2O8, HNO4, CrO5 has peroxy bonds

* CrO5 has two peroxy bonds with butterfly structure

−2
O
−1 −1 O.S of Cr = +6
O +2 O
+1 +1 4 ‘O’ = - 1
+1 Cr
+1 1 ‘O’ = - 2
−1 −1
O O
7) When different O.N are assigned for atoms of same element in the same compound then average oxidation number is
evaluated.
o +2
O
Ex:- 1) Ozone o
-2 sum of O.N = O + 2 – 2
O O
O
Average O.N =
−2 3
O

-1 +1 +2 -1 +1
2) H2S2O3 H −−− O −−− S −−− O −−− H O.S of H = +1, O = - 2, S = +6, -2
+1 -1 +2 +1 -1
+6 − 2
 Average O.S = = +2
−2S 2
8) Based on O.N of an element in a given compound and from its O.N limits we can predict its role in a reaction
a) In highest O.S it acts as oxidant
b) In lowest O.S it acts as reductant
c) In intermediate O.S it can act as both oxidant and reductant

Ex:- Sulphur belongs to 16th group O.S range is

Minima in between Maxima

16 – 18 = -2 +2, +4 16 – 10 = + 6
 Compound H2S SO2 / H2SO3 SO3 / H2SO4
O.S of S −2 +4 +6
acts as Reductant Oxidant & reductant Oxidant
9) Maximum O.S of an element is + 8. It is shown by Os, Ru and Xe in their oxides (OsO4, RuO4, XeO4)

Exercise:-

Evaluate individual & average O.S of underlined in

Compound/ion Composition Structure Individual Average
O.S O.S
1) Magnetite Fe3O4 FeO + Fe2O3 +2, +3, +3 + 8/3
2) Red Lead Pb3O4 2 PbO + PbO2 +2 + 2 +4 + 8/3

3) Tribromo octaxide Br3O8 O O O +6, +4 +6 + 16/3

|| || ||
O = Br − Br − Br = O
|| || ||
O O O

4) Tri iodide ion I 3− [I – I – I]− 0, 0, −1 −1/3

5) Tetra thionate ion S4O6−2 O O +5, 0, 0, +5 + 10

|| || −
O− = S − S − S − S − O 4
|| ||
O O
OXIDATION NUMBER – NOMEN CLATURE – STOCK NOTATION
Some metals exhibit two different oxidation states. Suffix ‘ous’ is added to denote lower O.S of the metal suffix
‘ic’ is added to denote higher O.S of the metal
Ex: 1) w.r.t Tin a) stannous (Sn+2) b) Stannic (Sn+4)

2) w.r.t Iron a) Ferrous (Fe+2) b) Ferric (Fe+3)

3) w.r.t copper a) Cuprous (Cu+) b) Cupric (Cu+2)

To distinguish the cations with different O.N stock notation is useful.

In stock notation O.N of a metal is indicated by a Roman numeral enclosed in parenthesis written just after the symbol /
name of the metal

1) Cu+ is shown as Cu(I) so Cu2O is copper (I) oxide

2) Cu+2 is shown as Cu(II) so CuO is copper (II) oxide

3) Fe+2 is shown as Fe(II) so FeO is Iron (II) oxide

4) Fe+3 is shown as Fe(III) so Fe2O3 is Iron (III) oxide

5) V+5 is shown as V(V) so V2O5 is vanadium (V) oxide

6) Sn+4 is shown as Sn(IV) so SnO2 is Tin (IV) oxide

I Calculation of O.N of
1) ‘Mn’ in KMnO4
Let O.S of Mn = x
 O.N of K = +1 0 = -2
Sum of O.N = zero
+1 + x + 4 (-2) = 0
 x = + 8 – 1 = +7
2) Cr in K2Cr2O7 3) S in Na2S2O3
Let O.S of Cr = x Let O.S of S = x
 O.N of k = + 0 = - 2  O.N of Na = + 1 0 = -2
sum of O.N = zero sum of O.N = zero
2(+1) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0 2(+1) + 2x + 3(-2) = 0
2x = + 14 – 2 = + 2 2x = + 6 – 2 = + 4
x=+6 x=+2

II Calculate O.N of Underlined in

1) H CO3− 2) H PO4−2 3) CrO4−2 4) NO2+ 5) SO5−2

1) Let O.N of C = x H = +1 O = -2
Sum of O.N = charge present on the ion
+1 + x + 3 (-2) = -1  x = -1 + 6 – 1 = +4
2) Let O.N of P = x H=+1 O=-2
Sum of O.N = charge present
+1 + x + 4 (-2) = -2  x = - 2 + 8 – 1 = +5
 3) Let O.N of Cr = x then
x + 4 (-2) = - 2 x=-2+8=+6
4) Let O.N of N = x
x + 2 (-2) = + 1  x = +1 + 4 = +5
5) Let O.N of S = x
As per rules x + 5 (-2) = - 2 x = - 2 + 10 = + 8
+ 8 O.N is wrong because max O.N for S = + 6
[Report max O.S if calculated O.N exceeds group no – 10]
III Calculate O.N of underlined in
1) N in (NH4)2SO4 2) P in Ca3(PO4)2 3) C in (CH3)2SO
−2
1) Sulphate is a bivalent radical = SO4 Each ‘NH4’ should be with ‘+1’ charge i.e NH 4+

x + 4(+1) = +1
x=1–4=-3
ON of N = - 3
Note: - in R-‘NH2’ and NH3 ON of N = - 3 always
 2) Phosphate is a trivalent radical i.e PO4−3 . Then

x + 4 (-2) = - 3  x = + 5
or Ca3(PO4)2 = Ca3P2O8 = 3(+2) + 2x + 8 (-2) = 0
+ 6 + 2x – 16 = 0
2x = + 10 x = + 5
+1 −2
3) (CH3)2SO = CH3 SO

Sum O.N of ‘CH3’ = + 1 & IN SO−2 O.N of ‘S’ = x + (-2) = - 2

X = 0 i.e S = O
IV Calculate O.N of underlined species in complexes
1) Fe in K4[Fe(CN)6] 2) Co in K3[Co(C2O4)3]
3) Cu in [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 4) Cr in [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3
1) Fe is bonded to six cyanides. Each cyanide ion is mononegative radical
 4(+1) + x + 6 (-1) = 0
x=+6–4=+2
2) Cobalt is bonded to three oxalate units. Each oxalate ion is dinegative radical
 3(+1) + x + 3 (-2) = 0
x=+6–3=+3
3) Cu is bonded to four ‘NH3’ units. Each NH3 is neutral molecule but SO4−2 is di negative radical

 x + 4 (0) + 1(-2) = 0 x=+2

4) Cr is bonded to six ‘H2O’ (neutral) units. But ‘Cl’ is mono negative radical
 x + 6 (0) + 3 (-1) = 0 x=+3
V Calculate O.N of underlined in
1) Cl in NOClO4 2) Fe in Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]
Note:- NO exists as NO+ in its compounds
1) NO+ is with + 1 then ClO4− is – 1

x + 4 (-2) = - 1 x = + 7
2) NO is with + 1 and CN is with – 1 then
2 (+1) + x + 5 (-1) + 1 (+ 1) = 0
x=+5–3=+2
VALENCY AND OXIDATION NUMBER
Valency and the oxidation number of an element are not the same [In some cases they are the same] the differences are
listed below
Valency Oxidation number
1) It is the combining capacity of an element. It is only a 1) It is the real or imaginary charge of an atom in its
number with no + or – sign combined state. It may have + or – sign.
2) Valency of an element is usually fixed [In few elements 2) O.N may be different for an element in different
it may vary] compounds.
3) It is always a whole number 3) It may be zero or fractional or + ve or – ve.

Types of Reactions:
Based on change or no change in O.N, reactions are of two types.
1) Redox reactions 2) Non Redox reactions
1) Reaction in which reactants shows a change in O.N (decrease or increase) are called Redox reactions.

o o +1
→ 2 H Cl −1
Ex (1) H 2 + C l2 ⎯⎯ (2) 2 KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

o +1 −1 +2 −1 o −4 +1 o +4 −2 +1 −2
(3) Z n + 2 H Cl ⎯⎯
→ Zn Cl2 + H 2 (4) CH 4 + 2O2 ⎯⎯
→ CO2 + 2 H 2 O
2) Reactions in which reactants does not show a change in O.N (no decrease or no increase) are called non-redox reactions
All double decomposition reactions listed below are non redox type
1) Precipitation reactions

+2 −1 +1 +6 − 2 +2 +6 − 2 +1 −1
Ba Cl2 + H 2 SO4 → Ba SO4  +2 H Cl

2) Acid – base neutralisations

+1 −1 +1 −1 +1 −1 +1 −2
H Cl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O
HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H 2O

3) Reaction of dil acids on peroxides

+2 −1 +1 +6− 2 +2 +6 − 2 +1 −1
Ba O2 + H 2 SO4 → Ba SO4 + H 2O2
4) Decomposition of Limestone, Ammonium chloride
+2 +4 −2 +2 −2 +4 −2
Ca CO3 → Ca O + CO2
−3 − 1 −1 −3 +1 +1 −1
NH 4Cl → NH 3 + H Cl