Merged 20240516 1827

* C16-C– 305
6226
6226
BOARD DIPLOMA EXAMINATION, (C-16)
OCTOBER/NOVEMBER—2023
DCE - THIRD SEMESTER EXAMINATION
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Time : 3 Hours ] [ Total Marks : 80
PART—A 3×10=30
Instructions : (1) Answer all questions.

(2) Each question carries three marks.
(3) Answers should be brief and straight to the point and shall
not exceed five simple sentences.
1. State the physical classifications of rocks.
2. State any three characteristics of good bricks.
3. State three types of tiles.
4. State three uses of stoneware pipes.
5. What is meant by hydration of cement?
* 6. Differentiate fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.
7. State three types of mortar.
8. State any three types of paints.
9. Write a short note on emulsion paints.
10. Define the term seasoning of timber.
/6226 1 [ Contd...
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* PART—B 10×5=50
Instructions : (1) Answer any five questions.

(2) Each question carries ten marks.
(3) Answers should be comprehensive and criterion for
valuation is the content but not the length of the answer.
11. Explain the characteristics of good building stones. 10
12. Describe the working and construction of Pugmill. 10
13. State the uses of (a) Glazed ware and (b) Porcelain tiles. 10
14. Describe the method of manufacturing cement by dry process. 10
15. Write short notes on (a) Ready mixed concrete and (b) Shotcrete. 10
16. (a) What is meant by admixtures? State different types of admixtures

in concrete. 5
(b) Explain the method of preparing concrete. 5
17. Write short notes on (a) Gypsum and (b) Plaster of Paris. 10
18. Define veneer and write its uses. 10
* HHH
/6226 2 AA23(048)–PDF
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JSPM Jayawantrao Sawant polytechnic Hadapsar Pune 411028
Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Chapter –1: Overview of Civil Engineering Marks -08
Contents:
[1] Role of Civil Engineering in human life - Building Construction, Transportation Engineering,
Environmental Engineering, Irrigation Engineering, Construction Management. (applications
only)
[2] Criteria for Selection of construction materials on the basis of carrying prescribed load,
serviceability, aesthetically pleasing, economical, environmental friendly.
[3] Broad classification of materials – Natural, Artificial, Special, Finishing and Recycled
construction materials.
Role of Civil Engineering in human life –
Building
Construction
Construction Transportation
Management Engineering
Irrigation Environmental
Engineering Engineering
Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

1|CM A- Ch ap ter - 1
A. Building Construction:
For any type of building projects like commercial, residential, hospital, industrial &
townships constructions, following types of role performed by the civil engineer;
1) Civil engineer has to prepare the layout of the proposed construction site
2) To prepare the construction site plan & send for approval.
3) Civil engineers has to involved in the planning, designing in the construction
project.
4) To find out the foundation details of the proposed site & also prepare investigation
reports.
5) To prepare the net estimation cost of the construction & sanction its budget.
6) To involve in the lab testing, planning, supervision & execution of the proposed site.
7) He could also acts as an arbitrator job.
8) In case of big project, he could also play an important role in the operation &
maintenance.
B. Transportation Engineering:
The role of civil engineers in transportation engineering is discussed point wise as

follows;
1) Civil engineer performs the work to move the goods & people from one place to
another place safely & efficiently.
2) Remote areas & rural areas become accessible & communicable connected by
transportation engineering.
3) Civil engineers could design, construct & maintains all the types of transport
facilities like highways, railway tracks, airports & marine ports etc
4) They are also involved in the construction of bridges & tunnels of highways &
railways.
5) They also deal with the traffic management operation & controlling system of
streets & highways in which traffic makes smooth.
6) They also fix the sign & symbol boards like emergencies like hospitals & police
stations, hotels, villages or city names at a certain km distance of highways.
C. Environmental Engineering:
The role of civil engineers in the environmental engineering is discussed as follows;
1) Water supply – Civil engineers perform the work including design, planning,
construction of dams & water treatment plants from water supply from rivers,
lakes, bore wells etc to the cities.
2) Sanitary system – Civil engineers also perform the work for sewage water
management of domestic & industrial waste treatments by constructing pipelines.
After treatment on sewage water that becomes less harmful.
3) Environmental Pollution – Civil engineers also perform the role for construction &
designing the structure which controls the water pollution, air pollution, soil
pollution, sound pollution & thermal pollution so on.

4) Solid waste management - Civil engineers also perform their duties for controlling
& managing the garbage waste materials from the town, street wastes, hotel &
hospitals wastes with proper disposal systems.
D. Irrigation Engineering:
The role of civil engineers in irrigation engineering is discussed as follows;
1) Civil engineers can perform the work for the designing & constructing the dams,
canals, weirs & barrage system of water supply for the agricultural sectors.
2) Ground water storages can also developed by the civil engineers by constructing the
percolation tank.
3) They could also develop the rivers streams for required sides.
4) Irrigation engineering is also used to for the purpose of crop cultivation & for
drinking & industrial use.
5) They also perform the work with the development of water resources & buildup the
proper arrangements of distribution of water.

6) Irrigation engineering also deals with the sprinkler system, trickle systems, streams
& dripping systems of water conveyor to the farms & agricultural land.
E. Construction Management:
The role of civil engineers in the construction management is discussed as follows;
1) Civil engineer acts as construction manager, architect, developer, designer of the

structures.
2) The main role of civil engineer is to survey the site, specifying the scope of the
projects.
3) They also specify the projects objectives, selecting the project partners & pan out
the budget of the projects.
4) They can also developing the effective communication, good relations & also resolve
the clashes.
5) Civil engineer also plays a role of M3T2 in construction field; means
M – Men
M3 M – Money
M – Materials
M3T2
T – Time to start
T2
T – Time to finish
6) Civil engineer involves in every activities in the construction field like procurement
of materials & equipments, site layout, starting schedule, workers requirement etc
Basic Areas in civil Engineering:
Basic Areas in Civil Engineering
1) Surveying
2) Construction Engineering

3) Transportation engineering
4) Fluid Mechanics
5) Structural engineering
6) Environmental engineering
7) Irrigation engineering
8) Town Planning
9) Project Management
10) Infrastructure Development
11) Remote Sensing
12) Construction Management






Criteria for Selection of construction materials –
1) On the basis of carrying prescribed load – The material should have sufficient
strength to carry the prescribed load for building material
2) Serviceability – serviceability refers to the conditions under which the building is
still considered for the use. It should be cost effective serviceable materials used,
maintain depot, store houses, warehouses, solid materials without developing
cracks, defects, tested materials & so on
3) Aesthetically pleasing – The materials to be used for the construction purposes
should have pleasing appearance. These materials are pleasurable, aesthetics
involves all our senses like vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell that are pleasurable
for our emotions, commodity, firmness, delight building abilities
4) Economy – The construction materials should be economical for the transport cost,
heavier materials greater is the transport cost, purchase cost, life long , without
maintenance etc

5) Environmental friendly – The construction materials should be eco-friendly. It
should not have the leakages, chemicals, gas emissions, volatile organic compounds,
toxic, irritating, hazardous compounds. Finally they give better environmental
performance.

Broad classification of materials –
1) Natural materials - The materials which are obtained from natural sources like
earth, plants, and animals are called natural materials.
Eg. Stone, timber, bitumen, lime, soil etc
2) Artificial materials – The materials which are produced in the industries by
chemical or mechanical processes are called artificial materials.
Eg. Bricks, tiles, cement, precast concrete, plywood, glass, plastic etc
3) Special materials – The materials which are produced for special purposes like
waterproofing, sound proofing, damp proofing, thermal insulating are called
special materials.
Eg. Fibers, ferroconcrete, artificial timber, adhesives, epoxy, geo-synthetic, ceramic
materials
4) Finishing materials – The materials which are produces for the use of finishing
purposes of building constructions are called finishing materials.
Eg. Lime mortar, cement mortar, special mortar, Plaster Of Paris, paint, distemper,
varnishes, cladding materials, linoleum etc
5) Recycled construction materials – The materials which are recycled from the
waste construction or destruction are called recycled materials.
Eg. Rich husk, baggage, coir fiber, straw, coconut tree trunk, plastic waste, polymer
waste, rubber waste, coconut leaves, fly-ash, blast furnace, slag, granite, marbles,
polishing wastes
Civil Engineering –
It is the branch of engineering which deals with planning, designing, estimating,

execution & maintenance of various structures like buildings, roads, railways,
airports, dams, canals, tunnels, bridges, docks, harbors, water supply & sanitary units
so on.
Structural Engineering –
It is the branch of civil engineering which deals with planning, designing &
construction of various structures like buildings columns, beams, slab, footings etc.
Environmental Engineering –
It is the branch of engineering which or the basic area of civil engineering which deals

with water supply, disposal of waste water from domestic & industrial use &
environmental pollution control, sanitizing as well as garbage waste management.

Chapter –2: Natural Construction materials Marks -24
Contents:
[1] 2.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------(12)
Stone – Physical Classification of rocks; Requirements of good building stone, characteristics of
stone, Quarrying and dressing of stone
Timber – Timber as construction material, structure of timber, properties of good timber,
seasoning of timber, defects in timber.
[2] 2.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------(12)
Bituminous materials and mixtures: Terminology, different types of asphalt, bitumen, tar used
in Civil Engineering works, their properties and uses
Lime – Manufacture of lime, classification, field slaking of lime and properties of lime
Soil –terminology- sand, silt, clay and their suitability in construction work
Stone –
Physical Classification of rocks
1) Stratified Rocks –
These types of rocks possess plane of stratification & they can easily be split up along
these planes.
Eg. Sedimentary rocks

2) Un-stratified Rocks –
These types of rocks does not possess plane of stratification & they crystalline
granular or compact granular.
Eg. Ingenious rocks
3) Foliated Rocks –
These types of rocks have a tendency to split up in definite direction only&having
foliated structure.
Eg.Metamorphic rocks

Requirements of good building stone:-

1) Crushing – A good building stone should have better crushing strength i.e. greater than
100 N/mm2
2) Hardness - A good building stone should have sufficient hardness.
3) Durability - A good building stones must be durable long lasting nature.
4) Fire resistance - They should have good fire resistance properties.
5) Seasoning/weathering - They also have good weathering resistance properties.
6) Water resistance - They should have less water absorption properties.
7) Economy - They should be economical & easily available.
8) Attrition – A good building stone should have less wear & tear, abrasion & erosion
properties.
9) Facing & dressing – A good building stones should be easily molded, craved & dressed.
10) Specific gravity - A good building stone should have higher specific gravity i.e. more
than 2.7.
11) Texture – The structure of the good building stone should be compact fine crystalline.
They don’t have any cracks, cavities & patches.
12) Toughness - A good building stone should have strong&tough.

Characteristics of stone:-
1) Appearance – Stones should have fine, compact texture & uniform colour.
2) Structure – thestructure of stones should be uniform without cracks, fractures, cavities
etc.
3) Strength - stone should have better crushing strength i.e. greater than 100 N/mm 2
4) Weight – The weight of stones should be considerable & suitable for various
construction sites.
Eg. For dam & retaining walls – heavy stones are used
For domes, arches – light stones are used
5) Hardness - stones should have sufficient hardness
6) Toughness - stone should have strong&tough
7) Specific gravity - stone should have higher specific gravity i.e. in between 2.3 to 2.5.
8) Seasoning – stones should be well seasoned
9) Workability – Stones should be workable for cutting, dressing with required shapes.
10) Chemical resistance – Stones should resist alkalis, acids, corrosive gases etc
11) Durability - stones should be durable long lasting nature
12) Water resistance - stones should have less water absorption properties
Quarrying and dressing of stone
Quarrying of stones:
The method of removal of stones from their natural bed by using different operations is called
quarrying.
Methods of Quarrying –
a) Digging – This method is used when the quarry consists of small & soft pieces of stones.
b) Heating – This method is used when the natural rock bed is horizontal * small in
thickness.

c) Wedging –This method is used when the hard rock consists of natural fissure. When
natural fissures are absent then artificial fissures are prepared by drilling holes.
Wedging required tools –

i) Steel wedge
ii) Conical steel pin or plug
iii) Flat steel wedge
iv) Wooden plug
v) Pneumatic drill
d) Blasting – It is the process of removal of stones with the help of controlled explosives is
filled in the holes of the stones. Line of least resistance plays very important role in the
blasting process.
Following steps are used in the blasting process;

1) Drilling holes – Blast holes are drilled by using drilling machines.
2) Charging – Explosive powders are fed into the cleaned & dried blast holes.
3) Tamping – The remaining portion of the blast holes are filled by clay, ash, fuse &
wirings.
4) Firing –The fuses of blasting holes are fired by using electrical power supply or match
sticks.
Dressing of stones:-
1) Rough dressing quarry - It is the process of

stone dressing which gives the broken
stones in to the suitable pieces the shapes &
sizes.
2) Pitched face dressing - It is the process of
stone dressing which gives the same plane
& square of the surface

3) Hammer dressing - It is the process of stone
dressing which gives the sharp less
irregular corners of the surface distance by
using hammer. It is suitable for mensory
work.
4) Rock face dressing - It is the process of
stone dressing which gives the four edges
having 2.5 cm surface distance by using
chisels.
5) Rough tooling - It is the process of stone
dressing which gives more or less paralle ,
hori onta , vertica at ang e of the
surface.
6) Punched dressing - It is the process of stone
dressing which gives the parallel ridges
with required gaps between the surfaces.
7) Fine tooling – It is the process of stone

dressing which gives the fine &smooth
surface of the stones

Stone dressing tools:-
1) Mason’s hammer
2) Spacing hammer
3) Scabbing hammer
4) Club hammer
5) Soft stone chisel
6) Claw chisel
7) Punching chisel
8) Point chisel
9) Drafting chisel
10) Pitching tool
Timber –
It is refers to wood which is used for the construction works.
Used as a construction materials:
Advantages of timber as a construction material –

1) Timber can be easily handled, pained & joined with simple tools of carpenter.
2) It has a massive appearance for the heavy constructions.
3) It is quite durable if properly protected against moisture, rain, insects etc
4) It is easy to provide the connections in the timber construction.
Uses of timbers as a construction material –

1) It is used for making doors & windows
2) Also used for making furniture & sport goods
3) For roofing material
4) Making railway sleepers
5) It also used as frame work & centering materials
6) It is also used for construction of temporary bridges.
7) It is also used for engraving works
8) It is used for making small houses at a place of heavy snowfall
Structure of Timber / Cross section of trunk of tree:

1) Pith – It the innermost central part is called pith
2) Heart wood – This position is surrounded by the pith. It is strong & dark in colour
3) Sap wood – this layer is present next to the heart wood. It represents growth with saps.
4) Cambium layer – This layer is present between sap wood & inner bark.
5) Modularly rays–these are thin radial fibers extending from pith to cambium layer.
6) Inner bark – It is the inner skin of tree which protects cambium layer.
7) Outer bark – The outer skin or cover of the tree is known as outer bark.
Properties of good timber

1) Colour – Its colour should be uniform
2) Density – higher the density, stronger is the timber
3) Strength - It should have sufficient strength
4) Workability - It should be easily workable
5) Weathering resistance – It should resist against weathering actions
6) Hardness - It should have sufficient hardness
7) Defects - It should be defect free i.e. dead knots, shakes & cracks
8) Texture – Texture of good timber is fine & even.
Seasoning of timber
Seasoning of timber is classified by two ways;
1) Natural seasoning – It may air seasoning / water seasoning.
a) Air seasoning is carried out in a shed with a platform.
b) Water seasoning is carried out on the bank of the river.
2) Artificial seasoning –
Artificial seasoning is followed by following steps;
a) Boiling – In this method, the timber is dipped in water & then boiled the water
for 3 to 4 hours & dried slowly.
b) Kiln seasoning – In this method The drying of timber is carried out inside an air
tight oven
c) Chemical seasoning – In this method Timber is dipped in the suitable salts
solutions & taken out for ordinary drying.
d) Electrical seasoning – In this method of seasoning a high frequency alternating
currents are used.
Objects / purposes of seasoning –
1) To reduce shrinkage & warping
2) To increase the strength of the timber
3) To increase the durability & workable properties of the timber
4) To reduce its tendency to split & decay of the timber
5) To make suitable for painting
6) To reduce weight of the timber
Defects in timber
1) Natural defects – These defects may be in the form of knots, twisted fibers, ring shakes,

rupture etc
2) Defects due to conversion–These defects are formed due to improper seasoning are
radial shakes, case hardening, twisted, bowing, honey combing etc
3) Defects formed due to insects – In this defect wood is attacked by termites, insects,
beetles, stem borers etc
4) Defects formed due to fungal action – In this defect wood is infected by fungal attack
which reduces the strength of wood.
5) Defects due to seasoning – These are in the form of warp, cup, bow, twist etc.
Bituminous materials and mixtures:
Asphalt –
It is the artificial mixture of bitumen & inert matter like alumina, lime, silica etc
Forms of asphalts –
1) Cutback asphalt – It is the liquid asphalt formed by the mixing asphalt with volatile
solvents. It is used for preparing bituminous paints, for repairing roofs.
2) Asphalt emulsion – It is prepared by mixing asphalt with 50-60 % of water in presence
of 1% emulsifying agent. It is used for water proofing purposes.
3) Asphaltic cement – It is prepared by blowing air through melted asphalt at high
temperature. It is used for roofing, flooring, water proofing & filler in expansion joints
in concrete.
4) Mastic asphalt – It is produced by heating natural asphalt with sand & mineral filters. It
is used for damp proofing & water proofing.
Classification of asphalt –
Asphalt is classified into the following categories;
1) Natural asphalt – It is obtained from the natural sources which is found in lakes &
rock formation
2) Residual asphalt – It is obtained by the fractional distillation of crude petroleum oils.
Properties of asphalt –
1) It is water proof & easily cleaned
2) It is durable & tough material
3) It is resilient & elastic in nature
4) It is good insulator of electricity, heat & sound
5) It is good water resistance
6) It is not affected by certain chemicals
7) It is corrosion resistance
Uses of asphalt –
1) It is used as damp proofing
2) It is also used for roads & pavements
3) It is used in swimming pools, tanks & basements

4) It is also used for making paints & roofing felts.
Bitumen –
It is the binding materials in which it is obtained by the fractional distillation from crude
petroleum oils as an end product.
Categories / forms of bitumen –
1) Straight run bitumen – It is the type of bitumen which has definite viscosity or
penetration without further treatments.
2) Blown bitumen – It is the type of bitumen which has been modified by passing air
under pressure at high temperature.
3) Cutback bitumen – It is the type of bitumen which is obtained by fluxing asphaltic
bitumen with suitable liquid distillations of petroleum coal tar.
4) Plastic bitumen – It is the type of bitumen which consist of bitumen, thinner & suitable
fillers like asbestos fibers
5) Bitumen emulsion – It is a liquid product containing bitumen with large amount in
water medium.
Properties of bitumen –
1) It is brownish black in colour
2) It possesses adhesive properties when soften by heat
3) It gives distinctive smell when heated
4) It is soluble in carbon disulphide
Uses of bitumen –
1) It is used as damp proofing
2) It is used for preparing paints
3) Also used for filling cracks, leakages in mensory structures.
4) It is also used for roads & pavements
5) It is used in swimming pools,
tanks & basements
First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem
Tar –
It is obtained by the destructive distillation of organic matters such as coal, oil, wood is called
tar.
Classification/types of tar –
1) Coal tar – It is heavy black & strong smelling liquid. It is prepared by the close heating
coal in the closed iron tank. It is used for making roads, preserving timbers.
2) Mineral tar –It is obtained by the distillation of bituminous shales. It has less volatile
matters.
3) Wood tar – It is obtained by the distillation of pines & other resinous wood. It is used
for preserving timbers.
Properties of tar –
1) It is more adhesive
2) It is less durable
3) It is harden quickly
4) Its setting time is more
5) It contains high percentage of carbon
Uses of tar –

1) It is used in road constructions
2) It is also used for preserving woods/timbers
3) It is also used for filling leakages or cracks
4) It is also used for making paints
Lime –
The removal of mixture& carbon dioxide by the calcinations of lime stone is known as lime
Heating
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Calcination
Types of lime –
1) Fat lime – It is obtained by the calcination of pure limestone, marble, white chalk etc
Properties –
a) It hardens very slowly
b) It has high degree of plasticity
c) Its setting time is slow
d) Its colour is perfectly white
2) Hydraulic lime – It is obtained by moderate burning of raw limestone which contain

small amount of clay & iron oxide.
Properties –
a) It sets under water
b) Its colour is not perfectly white
c) It forms thin paste

3) Poor lime – It is obtained from limestone which contains 80-85&CaO& 5% MgO with
clay, silica, alumina& iron oxide.
Properties –
a) It sets very slowly
b) It has poor binding properties
c) Its colour is muddy white
d) It makes very poor mortar
Properties of lime –
1) Lime possesses good plasticity properties
2) It stiffens easily
3) It has excellent cementing properties
4) It shrinks on drying
Uses of lime –
1) It is used for white washing
2) It is also used for preparation of lime sand bricks
3) It is also used as mortar in mensory works

4) It is used as refractory materials
5) It is also used for making cement.
Field slaking of lime – (Preparation procedure)

1) quick lime is heaped on a mensory / wooden platform
2) Water is sprinkled over it till lime is slaked & reduced to powder form
3) During sprinkling of water, the heap is turned over & over again till no more water is to
be added then required for the lime to convert into the powder form.
4) The slaked lime is then screened through I.S. sieve 3.35 mm
5) The final product is slaked lime.
Soil –
The loose, unconsolidated, inorganic material on the earth crust produced by the
disintegration of rocks, over aying hard rock’s is known as soi
Types of soil –
1) Residual soils – Are the soils that remain at the place of their formation due to the
weathering of parent rocks.
2) Transported soils – Are the soils which are transported at the other places after their
formation due to the weathering of parent rocks.
Applications of soil in construction field –
1) In the construction of canals
2) In the construction earthen dams
3) In the construction & foundation designs
4) In the construction of the structures

Sand –
The natural product which is obtained as river sand & pit sand is called sand.
Requirement of good sand –
1) It should be hard
2) It should be chemically inert
3) It should be free from salts
4) It should free from organic matters
5) It should be well graded
Uses of sand –
1) It is used in mortars
2) It is used for the filling the gaps between the building blocks
3) It is used as binding materials in the form of paste
4) It prevents the shrinkages of cementing materials.
Silt –
The granular material of a size somewhere between sand & clay whose mineral origin in
quartz & feldspar

Uses of slits –
1) It is used to construct bricks
2) It is used to make mortar
3) It is also used to make concrete
4) Also used to make artificial sedimentary rocks
Clay –
The earthen mineral mass of fragmentary rocks capable of mixing with water & forming a
plastic viscous mass which has a property of retaining its shape when moulded & dried
Suitability of clay in Construction work – (types of clay)

1) Refractory clay – these are highly disperse & very plastic. These have high content of
alumina & low content of impurities. They are used in manufacturing refractory
bricks
2) High melting clay – These are high refractoriness & contains small amount of
impurities such as quartz, mica, feldspar etc. They are used for manufacturing facing
bricks, floor tiles, sewer pipes etc
3) Low melting clay – These are medium refractoriness than 1350º C & have varying
compositions. They are used for manufacturing building bricks, blocks & tiles.
Uses of clay –
1) Clays are used for manufacturing clay bricks, porous & perforated bricks & hollow
bricks
2) For manufacturing fire or refractory bricks
3) For manufacturing pavement blocks, floor tiles & sewer pipers
4) For manufacturing light weight porous aggregates.

10 | C M A - C h a p t e r - 2
Chapter –3: Artificial Construction materials Marks -30
Topic - 3 Artificial Construction Materials
Contents :
3.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------(10)
Bricks – Brick earth and its constituents. Conventional bricks and Standard bricks. Characteristics
of good brick, Classification ofburnt clay bricks and their suitability, special bricks. Manufacturing
of burnt clay bricks. Common Field tests on Bricks- shape and size, colour, sound, hardness test,
finger scratch test, water absorption test
Tiles –flooring and roofing tiles. Characteristic of good tiles, different types of tiles depending
upon material used, sizes of tiles, uses of tiles, wall cladding
3.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------(10)
Materials for making concrete-:
Cement – definition, Manufacturing of cement, types of cements –
Ordinary Portland, white cement colour cement and their suitability. Different brand name of
cement, common pickings available in markets, common field tests on cement- lumps visible,
colour, hand feeling , water float test
Aggregate – Definition, types of aggregate - coarse aggregate, fine aggregates (size).
Artificial sand – properties and advantages, suitability
Pre-cast concrete products – concrete blocks- hollow, solid concrete blocks, pavement blocks,
balustrades, their properties and uses.
3.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------(10)

Plywood, particle board and veneers their properties and uses.
Glass – properties- thickness and weight, thermal conductivity, light and heat translation,
durability sound insulation, types of glass- soda lime glass, lead glass and borosilicate glass. Glass
used for cladding.
Bricks
Brick earth & its constituents –
The main constituents or ingredients of a good brick earth are
1) Alumina (Al2O3) (20-30%) - It gives the plasticity to the clay.
2) Silica (SiO2) (50-60%) - It prevents cracking, shrinking of the raw bricks.
3) Lime (CaO)- It stops the shrinkage of raw bricks and acts as a flux.
4) Magnesia (MgO)- It gives yellow tint to the bricks and reduces shrinkage.
5) Iron oxide (Fe2O3) (5-6%) - It gives the red colour to the bricks.
Alumina (Al2O3)
(20-30%)
Silica (SiO2) (50- Lime

60%) (CaO)
Magnesia Iron oxide

(MgO) (Fe2O3) (5-6%)

Harmful ingredients of a brick earth:
1) Lime stone: It causes bricks to split into pieces.

2) Alkalis: It affects the overall appearance of the building as it causes ‘efflorescence’.
3) Iron pyrites: It causes decomposition of bricks.
4) Pebbles of stone and gravel: It breaks the uniformity of bricks.
5) Organic matter or vegetation: Due to the presence of this, brick becomes more porous.
Types of Bricks –
1) Conventional bricks or traditional bricks:
The conventional bricks are the bricks which are not standardized in size. The dimensions
of conventional bricks vary from 21 to 25 cm in length, 10 to 13 cm in width and 7.5 cm in
height in different parts of country. The commonly accepted normal size of a conventional
brick is 23 cm X 11.4 cm X 7.6 cm.

2) Standard bricks or modular bricks :
Indian Standard Institution (ISI) has set upthe standard size of the brick. Such a brick is
known as modular brick or standard brick. The normal size of modular brick is taken as
20 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm. But its actual dimensions are 19 cmX 9 cm X 9 cm.
Characteristics of Good Brick:
1) It should have uniform in colour, shape and size.

2) It should be well burnt.
3) It should be free from cracks.
4) It should produce a good metallic ringing sound when two bricks are struck with each
other.
5) It should not absorb water more than 20% of its dry weight when dipped in water.
6) It should be adequately strong.
7) It should be fire resistant.

Classification of Bricks –
A. 1stclass bricks: These bricks are well burnt, rectangular with sharp edges. It is used for
better work.
B. 2ndclassbricks: These bricks are well burnt, but they are having irregular shape. It is
used for ordinary structure.
C. 3rdclassbricks: These bricks are under burnt, its surface is rough. It is used for
temporary structure and the places where rainfall is not heavy.
D. 4thclassbricks: These are overburnt bricks having irregular surface. It is used as
aggregates for concrete in foundation.
Types of Special Bricks:
1) Acid resistant bricks: It is specially used for chemical plant.

2) Engineering bricks: It is used for paving purposes.
3) Silica bricks: It is used in the construction of chimney.
4) Refractory bricks: It is used in metallurgical process.
5) Sand-lime bricks: It is used for ornamental work.
6) Blue bricks: It is used for heavy engineering constructional work like bridges.

7) Colouredbricks: It is used for decorative work only.
8) Fire bricks: It is used for the construction of hearth, furnaces and chimney as they have
to resist high temperature.
Manufacturing of clay bricks –
The clay for bricks is prepared by the following steps;
1) Unsoiling :
Unsoiling is the process in which the top layer of soil, about 20cm in depth, is taken out
and thrown away as it contains impurities.
2) Digging :
After removing top soil, the clay is then dug out from the ground.
3) Weathering :
The clay is then exposed to atmosphere for softening or mellowing.
4) Blending :
The clay is made loose and any ingredient to be added to it, is spread out at its top. The
mass is then mixed uniformly with spades.
5) Tempering :
Tempering consists of kneading the earth with feet so as to make the mass stiff and
plastic.
Moulding –
It is a process of giving a required shape to the brick from the prepared brick earth.
Two types of moulding:
A. Hand Moulding: In hand moulding, the bricks are moulded by hand i.e. manually. It is
further classified as –
a) Ground Moulding: In this process, the ground is leveled and sand is sprinkled on it.
The bricks are then moulded on ground.
b) Table Moulding: The bricks are moulded on stock boards nailed on the moulding table.
B. Machine Moulding: In this method, the bricks are moulded by using machines. It proves
to be economical when bricks in huge quantity are to be manufactured. These machines
are broadly classified in two categories :
a) Plastic clay machines
b) Dry clay machines
Field tests of the good quality bricks:
1) Uniformity in shape & size: A good brick should have rectangular plane surface and
uniform in size. This check is made in the field by observation.
2) Uniformity in colour : A good brick will have uniform colour
3) Structure: Few bricks may be broken in the field and their cross-section is observed. The
section should be homogeneous, compact and free from defects such as holes and lumps.
4) Sound test: If two bricks are struck with each other they should produce clear ringing

sound. The sound should not be dull.
5) Hardness test: Scratch the brick with nail. If no impression is marked on the surface, the
brick is sufficiently hard.
6) Water absorption: Brick specimen is weighted dry. Then they are immersed in water for
24 hrs. It is weighted again and the difference indicates amount of water absorption. This
should not be more than 20%.
Tiles:-
Types of tiles depending upon the materials used for their construction;
1) Clay tiles 2) Quarry tiles 3) Cement tiles 4) glazed earthenware tiles
Classification of building tiles with their suitability -
1) Roofing tiles:
 Roofing tiles are used to cover sloping roofs.
 They are supported on wooden reapers.
 Normally these tiles are having curved surface having ribbed sections, so that with
thin section they are sufficiently strong to resist the load.
 These tiles should be leak proof.
2) Flooring tiles:
 These tiles are used as finish surface for floors.
 The thickness of these tiles varies from 15 to 20 mm.
 These tiles are flat and they have pleasing appearance.

Characteristics of a good tile:
1) It should be free from any cracks.

2) It should be regular in shape and size.
3) It should be sound, hard and durable.
4) It should have uniform texture and colour.
5) It should have low water absorption (less than 15%)
6) It should have sufficient resistance to atmosphere and dampness.
Different types of tiles:
1) Clay tiles: These tiles are made from good clay of even texture. These are made in
various shapes and sizes according to their uses. They are used for roofing & flooring
purposes.
2) Quarry tiles: These tiles are also made from clays. Quarry tiles can be made in
different colours and mosaic. These tiles are suitable for flooring in residential, public
and industrial building where floor comes in contact with acid or alkalies.
3) Glazed earthenware tiles: These are made of earthenware covered by a glaze. These
tiles are generally used in finishing floor s and walls of kitchens, bathrooms, water
closets etc.
4) Cement tiles: These tiles are made from cement. These tiles possess uniform texture,

high strength, and good weather resistance property & water tightness. These are used
for roofing and flooring purposes.
Uses of tiles –
1) Tiles are used for covering slopping roofs.

2) Tiles are used as finish surface for floors of houses.
3) Tiles are used as finish surfaces for walls of kitchen, bath-rooms, water closet etc.
4) Tiles are used for decoration of walls and roofs.
Different sizes of tiles -
Different sizes of tiles for roofing purposes;

1) 250mm X 200mm X 25mm 2) 150mm X 100mm X 20mm 3) 150mm X 75mm X 15mm
Different sizes of tiles for flooring purposes;
1) 150mm X 150mm X 18mm 2) 200mm X 200mm X 25mm 3) 250mm X 250mm X 30mm
Wall cladding –
Wall cladding is a decorative covering used on building walls. This is made by using tiles,
stones

Materials for Making Concrete
Cement: -
It is a material, which is produced by calcining an intimate mixture of calcareous, siliceous

and aluminous substances at high temperature and crushing the resultant clinkers to a fine
powder.
Chemical ingredients / constituents of cement –
Sr. No. Name of the constituents Formula Percentage

1 Lime CaO 60-67 %
2 Silica SiO2 17-25 %
3 Alumina Al2O3 3-8 %
4 Iron Oxide Fe2O3 0.5-6 %
5 Magnesia MgO 0.1-4 %

6 Sulphur trioxide SO3 1-2 %
7 Soda & Potash Na2O + K2O 0.5-1.3 %
8 Gypsum ( Calcium Sulphate) CaSO4.2H2O 3–4%
Manufacturing of cement by following processes -
Dry Process –
1) The raw materials are crushed by grinding mill by proper proportion

2) Then the blended is sieved & fed into the rotating mill with 12% water
3) Then it is passed into the rotary kiln in presence of heat
4) Finally clinkers were obtained
5) After cooling the clinkers & mixed with 2-3% gypsum & then pulverized.
Wet process -
1) Mixing raw materials: In this stage, 10% of chalk and 30% of clay which contains some
sand, iron oxide, magnesia, etc. are crushed, grounded and then mixed uniformly, then it is
thoroughly mixed with water. The water is then taken out and the slurry is dried in an
oven.
2) Burning: Burning of the above dried slurry is carried out in a rotary kiln. Kiln rotates at
the rate of one revolution per minute about its longitudinal axis.
3) Grinding: In this process, the clinkers obtained from rotary kiln are ground to fine
powder in ball mills and tube mills. During grinding, about 3 to 4% of gypsum is added.
Gypsum acts as a retarder. The final produce which is obtained is cement.

Ordinary Portland cement:
1) It is used in important structures, where great strength is required such as heavy

buildings and bridges etc.
2) It is used for plastering and painting.
3) It is used for drainage & water supply works.
4) It is used for making cement mortar, plain concrete, reinforced concrete etc.

White cement: Preparation & Uses
1) The cement when made free from colouring oxides of Fe, Mn and Cr, it results into
white cement.
2) In the manufacturing of this cement, the oil fuel is used instead of coal for burning.
Uses -
1) It is used for floor finishing.
2) It is used for ornamental works.
3) It is used for plastering.
2) In swimming ponds white cement is used to replace glazed tiles. It is used for fixing
marbles and glazed tiles.
Coloured cement: Preparation & Uses
1) The cement of desired colour is produced by intimately mixing pigments with ordinary
cement.
2) The chromium oxide (CrO4) gives green colour. Cobalt produce blue colour.
3) Iron oxide (Fe2O3) with different proportion produce brown, red or yellow colour.
4) Addition of manganese dioxide (MnO2) gives black or brown coloured cement.
Uses -
1) It is used for finishing of floors.

2) It is used for painting.
3) It is used for finishing of walls, roofs and window sills.

Important properties of good cement:
1) It gives strength to the masonry.

2) It is an excellent binding material.
3) It is easily workable.
4) It has good resistance to the moisture.
5) It possesses a good plasticity.
6) It solidifies or hardens quickly.
7) It is fire proof.
Common packing of cement available in market;
1) The packing of cement is mostly done in our country in conventional jute or gunny bags.
These bags have proved to be satisfactory containers as their shape and size make them
convenient to handle.
2) However, the main drawback of such type of packing is at every point of handling, some
portion of cement is wasted.
3) The National Council of Cement and Building Materials have developed an improved jute
bag having close-knit design.

4) Such bags are technically superior to the conventional jute bags and they are expected to
reduce substantially the loss of cement.
Different Brands of cements –
Ambuja Cement JK cement
ACC cement Birla-Shakti Cement
Ultra-Tech Cement Reliance Cement
Field tests of cement:
1) Presence of lumps: The cement should be free from any hard lumps.
2) Colour: The colour of the cement should be uniform. It should be typical cement
colour i.e. grey colour with a light greenish shade.
3) Hand feeling: If hand is inserted in a bag or heap of cement, it should feel cool.
4) Water float test: If a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of water, the
particles should float for some time before it sinks if the cement is of good quality.

Aggregates -
Aggregates are divided into following two categories on the basis of size;
1) Coarse aggregates: The aggregates having size greater than 4.75 mm are called as
coarse aggregates.
2) Fine aggregates: The aggregates having size 4.75 mm or less are called as fine
aggregates.
Artificial sand –

Artificial sand is sand made by crushing the rocks.
Properties of artificial sand:
1) The surface texture of the particles should be smooth.

2) There should not be any organic impurities.
3) The sand should be sharp, clean & coarse.
4) All the sand particles should have higher crushing strength.
5) The grains should be of durable material.
Advantage of artificial sand:
1) If artificial sand is produced by proper machines, it can be a better substitute to river

sand.
2) When fine particles are in proper proportion, the sand will have fewer voids; hence the
cement quantity will be less.
3) Natural sand takes millions of years to form, where as artificial sand can be produced
within a short period of time.
4) The transportation cost will be less. Artificial sand can be produced within a city.
5) The sand of required size particles can be produced as per the demand of a builder.
Alternative purposes of artificial sand -
1) It is used as a main component in mortar.

2) It is used for filling in foundation design.
3) It is used in road construction.
4) It is used as fine aggregates for concrete.

Precast concrete -
It is obtained by mixing various ingredients of concrete under highest technical control are
known as precast concrete.
Solid concrete blocks -
 Solid concrete blocks of size 400mm x 200mm x 150mm are commonly manufactured.
 To reduce the weight of the block, no fine concretes are preferred.
 No fine concrete is the concrete in which fine aggregate is not used, but round aggregates
of size less than 12mm are used.

Properties of solid concrete blocks:
1) They are solid in nature.
2) They have less thermal insulation
3) They are heavy
4) They should satisfy the strength requirement of 4 N/mm2
Hollow concrete blocks -
 To reduce the weight of concrete blocks, they may be made hollow.

 Hollow blocks of sizes 400mm x 200mm x 190 mm and also of sizes 400mm x 300mm x
190mm are manufactured.
 These block need richer mixes. Fine aggregates up to 60% and coarse aggregate up to
40% are used.
Properties of hollow concrete blocks:
1) They are hollow in nature.

2) They have less weight.
3) They have more thermal insulation.
4) They should satisfy the strength requirement of 4N/mm2

10 | C M A - C h a p t e r - 3
Uses of Solid & Hollow concrete blocks -
1) Both solid and hollow blocks can be used for the construction of load bearing as well as
partition walls.
2) They are ideally suited for the construction of compound walls.
Precast concrete pavement blocks -

1) Precast concrete pavement blocks are used for the construction of domestic drive ways,
footpaths, access roads, parking bays etc.
2) Pavement blocks are available in variety of colours, coatings, shapes and textures
supporting different structural functions.
3) These are manufactured to high strength and placed so that they are locked in both the
horizontal and vertical planes.

Properties of precast pavement blocks:
1) They should have uniform shape and texture.

2) They should have high compressive strength.
3) They should have high weathering resistance.
4) They should have high wearing resistance.
5) They should have low water absorption.
Uses of Pavement blocks –
Pavement blocks are used for the construction of
a) Domestic drive ways

b) Footpaths
c) Roads access or entrance
d) Parking
Balustrade –
A balustrade is a row of repeating balusters i.e. small posts that support the upper rail of
railing.

11 | C M A - C h a p t e r - 3
Properties of balustrades:
1) They should have good architectural shape.

2) They should be strong enough to resist the stresses coming on the rails.
3) They should be durable.
4) They should have sufficient weathering resistance.
Uses of Balustrades –
1) Balustrades are used for supporting the coping of a parapet

2) Making Handrail of a staircase.
3) Used for making Balconies
Plywood -
Plywood is boards which are prepared from thin layers of wood or veneers.

Properties of plywood -
1) They possess uniform tensile strength in all directions.

2) They are light in weight.
3) They are not easily affected by moisture.
4) Their expansion and shrinkage are very low.
5) They do not split in an axial direction.
Uses of plywood:
1) Plywoods are used for partitions.

2) Plywoods are used for concrete formwork.
3) Plywoods are used in railway coaches.
4) Plywoods are used for paneling walls.
5) Plywoods are used in the construction of furniture’s and doors.
Particle board –
Particle boards are made of wood particles or rice husk or baggase, mixed in resin and heated
with required pressure.

12 | C M A - C h a p t e r - 3

Types of glass:
1) Soda-lime glass: It is mainly a mixture of sodium silicate and calcium silicate. It is used
as window panes and for the laboratory tubes and apparatus.
2) Lead glass: It is obtained by fusing a mixture of silica, lead and potash. It is used for
making electric bulbs, optical glasses, radio valves etc.
3) Borosilicate glass: It is obtained by fusing a mixture of silica, borax, lime and feldspar.
It is used for making laboratory equipments and cooking utensils.
Glass Cladding -
Glass Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer
intended to control the infiltration of weather elements.

1) Glass cladding is suitable to most applications, both internal and external.
2) Glass cladding is often used as an architectural feature in restaurants, shops, office
reception areas and in many other applications such as cupboard or as an outside
covering of buildings.
3) Glass cladding is ideal for wet areas, such as kitchens, bathrooms, laundry rooms and
swimming pools.
4) Glass cladding comes in a variety of different colours. Another upside of glass cladding is
that it maintains its appearance for a long time.

14 | C M A - C h a p t e r - 3
Chapter –4: Special Construction materials Marks -20

Contents
4.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------(10)
Water proofing and damp proofing materials – Brand names, packings available properties and
uses.
Termite proofing materials -need , names and uses
Thermal insulating materials- properties, names and situations where used
Sound insulating materials- properties, names and situations where used
4.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------(10)
Fibres – Types –Jute, Coir, Steel Fibres, Carbon Fibres, Glass Fibres, Plastic Fibres, Asbestos
Fibres properties and uses
Miscellaneous materials – artificial timber, ferrocrete, adhesives, epoxy and Geosynthetic
materials, ceramic materials -properties and uses.
Waterproofing and Damp Proofing Materials:

Waterproofing of a surface is the treatment of the surface to prevent the passage of water like

rainwater or ground water from one side of a structure to the other under normal pressure.
Methods of water proofing -

1) Waterproofing with bituminous sheets.
2) Water proofing by slurry coats on the roof and covering it with tiles.
3) Waterproofing with elastomeric paints.
4) Waterproofing with epoxy formulations.
Most of the waterproofing materials are available in liquid and powder form.
Integral liquid waterproofing compounds are available in plastic bottles of different sizes
while integral powder waterproofing compounds are available in waterproofing boxes or
polyethylene bags.
Properties of waterproofing materials:

1) It should be impervious
2) It should be durable
3) It should be able to resist loads to which it will be subjected.
4) It should be in position to accommodate some structural movement without fracture.
Dampness –
Dampness in a building is the presence of moisture in various parts of building like floor,
wall, roof etc.
Causes dampness in a structure:
1) Poor drainage at the building site.
2) Imperfect orientation: Walls getting less sunlight and heavy showers may remain
damp.
3) Imperfect roof slope: It is especially in the case of flat roofs.
4) Defective construction: Imperfect wall joints, joints in roofs, defective throttling etc.
5) Absorption of water from defective rain water pipes.

Ill effects of dampness:
1) Patches develop and destroy the appearance of the building.
2) Colour wash, white wash and paintings are damaged.
3) Plaster crumbles.
4) Bricks and stone disintegrate endangering the building.
5) Steel in the slabs and beam start rusting. It reduced the life of structure.
6) Dry rotting of wood takes place.
Damp proofing is the treatment of a surface to stop the rise of water by capillary action.
Properties of ideal damp proofing material:

1) It should be impervious.
2) It should be flexible
3) It should be durable
4) It should be easy to carry out leak proofing joints.

5) It should resist the load safely.
Some commonly materials are used for damp proofing:

1) Flexible materials like hot bitumen, bituminous felts, plastic sheet, metal sheet of lead,
copper etc.
2) Semi-rigid materials like mastic asphalt.
3) Rigid materials like impervious bricks, stones, slates, cement mortar or cement
concrete painted with bitumen.
4) Mortar with water proofing compounds.
5) Continuous plastic sheets under floor.
Methods of building damp proofing:
1) Use of damp proofing course (D.P.C.) Membrane damp proofing.
2) Integral damp proofing.
3) Surface treatment
4) Cavity wall construction.
5) Guniting
6) Pressure grouting

Brand names of various damp proofing materials:
1) Dr. Fixit
2) Ridex Flexifil
3) Algahard – X
4) Polysil C
5) Hydroproof- IWL
Termite proofing materials -

Termites are of two types:
1) Dry wood termites: These termites live in dry wood in small colonies, without
maintaining any connection with the soil. They are generally found in humid coastal
areas.
2) Sub-terranean termites: These termites have their main colonies in soil underground.
They cannot survive without maintaining connection with their prime colonies in the
soil.
Categories of anti-termites treatment:

Anti-termite treatment may be divided into following two categories:
1) Pre-construction treatment: This treatment is started right at the initial stage of
construction of building. Pre-construction treatment can be divided into three
operations:
a) Soil preparation
b) Soil treatment
c) Structural barriers.
2) Post-construction treatment: For post-construction operation, a pressure pump will be
required for proper penetration of chemicals into the surface to be treated.
This is divided into following operations:
a) Treatment of foundation
b) Treatment of soil under floors
c) Treatment of masonry at plinth level.
Necessity of termite control:

1) Wooden structures like doors, windows, wooden roof truss, ceilings and wardrobes of
building are most vulnerable.
2) Termites have a great affinity to wooden materials although they attack other
household articles.
3) A building without the control of termite is totally unsuitable for stores, record rooms

and even for dwelling purposes. Therefore it is necessary to apply anti-termite
treatment on buildings.
List of anti-termite chemicals –
1) BHC
2) DDT
3) Aldrin
4) Chlordane
5) Heptachlor
6) Chloropyrifos
Thermal Insulating Materials:
Properties of thermal insulating materials:

1) It should have low thermal conductivity.
2) It should be impermeable.
3) It should be fire proof.
4) It must resist attack of insects.
Types of Thermal insulating materials:

1) Cork
2) Glass wool
3) Fiber boards
4) Aerated concrete
5) Foam plastic
6) Cavity wall
7) Reflecting paints

Suitability of Thermal insulating materials:

The heat insulation requirements for different types of buildings are achieved through one or
more of the following things:
1) The use of thicker exterior walls provides insulation against heat and cold.
2) The use of cavity wall construction affords protection from the outside heat as the
hollow space acts as an insulating material.
3) The use of heat insulating materials such as slag wool, rock wool, light weight concrete,
reflective materials etc. for filling air spaces in construction materials, which are used
for walls, roofs, floors etc.

4) The roofs of the multi-storeyed building have also been insulated against heat by using
a layer of thermocole, cork or glass wool.
Sound Insulating Materials:
Properties of good sound insulating materials:

1) It should have low density.
2) It should have porous texture
3) It should have pleasing look
4) It should be incombustible
5) It should be easy to handle and fix.
Types of sound insulating materials:
1) Glass wool 2) Cellular concrete

3) Glass silk 4) Rock wool
5) Porous tiles 6) Cane fibers
7) Asbestos 8) Mineral wool boards

Suitability / requirement of sound proofing materials:

The sound insulation requirements for different types of buildings are achieved through one
or more of the following things.
1) The use of cellular concrete provides insulation against sound through slabs and floors.
2) The use of sound insulating materials such as rock wool, glass wool, glass silk etc. for
filling air spaces in construction materials, which are used for walls, roofs, floors etc.
3) The roofs of the multi-stroreyed building have also been insulated against sound by
using porous tiles.
4) Acoustic plastics such as gypsum plaster are very effective in sound insulation.
Fibers –
Natural or synthetic filaments that may be span into yarn like cotton or nylon are called
fibers.
Types of fibers:
1) Jute fibers 2) Coir fibers
3) Carbon fibers 4) Steel fibers
5) Glass fibers 6) Plastic finbers
7) Asbestos fibers

Jute Fibers:
Properties of jute fiber:

1) Jute fibers have low thermal conductivity.
2) They have high tensile strength.
3) They have low extensibility.
4) They are bio-degradable.
Uses of jute fibers:
1) Jute fibers are used for making fiber reinforced mortar and concrete.
2) Jute fibers are used to make rope.
3) Jute fibers are used for making geo-textiles.
4) Jute fibers are used to make cloths.
5) Jute fibers are also used to make pulp and paper.
Coir Fibers –
Coir is the fibrous materials found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a
coconut.

Properties of coir fibers:

1) They have low density
2) They have high specific strength to weight ratio.
3) They are non-toxic.
Uses of coir fibers:
1) They are used in floor mats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles and sacking.
2) They are used for insulation and packing.

3) They are used for manufacturing of rope.
4) They are also used for making fishing nets.
5) They are used for making geo-textiles.
Steel Fibers:
Properties of steel fibers:

2) They have high elastic modulus.
3) They have high bond strength.
4) They have high ductility.
Uses of steel fibers:
1) Steel fibers are mainly used for manufacturing steel fiber reinforced concrete which
has broad applications in construction works.
Carbon Fibers –

Properties of carbon fibers:

1) They have high strength to weight ratio.
2) They are corrosion resistant and chemically stable.
3) They have good fatigue resistance.
4) They have good tensile strength.
5) They have low coefficient of thermal expansion.
Uses of carbon fibers:
1) Carbon fibers can be used in machine, equipment and apparatus construction.
2) They can be used for interior furnishing or as protective clothing.
3) They are used in the construction of road cars.
4) They are used for manufacturing sport equipments.
Glass Fibers:

Properties of glass fibers:
1) Glass fiber is a dimensionally stable material.
2) Glass fibers do not absorb moisture.
3) Glass fibers are move fire resistant.
4) Glass fibers have low coefficient of thermal expansion.
5) Glass fibers have high strength to weight ratio.
Uses of glass fibers:

1) Glass fibers are used for making home furnishing fabrics.
2) Glass fibers are used as heat shields for aeronautical equipment.
3) Glass fibers are used as reinforcement in fiber reinforced concrete.
4) Glass fibers are used for roof insulation.
5) They are used to reinforce thermoplastics.
Plastic Fibers:

Properties of plastic fibers:

1) They have low thermal conductivity.
2) They are flexible
3) They are light and strong.
4) They are un-reactive.
Uses of plastic fibers:

1) Plastic fibers are used for manufacturing fiber reinforced mortar and concrete.
2) They are used in automotive and medical industries.
3) Plastic fibers are used for making geo-textiles.
4) Plastic fibers are used in digital home applications.
Asbestos Fibers:

Properties of asbestos fibers:
1) They have good tensile strength.
2) They possess good elasticity.
3) They are chemically stable.
4) They possess high bond strength.
Uses of asbestos fibers:

1) Asbestos fibers are used for manufacturing insulating cement.
2) They are used for manufacturing insulating blocks.
3) They are used in fire bricks.
4) They are used in floor tiles.
5) They are used for making textiles.
Miscellaneous Materials:
Artificial Timber or wood:

Artificial timber is a wood substitute made from solid wastes like fly ash, silica, bituminous
and other biodegradable materials.

Properties of artificial timber:

1) Artificial timber is harder than natural wood.
2) It is termite-proof and don’t require any anti-termite treatment.
3) It is fire resistant.
4) It has high resistance against the action of hot water and chemicals.
5) It does not wear out quickly.
Uses of artificial timber:
1) It is used for building boats.
2) It is used as a flooring material.
3) It is used for manufacturing windows and doors.
4) It is used for making furniture.
5) It is used for paneling and partition work.
Ferrocrete:
Ferrocrete is a super-strong building material that is composed of concrete and steel-like
materials bonded together at the molecular level.

Properties of ferrocrete:
1) Ferrocrete is not affected by water or frost.
2) Ferrocrete provides high early strength.
3) Ferrocrete possesses a good plasticity.
4) It offers a good resistance to moisture.
Uses of ferrocrete:
1) Ferrocrete is used for manufacturing precast concrete products.
2) Ferrocrete is used to produce high strength mortar and concrete.
3) Ferrocrete is used for grouting.
4) Ferrocrete is used for construction in cold weather.
Adhesives or Bonding materials:

An adhesive is a substance which enables two surfaces to stick together and behave as a single
unit.

10 | C M A - C h a p t e r - 4
Properties of adhesives:
1) Adhesives should have high tensile strength.
2) Adhesives should have more cohesive strength.
3) Adhesive should form a strong bond between the surface and the adhesive.
4) Adhesive should be durable.
5) Adhesive must wet the surface thoroughly as it spreads.
Uses of adhesives:
1) Adhesives are largely used in the manufacture of veneers, plywood, blackboards.
2) Adhesives are used for fixing wall and ceiling linings and floor coverings.
3) Adhesives are used for joining rubber, plastic, glass etc.
4) Adhesives are used for making furniture.
Epoxy or Epoxy resins:

Epoxy is a thermosetting epoxide polymer that cures when mixed with a hardener.

Properties of epoxy:
1) Epoxy has excellent chemical and corrosion resistance.
2) It has excellent adhesion.
3) It has low shrinkage.
4) It has excellent thermal insulation.
5) It is more durable in extremely warm conditions.
Uses of epoxy:
1) It is popularly used as glue.
2) It is used in house repairs and auto repairs.
3) It is used for joining metal, glass, wood, stones, plastics etc.
4) It is used in construction of cars, boats, snow boards etc.
5) It is used in paints.
6) It is used for coating reinforcement to protect them from corrosion.
Geo-synthetic materials:
Geo-synthetics are made of polypropylene, nylon, PVC and other synthetic materials.

11 | C M A - C h a p t e r - 4
Properties of geo-synthetics:
1) Geo-synthetics are visco-elastic
2) They have better resistant to atmospheric weathering action.
4) They are more flexible.
Uses of geo-synthetic materials:
1) Geo-synthetics are used for filtration.
2) They are used as reinforcement in road pavements, earthen dams etc.
3) They can be used as moisture barrier.
4) They are used for seepage control.
5) They are used for soil stabilization.
6) They are used for water proofing.
Ceramics:
Ceramics refers to polycrystalline materials and products formed by baking natural clays and
mineral admixtures at a high temperature.

Properties of ceramic materials:
1) They are capable of withstanding high temperature, thermal shocks and rough usage.
2) They have minimum expansion and contraction
3) They are chemically inactive at high temperatures.
4) They have good thermal insulation and low electrical conductivity.
Categories of ceramics:
1) Glass
2) White wares, including art-ware and structural ceramics.
3) Refractories
Uses of ceramic materials:

1) They are used for the thermal insulation of combustion chambers, valve seats, spark
plugs, gas turbines etc.
2) They are used for manufacturing glazed and unglazed tiles.
3) They are used for manufacturing sanitary ware in the form of toilets and lavatories.
4) They are used for manufacturing drainpipes, roofing tiles and road pavers.
5) They are used for making art-wares.

12 | C M A - C h a p t e r - 4
Chapter –5: Finishing materials Marks -08
Contents
Plastering Materials – Mortars: Lime Mortar, Cement Mortar, Special
Mortars – Properties, proportion, situations where used
Plaster of Paris – Constituents, properties and uses POP finishing boards, sizes, purpose.
Paints, Distempers and Varnishes – types, properties and uses
Cladding materials – properties, names of different cladding materials and uses
Linoleum- properties, sizes, use, method of fixings to floor
Plastering Materials –
Mortars-
The term mortar is used to indicate a paste prepared by adding required quantity of water to a
mixture of binding material like cement or lime and fine aggregate like sand.

Properties of a good mortar:
1) It should be cheap.
2) It should be durable.
3) It should set quickly.
4) It should be easily workable.
5) It should be capable of developing good adhesion with the building units such as bricks,
stones etc.
6) It should be capable of resisting penetration of rain water.
Uses of mortar:
1) To form joints of pipes.

2) To bind the building units such as bricks, stones, etc. into a solid mass.
3) To carry out pointing and plaster work on exposed surface of masonry.
4) To improve the general appearance of structure.
5) To hide the open joints of brickwork and stonework.
6) To fill up the cracks detected in the structure during maintenance process.

Lime mortar
 In time mortar the lime is used as binding material. The lime may be fat lime or hydraulic
lime may be fat lime or hydraulic lime.
 The lime mortar has a high plasticity and it can be placed easily.
 It possesses good cohesiveness with other surfaces and shrinks very little. It is sufficiently
durable, but it hardens slowly.
 It is generally used for lightly loaded above-ground parts of buildings.
Properties of lime mortar:
1) It shrinks very little.

2) It is durable.
3) It hardens slowly.
4) It has a high plasticity and can be placed easily.
5) It possesses good cohesiveness with other surfaces.
Cement Mortar:
 In cement mortar, the cement is used as binding materials.

 Depending upon the strength required and importance of work, the proportion of cement
to sand by volume varies from 1:2 to 1:6 or more.
 The proportion of cement with respect to sand should be determined with due regard to
the specified durability and working conditions.
 The cement mortar is used where a mortar of high strength and water-resisting properties
if required such as underground constructions, water saturated soils, etc.
Properties of cement mortar:
1) It is more durable.
2) It hardens very quickly.
3) A well proportioned mortar provides impervious surface.
4) A mix richer than 1:3 is prone to shrinkage.

Special Mortars:
1) Fire-resistant mortar: It is used with fire-bricks for lining furnaces, fire places, ovens, etc.
2) Light weight mortar: This mortar is used in the sound-proof and heat-proof constructions.
3) Sound absorbing mortar: To reduce the noise level, the sound – absorbing plaster is
formed with the help of sound absorbing mortar.
4) X-ray shielding mortar: This type of mortar is used for providing the plastering coat to
walls and ceiling of X-ray cabinets.
Plaster of Paris:

When finely ground gypsum is heated at the temperature of 160oC to 170oC, it loses about 14.7
per cent of its water content in the form of steam. The resulting product is known as the plaster
of pairs.
Properties of Plaster of Pairs:
1) It is light in weight.
2) It shows good adhesions to the fibrous materials.
3) It sets with negligible shrinkage on drying.
4) It is not affected by bacteria It is a fire resisting material and it does not allow heat to pass
easily.
Uses of Plaster of Pairs:
1) It is used for ornamental plaster work.

2) It is used as an insulating material to protect wood or metal columns and beams from high
temperature.
3) It is used in artwork, pottery, dentistry and in surgery for the shaping of fractured bones.
4) POP boards are used for ceiling, for internal lining of wall and for partition walls.

Availability of POP –
POP finishing boards are available in widths 400, 600, 800, 900, 1200mm and in length 1200, 1800
to 3600 mm in steps of 100mm and in thickness 9.5 to 15mm.
Because of good insulating properties, POP finishing boards are normally used for ceiling,
partition walls and internal lining of walls.
Paints –
The paints are the coatings of fluid materials which are applied as a final finish to all surfaces,
such as walls, ceilings, wood work, metal work etc.
The process of application of paint as a coating is termed as painting.
Constituents of paints -
1) Base: A base is a solid substance of a metallic oxide in fine state of division. It is a

principal constituent of paint.
2) Vehicle: A vehicle is a liquid substance which keeps the ingredients of paint in liquid

suspension.
3) Drier: A drier is a substance which accelerates the process of drying of a paint film
4) Colouring pigment: Colouring pigment gives required colour for paints.
5) Solvent: It is a liquid which is mixed in a paint to make the paint thin so that it can be
easily applied on the surface.
Properties of an ideal paint:
1) It should be possible to apply easily and freely.

2) It should dry in a reasonable time.
3) It should form hard and durable surface.
4) It should not be easily affected by atmosphere.
5) It should possess attractive and pleasing appearance.
6) It should not be harmful to be health of workers.
Objects of painting:
1) It prevents decay of wood and corrosion of metals.

2) It is used to give good appearance to the surface.
3) It protects the surfaces from weathering effects of the atmosphere.
4) It provides a smooth surface for easy cleaning.
Different types of paints depending upon their constituents:
1) Aluminium paint: It contains finely ground aluminium in spirit or oil varnish. It is widely
used for painting gas tanks, water pipes and oil tanks.
2) Oil paint: This is the ordinary paint and it is generally applied in three coats of varying
composition. The oil paints are used in general for all types of surfaces, such as wood
work, walls, ceilings, metal work etc.

3) Enamel paint: It contains white lead, oil petroleum spirit and resinous material. It can be
used for both external and internal walls.
4) Bituminous paint: This type of paint is manufactured by dissolving asphalt or vegetable
bitumen in oil or petroleum. It is used for painting iron works under water.
5) Emulsion paint: It contains binding materials such as polyvinyl acetate, synthetic resins
etc. This paint is recommended for use on stucco, bricks and masonry surfaces which
contain free alkali.
6) Cement paint: This paint consists of white cement, pigment, accelerator and other
additives. Cement paints are being extensively used for painting plastered brickwork,
stone masonry and concrete.
Distempers -
Distempers are the cheaper variety of paints in which chalk is used as base and water is used as a
carrier.
Properties of distemper:
1) They are generally light in colour.

2) They give reflective coating.
3) The coatings are generally thick.
4) They are less durable than oil paints.
5) They exhibit poor workability.
The application of distemper is carried out in the following way -
1) Preparation of surface: The surface is thoroughly rubbed and cleaning. In case of a new
plastered surface, the surface is kept exposed to weather, for drying before the application
of distemper. The efflorescence and patches, if any should be wiped out by a clean cloth.
Cracks found on the surface if any should be filled with putty.
2) Priming Coat: After preparing the surface to receive the coats of distemper, a priming
coat is applied and it is allowed to become dry.
3) Final coat: Two or three coats of distemper are applied. Each coat should be applied only
after the previous coat has dried.
The various types of distempers are:
1) White distempers: They are made by mixing only whiting i.e. powdered chalk and glue
size.
2) Coloured distempers: They are prepared by mixing the desired colouring pigment to the
whiting before mixing it with glue size.
3) Oil bound distempers: There is a variety of oil paints in which the drying oil is so treated
that it mixes with water. Such distempers are diluted or thinned with water when
required.
4) Casein paints: These paints are prepared by mixing a finely ground casein with a white
base usually slaked lime.

Different brands of distemper:
Varnishes -
Varnish is a nearly homogeneous solution of resins or resinous substances either in alcohol, oil or
turpentine.
Purposes of varnishing coat:
1) To brighten the appearance of the grain in wood.

2) To render brilliancy to the painted surface.

3) To protect painted surface from atmospheric action.
4) To protect the unpainted wooden surfaces of doors, windows, roof trusses, etc. from
atmospheric action.
Properties of an ideal varnish:
1) It should render the surface glossy.

2) It should dry rapidly or quickly.
3) It should not shrink or show cracks after drying.
4) The protecting film developed by varnish should be tough, hard and durable.
5) The colour of varnish should not fade away when the surface is exposed to atmospheric
actions.
Classification of varnishes –
Varnishes are classified into the following four categories depending upon the solvent:
1) Oil varnishes: The linseed oil is used as solvent in this type of varnish. Oil varnishes are
very suitable for exposed work which requires frequent cleaning.
2) Spirit varnishes: The methylated spirits of wine are used as solvent in this type of varnish.
These varnishes are mostly used for wooden furniture.
3) Turpentine varnishes: The turpentine is used as solvent in this type of varnish. They are
not durable and tough as oil varnishes.
4) Water varnishes: These varnishes consist of shellac dissolved in hot water to which enough
quantity of ammonia, borax, soda or potash is added. These are used for varnishing maps
and pictures.

Steps of varnish coatings:
1) Preparation of surface: The wood work is made smooth by rubbing it with sand paper and
the surface is cleaned.
2) Knotting: The knotting is the process of covering or killing of all knots in wood work with
a substance through which the resin cannot come out or exude.
3) Stopping: The surface of the wood work is then rubbed again and cleaned. Before
rubbing, the surface is applied with size of hot, weak glue.
4) Varnishing coats: Varnish is then applied in two coats. The second coat is applied after the
first has dried.
Cladding:

Properties of cladding materials:
2) It should be watertight.
3) It should be light in weight.
4) It should have good insulation against sound and heat.
Uses of cladding:
1) It is used to make the structure sound proof.

2) It is used to cover worn or unattractive walls.
3) It is used to make the structure attractive.
4) It is used to protect the walls and roofs from rainwater.
5) It is used to protect the structure from high temperature.
Linoleum:
Linoleum is a covering lay over wooden or concrete floors in order to hide the defects of flooring
or to enhance its appearance.

Properties of linoleum:
1) It is washable and dustproof.

2) It reduces noise effectively.
3) It forms a long-wearing and durable surface.
4) It gives a decorative floor finish which looks very attractive
5) It is economical.
Uses of linoleum –
1) Linoleum is most suitable decorative floor covering for wood and concrete floors
2) It is largely used in residential buildings, offices, schools, hospitals, libraries, restaurants
3) It is also used for railway carriages and buses etc.

 Linoleum is classified as plain, printed and inlaid. It is available in the form of tiles and
rolls.
 The plain linoleum of a uniform colour is available in thickness of 2 to 4.5 mm.
 The thickness of printed linoleum range from 1.25 to 2mm.
 The width of the linoleum roll varies from 2 to 4 m.
 Linoleum floors require a dry and damp-proof surface.
 It is important to brush away all dust and dirt from the floor before the flooring is laid.
 Linoleum, if used as sheets, must be unrolled and lay loose for 2 to 3 days before it is cut
to size as it shrinks in length and expends in width after rolling.
 Special adhesive is required for sticking the linoleum tiles to the floor.
 The adhesive is brushed over the base and allowed to become tacky.
 The sheet is then firmly pressed down and rolled with a light cast iron roller to ensure
that no air pocket remains under the sheet.
 Sandbags are placed over the edges and joints to keep the sheet pressed down and prevent
curling.
Cladding Materials –
1) Timber
2) Stone
3) Vinyl
4) Glass
5) Weather boards
6) Aluminium
7) Tiles
8) Steel

Chapter –6: Building materials from Agro & Industrial Wastes Marks -10
Contents
properties and uses of -: Rice husk, Bagasse, coir fibers, straw, coconut and Areca nut tree trunks,
coconut leaf, Fly ash, Blast furnace slag, Granite and marble polishing waste, construction waste,
Sawdust, Plastic, Polymer, rubber waste.
Rice Husk
The outermost layer of the paddy grain is called rice husk. It is separated from the brown rice inr
rice mill.

Properties of rice husk:
1) Rice husk is difficult to ignite.

2) It is highly resistant to moisture penetration and fungal decomposition.
3) Rice husk has high silica content.
4) Rice husk has low bulk density.
5) Rice husk has high average calorific value.
Uses of rice husk:
1) Rice husk is used as insulating material.

2) It is used as renewable energy source.
3) It is used for manufacturing bricks.
4) Rice husk ash is used as fine aggregate in mortar and concrete.
5) Rice husk is used as fuel in boilers and for power generation.
Bagasse
The dry, fibrous residue remaining after the extraction of juice fromt he crushed stalks of
sugarcane is called as bagasse.

Uses of bagasse :
1) It is used for making pressed building boards.

2) It is used for manufacturing acoustical tiles.
3) Bagasse ash is used as replacement for fine aggregates.
4) Bagasse ash is used for manufacturing bricks.
Coir Fibers:
Properties of coir fibers:

1) They have low density.
2) They have high specific strength to weight ratio.
3) They are non-toxic
Uses of coir fibers:
1) They are used in floor mats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles and sacking.
2) They are used for insulation and packing.
3) They are used for manufacturing rope.
4) They are also used for making fishing nets.
5) They are used for making geo-textiles.
Straw:
The dry stalks of cereal plants, after the grain and chaff have been removed are called as straw.
Properties of straw:
1) Straw has excellent thermal insulation property.

2) Straw has excellent sound insulation property.
3) Straw is inherently flammable.
4) Straw has low compressive and flexural strength and stiffness.

Uses of straw:
1) Straw is used to build straw bale houses.

2) Straw ash is used for manufacturing bricks.
3) Straw ash is used for manufacturing light weight mortar and concrete.
4) Straw is used for making mattress and packing materials.
Coconut and Areca nut Tree

Properties of coconut & areca nut trunks:
1) They possesses good strength

2) Reasonably strong
3) Good thermal insulating properties
4) They are bio degradable
Uses of coconut and areca tree trunks:
1) They are used as pillars, trusses, ceiling joists and horizontal studs.
2) They are suitable for general structural purposes, such as furniture, window and
doorframes, floors etc.
3) They are used for paneling, internal trim and ceilings as well as home-wares.
4) They are also used for making interior design materials.
Uses of coconut leaves:
1) Coconut leaves are plaited and used for thatching houses and sheds in rural areas.
2) Plaited coconut leaves are also used for making baskets, headgears and for erection of
temporary fences.
3) Midribs of leaves are used to make brooms of different types.
4) Coconut leaves are also used to make paper pulp, hats and mats, fruit trays etc.

Fly Ash
Ans. Fly ash is the residue from the combustion of pulverized coal collected by mechanical or
electrostatic separators from the flue gases or power plants.
Properties of fly ash:

1) Fly ash possesses pozzolanic property.
2) Fly ash particles are almost totally spherical in shape.
3) The ‘Ball-bearing’ effect of fly ash particles creates a lubricating action when concrete is
in its plastic state.
4) Long term pozzolanic action of fly ash decreases permeability of concrete.
5) Lubricating action of fly ash reduces water content & drying shrinkage of concrete.
Uses of fly ash:
1) It is used as structural fills in embankments, dams, dikes and levees.

2) It is used as sub-base and base courses in road way construction.
3) It is used for manufacturing bricks.
4) It is used in the form of fine aggregate for concrete and mortar.
5) It is used as land fill for land reclamations for residential, commercial and recreational
development projects.
6) It is used for producing light weight refractory material and exotic high temperature
resistant tiles.
Objectives of fly ash:
Following are the main objectives of using fly ash in concrete are to achieve one or more of the
following benefits:
1) It improves the workability.

2) Fly ash reduces the cement content which reduces costs.
3) It reduces heat of hydration, especially in mass concerting.
4) It attains required levels of strength in concrete at ages beyond 56 days.

Blast Furnace Slag:
Blast furnace slag is a by-product obtained while smelting iron ore in blast furnace.
Properties of blast furnace slag:
1) It possesses cementations property.

2) It is mildly alkaline.
3) It contains a small component of elemental sulphur.
4) It has high water absorption value.
Uses of blast furnace slag:
1) It is used for manufacturing aggregates.

2) It is used in the manufacturing light weight concrete.
3) It is used in the manufacturing of cement.
4) It is used in road bases.
Granite and Marble Polishing Waste
Properties of granite and marble polishing waste:
1) Good strength
2) Moisture resistance
3) High density
4) Possesses cementation properties

Uses of granite and marble polishing waste:
1) It is used as aggregates in mortar and concrete.

2) It is used in the manufacturing of bricks.
3) It is used for manufacturing artificial stones.
4) It is used for manufacturing paving blocks.
Construction Waste
Types of construction wastes –
1) Wooden sheet materials

2) Paper
3) Rubber
4) Metals
5) Wood trims
6) Card board & boxes
7) Plastic sheets
8) Brick bats

9) Saw dust
Uses of construction waste:
1) Waste generated from the construction should be recycled and reused.

2) Waste from the timber, such as saw dust can be used for making light weight concrete.
3) The pieces of bricks, hardened mortar and concrete can be used in the manufacturing of
concrete blocks.
4) Metal and plastic pieces should be recycled and sent to metal & plastic industries for
manufacturing of new product.
Sawdust
Uses of sawdust:
1) Sawdust is used for making concrete block.

2) Sawdust is used to make light weight mortar.
3) Sawdust ash is used as fine aggregate in concrete.
4) It is used in manufacturing of light weight aggregates.

Plastics
Properties of plastics:
1) It has low thermal conductivity.

2) It can be moulded to any desired shape or size.
3) It has high tensile and compressive strengths.
4) It has high strength to weight ratio.
5) It has high refractive index.

Uses of plastics:
1) It is used as a substitute of glass for doors and windows.

2) It is used for insulation of electric cables, light fittings, hand rails etc.
3) It is used for manufacturing of electric equipments, refrigerator parts, food containers etc.
4) It is used for manufacturing of drainage pipes, floor finishes and emulsion paints.
Polymers
A polymer is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating structural
units created through a process of polymerization.
Properties of polymer:
1) Polymers change dramatically with temperature.

2) Polymers are light in weight with significant degrees of strength.
3) Polymers have good corrosion resistance.
4) Polymers have poor tensile strength.
5) Polymers have low coefficient of friction.
6) Polymers have good mould ability.
Uses of polymers:
1) Polymers are used for insulation and packings

2) Polymers are used for cladding panels, sinks, surfaces, coatings.
3) Polymers are used as glazing sealants.
4) Polymers are used for making polymer concrete.

Rubber Wastes
Properties of rubber waste:
1) Good elasticity property

2) Good insulating properties
3) Water resistance
4) Excellent sealing properties
5) High compressive strength

Uses of rubber waste:
1) Rubber waste can be used in cement mortar to make polymer mortar and improve its
bonding and water proofing qualities.
2) It can be used in concrete for making polymer concrete.
3) It can be used for manufacturing rubber tiles for rubber floors.
4) It can be used for manufacturing tyres.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Model Answer Subject Code: 22204
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
Q. Sub Q. Answers Marking

No. N. Scheme
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following:
(a) List any four artificial construction materials.
Ans Artificial construction materials.
1. Cement. Any four
2. Brick. 1/2 M each
3. Concrete.
4. Mortar.
5. Tiles.
6. Glass
Q.1 (b) State the factors on which the selection of type of materials depend.
Ans Factors for selection of materials.
1. Carry prescribed loads: The most significant requirement of a material used in
civil engineering project is that it should be able to carry the design loads. In
other words, the material should have adequate strength.
2. Durability: Selection of material should be such that it should sustain designed
load for design duration or period. It should resist the weathering action caused
by wind, rain, snow etc. Any four
3. Economical: In most of the cases, the cost of raw material account about the 1/2 M each
finished cost. Obviously the cost of the material is a major factor which
influences the choice of the material or process.
4. Environmental friendly: A construction material should satisfy all strength,
serviceability, and architectural requirement and at the same time, must not
cause environmental problem.
5. Aesthetically pleasing: Most nonstructural materials such as floor coverings,
paints, and doors and window are chosen based on aesthetic consideration.
Q.1 (c) List the four tools required for dressing of stone.
Page No. 1/12
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ans Tools required for dressing of stone.
1. Spall hammer
2. Dummy
3. Gad Any four
4. Scrabbling hammer 1/2 M each
5. Mallet
6. Drag
7. Pitching tool
8. Boaster
9. Point
10. Punch
Q.1 (d) List major ingredients of cement.
Ans Major ingredients of cement.
1. Lime (CaO)
2. Silica (SiO2) Any four
3. Alumina (Al2O3) 1/2 M each
4. Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
5. Magnesia (MgO)
6. Gypsum (CaSO4 . 2H2O)
Q.1 (e) State any two uses of precast concrete blocks.
Ans Uses of precast concrete block.
1. In parking areas, footpaths, on road to give pleasant look.
2. Fencing poles for fencing work. Any two
3. It is used for loadbearing masonry, in earthquake zones. 01 M each
4. Lightweight blocks for partition walls.
Q.1 (f) State any two uses of "Plaster of Paris".
Ans Uses of Plaster of Paris.
1. It is used as architectural decoration material for false ceiling, cornices and other
decorative feature in interior finish. Any two
2. It is used for making casts for statues. 01 M each
3. It is used for wall plasters, wall board etc.
4. Ornamental work.
Q.1 (g) Give any two uses of granite and marble polishing waste.
Ans Use of granite and marble polishing waste.
1. It is used in manufacturing of brick and tiles Any two
2. It is used for filling joints in flooring. 01 M each
3. It is used in self-compacting concrete.
Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following:
(a) Describe the factors for selection of construction materials on the basis of strength.
Ans Material must be selected for their ability to support the loads imposed by the building
over the whole life of the building. An appropriate structural system and correct 02 M
selection of structural materials can reduce excess material use and waste and increase
the building adaptability for other uses. Material should be used as per their functional
requirement.
A highly durable material may provide the most sustainable solution, if it reduces
maintenance or replacement requirement, but the material should also be appropriate 02 M
for expected life of the building.
Q.2 (b) State the role of civil engineer in the field of transportation engineering.
Page No. 2/12
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ans Role of civil engineer in the field of transportation engineering.
1. To maintain safety, adequacy and economy in the means of transport for the
need of society.
2. Civil engineer work to move people, goods and materials safely and efficiently Any four
from one place to another place. 01 M each
3. Civil engineer designs, constructs and maintains all types of transportation
facilities, including airport, highway. Railway track and docks and harbors.
4. Civil engineers are also involved in the construction of bridge tunnels etc.
5. Remote areas and rural areas become accessible and communicable if connected
by proper means of transport.
Q.2 (c) Describe the selection criteria for selecting stone for face work of building.
Ans Selection criteria for selecting stone for face work of building.
1. Appearance: For face work it should have fine, compact texture; Light-coloured
stone is preferred as dark colours are likely to fade out in due course of time.
2. Structure: A broken stone should not be dull in appearance and should have
uniform texture free from cavities, cracks, and patches of loose or soft material.
Stratifications should not be visible to naked eye. Any four
3. Strength: A stone should be strong and durable to withstand the disintegrating 01 M each
action of weather. Compressive strength of building stones in practice range
between 60 to 200 N/mm2.
4. Weight: It is an indication of the porosity and density. For stability of structures
such as dams, retaining walls, etc. heavier stones are required, whereas for
arches, vaults, domes, etc. light stones may be the choice.
5. Hardness: This property is important for floors, pavements, aprons of bridges,
etc. The hardness is determined by the Mohr’s scale.
6. Toughness: The measure of impact that a stone can withstand is defined as
toughness. The stone used should be tough when subjected to vibratory or
moving loads.
Q.2 (d) Explain defects in timber with neat sketch.
Ans Types of Defects in timber are grouped into the following divisions.
The main natural forces responsible for causing defects in timber are abnormal growth
and rapture of tissues.
1. Knots: Bases of branches or limbs which are broken or cut off from the tree as
shown in the figure.
2. Star Shake: These are radial splits or cracks widest at the circumference and get
diminishing towards the center of the tress. These may arise mostly from severe
frost and fierce heat of sun.
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Any four
01 M each
3. Heart Shakes: These are the splits or cracks widest at the center and diminishing
towards the outside circumference, this defects usually occurs in over matured
tress and is probably caused due to the shrinkage of heart wood
4. Twisted fibers: caused by twisting of young trees by fast blowing wind as shown
in figure.
5. Radial Shake: These are similar to star shakes but they are fine, irregular and
numerous. They usually occur when tree is exposed to sun for seasoning after
being felled down.
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6. Rind galls: Rind means bark and gall indicates abnormal growth and peculiar
curved swellings found on the body of a tree.
Q.3 Attempt any. THREE of the following:

(a) Draw neat sketches of:
(i) Conventional bricks and (ii) Standard bricks showing all the dimensions
Ans i) Conventional brick.
02 M
ii) Standard brick.
02 M
Q.3 (b) State any four situations where hollow concrete block masonry is used.
Ans Situations where hollow concrete block masonry is used.
1) Hollow concrete blocks are fire resistant and hence are used in masonry where fire
resistance is necessary, like furnace, chimney etc.
2) Hollow concrete blocks are light weight. , and hence used in partition walls to reduce Any four
dead load of wall. 01 M for
3) Hollow concrete blocks are having good insulating properties and used in exterior each
load bearing masonry walls where sound and thermal insulation is essential. It keeps
house cool in summer and warm in winter.
4) Hollow concrete blocks are used in compound walls where economic construction is
necessary.
5) They are used to achieve uniform quality of masonry, faster construction.
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6) They are used to achieve lower labor involvement and greater durability, like
Retaining walls.
Q.3 (c) Write the field tests performed on bricks for its suitability.
Ans Field tests performed on bricks for its suitability:
1) Shape and size: Brick is closely observed. It should be of standard size 190mm x
90mm x 90mm. Its shape should be truly rectangular with plane faces, sharp edges and
right angles.
2) Water absorption test: A brick is weighed dry. It is then immersed in water for a
period of 16 hours. It is weighed again and difference in weight indicates the amount of
water absorbed by the brick. It should not be more than 20% of weight of dry brick. Any four
3) Hardness: A scratch is made on brick surface with a finger nail. If no impression is left 01 M for
on the surface then brick is treated sufficiently hard. each
4) Soundness: Two bricks are taken and they are struck with each other. Brick should
not break and clear ringing sound should be produced.
5) Color Test: Brick should have copper colored and free from cracks, holes, and lumps.
6) Structure: A brick is broken and structure inside should be uniform, compact, and
homogeneous.
7) Presence of soluble salts: Brick is immersed in water for 24 hours. It is then taken out
and allowed to dry in shade. The absence of white deposits on its surface indicates
absence of soluble salt.
Q.3 (d) State suitability of:
(i) Water proofing materials and (ii) Sound insulating materials
Ans i) Suitability of water proofing materials:
1. Concrete, Bricks, Stones, plaster have tendency to get deteriorate, hence
leakage of water may occur in slab, beam, columns. Bitumen and tars are
used for water proof coatings for making surfaces hydrophobic, for priming
surfaces.
2. Fibre glass water proofing material is a roll water proofing material suitable
for roofs and slabs.
3. Sealing water proof material are used for filling exterior joints in buildings
and installations Any four
4. Prefabricated water proofing concrete items are suitable for anti-corrosion 1/2 M for
waterproofing of installations each
5. Water proofing asphalt slabs are suitable for the waterproofing work and
filling of deformation joints.
6. Paints are suitable for the waterproofing of external walls where cracks are
developed.
7. Plastics waterproofing membranes in the form of sheets prevent water
penetration into pores and voids in structures.
8. Water proofing chemicals in liquid or powder form like zinc sulphate, alkaline
silicates calcium chloride are added to concrete to improve resistance to
water absorption.
9. Water repellents like soda, potash, calcium soaps, and waxes are suitable for
pore blocking.
ii) Suitability of sound insulating materials:
1) In Porous materials with a solid skeleton, sound is absorbed as a result of viscous
friction inside the pours. Light weight concrete with porous aggregate, foam
glass, mineral wool, glass wool in the form of strips, slabs, roll, mats are suitable
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materials used in various constructions underneath the floor.
2) Porous jagged structures, based on plastics, rubber are available in the form of
strips and liners. They provide sound proofing of reinforced concrete floors. Any four
3) Loose composition, like artificial and natural sand, slag is used as fillers. 1/2 M for
4) Panel material like veneer panel, rigid wood fibre board, are suitable for interior each
finishing of buildings to improve acoustic properties by dampening noises.
5) Baffle materials which includes, thin panels from veneer, solid card board are
suitable for facing suspended ceilings to insulate noise.
6) Acoustic tiles and acoustic plaster are suitable where absorption of sound is
required.
(a) Draw a neat sketch of cross-section of an exogenous tree and label the parts.
Ans Cross-section of an exogenous tree:
02 M for
sketch
02 M for
labeling
Q.4 (b) Write any four uses of plywood.

Ans Uses of plywood:
i) Plywood is used for preparing door panels and shutters of cup boards.
ii) It is used for false ceilings for interior designing . Any four
iii)For making chairs, tables ,and other kitchen furniture, office cabins 01 M for
iv) For making partitions between two rooms. each
v) For paneling of walls
vi) For railway coaches
vii) For formwork for concrete.
viii) For packing cases.
Q.4 (c) State situations where sound insulating and damp proofing materials are used.
Ans Situations where sound insulating materials are used:
1) Glass, mineral wool mats, are used as sound insulators as solid inner layers
underneath floors,
2) Wood fibre and asbestos cement slabs are used as strip lining in floors.
3) Plastic slabs are used for sound proofing of RCC floors.
4) Wood fibre board is used as sub floors to insulate impact noise.
5) Mineral wood boards are used in special chambers. Any four
6) Gypsum plaster boards are used for facing walls and ceilings 1/2 M for
7) Perforated plywood is usually suspended from trusses, so as to provide air space. each
8) Asbestos cement acoustic baffles are used for facing suspended ceilings or walls
to insulate noise.
9) Acoustical tiles are used where uniform sound absorption is necessary.
10) Acoustic plaster made by mixing cement and granular insulating material is used
on walls to make wall and room sound proof.
Situations where Damp proofing materials are used:
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1) Damp proof course of Concrete with damp proofing chemicals is used over
masonry at foundation and plinth to prevent dampness. Any four
2) Damp proof course of concrete with chemicals is used below flooring of marble, 1/2 M for
granite. each
3) Damp proofing materials are used on external side of walls to prevent dampness.
4) Damp proofing materials are used in toilet floors of upper story, so that no
dampness will occur in slab below that floor.
Q.4 (d) State the applications of geo-polymer cement.
Ans Application of geo polymer cement:
1) It is used in geo-polymer concrete, as a substitute for ordinary Portland cement.
2) It is used in transportation like roads, Bridges, embankment etc. Any four
3) It is used in construction of building components. 01 M for
4) It is used in manufacturing of pavement blocks. each
5) Geo-polymer cement has off shore application also.
Q.4 (e) State the situations where following paints are used:
(i) Oil paints
(ii) Distempers
(iii) Varnishes
(iv) Cement paints
Ans Situations where following paints are used:
1) Oil paints: structural steel members to protect from corrosion, wooden doors and
windows, walls, ceilings, to protect from insects.
2) Distempers : on internal walls , ceilings 01 M for
3) Varnishes: wooden surface of doors and windows, Brightening coats of painted each
surfaces, To improve appearance of ornamental grains of wood surfaces.
4) Cement paint: on external walls of building, stone masonry, concrete surfaces
(a) Describe four steps in operation of stone blasting.
Ans The stone blasting process is carried out by adopting following operations.
1) Drilling holes in the stones: Holes are drilled upto the required depth of the line of
least resistance manually by means of a knife-edged steel bar called as jumper or by
rotary drilling machine.
2) Charging the hole : After drilling; the holes are cleaned properly and allowed to dry.
Then gun powder or dynamite or blasting gelatin or any other suitable explosive is
inserted into the drilled hole along with fuse as shown in fig. 01 M for
each step
3) Tamping: After charging the hole by the explosive powder, the remaining portion of
hole is filled with clay or ash and compacted with the help of tamping bar. Care is to
be taken at the time of tamping, the one end of the fuse should be at the bottom of
hole completed merged in explosive powder and other end should be out from the
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hole so that it becomes easy for firing.
4) Firing: For the purpose of firing, a fuse is inserted throughout the hole. The free end
of fuse is finally fired either with a match or electricity. Detonators are being used for
firing if dynamite is used as explosive. After blasting, disintegrated blocks of stones are
collected and transported to the required site under construction.
Q.5 (b) Explain with neat sketch patterns provided in the dressing of trap stone.
Ans. Following Patterns are provided in the dressing of stones
1. Hammer Dressing: In this case, stone blocks are roughly made rectangular by
means of wallers hammer. The exposed face is roughly shaped by a mash
hammer.
2. Pitched face dressing: In this case the edges of stone upto 25 mm on all side are
dressed in level and superfluous stone on the face is remained as it is on the face
.
Any four
01 M for
3. Chisel drafting: In this type of dressing, drafts are made at all four edges with the each
help of chisel and any superfluous stone at all centre is removed by pitching tool
or scrabbling hammer. This type of dressed stones is used in the masonry work
as a quoin stones at corner.
4. Roughed tooled dressing: In this type of dressing work; first edges are made
squared and then a series of continuous and parallel fine chisel lines are
developed on the face with the help of batting or broad tool. This is common
dressing for ashlar masonry work.
5. Punched dressing: In this case, a rough tooled surface is further dressed so as to

form the series of parallel ridges with the help of punch.
6. Reticulated finish: In this type of dressing, polygonal or irregular shaped

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reticules are formed in the central portion of the stone.
7. Vermiculated finish: In this finish, the sinking about 10 mm below surface is

made more curved which resembles like worm eaten appearance.
8. Picked finish: In this type of finish, the exposed face of the stone is dressed with
the help of a tool called as point and thus it forms small pits on the exposed
surface. In this finish, most of the projections are removed and it gives fine
surface to the stone face.
Q.5 (c) Suggest the type of cement used for the following :
(i) For modular construction where form work needs to be removed early for re-use. .
(ii) Mass concreting such as construction of dam.
(iii) Decorative works in external surfaces of building.
(iv) Cementing the oil well.
Ans. i) For modular construction where form work needs to be removed early for re-
use. – Rapid Hardening Cement 01 M for
ii) Mass concreting such as construction of dam. – Low heat cement. each
iii) Decorative works in external surfaces of building – Coloured cement.
iv) Cementing the oil well. – Oil Well Cement.
Q.5 (d) Classify burnt clay bricks.
Ans. The bricks used in the construction works are burnt bricks and they are classified into
the following four categories:
1) First class bricks
2) Second class bricks
3) Third class bricks
4) Fourth class bricks.
First Class bricks: These bricks are table moulded and of standard shape and they are
burnt in kilns. The surfaces and edges of the bricks are sharp, square, smooth and
straight. These bricks have all qualities of good bricks. These bricks are used for superior
work of permanent nature.
Second class bricks: These bricks are ground – moulded and they are burnt in kilns. The
surface of these bricks is somewhat rough and shape is also slightly irregular. These 01 M for
bricks may have hair cracks and their edges may not be sharp and uniform. These bricks each
are commonly used at places where brickwork is to be provided with a coat of plaster.
Third Class bricks: These bricks are ground – moulded and they are burnt in clamps.
These bricks are not hard and they have rough surfaces with irregular and distorted
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edges. These bricks give dull sound when struck together. They are used for
unimportant and temporary structure and at places where rainfall is not heavy.
Fourth class bricks: These are over burnt bricks with irregular shape and dark colour.
These bricks are used as aggregate for concrete in foundation, floors, roads, etc.
because of the fact that the over burnt bricks have a compact structure and hence they
are sometimes found to be stronger than even the first class bricks.
Q.5 (e) Write two uses of each :
(i) Fly ash (ii) Blast furnace slag
Ans. I) Fly ash
The various uses of fly ash are:
1) Concrete production, as a partial substitute material for Portland cement.
2) For the construction of embankments and other structural fills.
3) For grouting and flow able fill production.
4) Waste stabilization and solidification. Any two 01
5) For cement clinkers production. M for each
6) For mine reclamation.
7) For stabilization of soft soils.
8) For the road sub base construction.
9) As fine aggregate substitute material.
10) For the manufacturing of bricks.
II) Blast furnace slag-
Blast furnace slag can be used for –
1) As a supplementary cementitious material either by premixing the slag with
Portland cement or hydrated lime to produce blended cement or by adding
the slag to Portland cement concrete as mineral admixture. Any two 01
2) Air cooled blast furnace slag is used as aggregate material M for each
3) It is used as a concrete aggregate in construction of bridges.
4) It is used as an aggregate with asphalt for construction of damp proof course
and water proofing.
5) It is used as insulation in mineral wool, in rail road ballast etc.
(a) State properties of good mortar
Ans. Following are the properties of a good mortar:
1) It should be capable of developing good adhesion with the building units such as
bricks, stones, etc.
2) It should be capable of developing the designed stresses. Any four
3) It should be capable of resisting penetration of rain water. 01 M for
4) It should be cheap. each
6) It should be easily workable.
7) It should not affect the durability of materials with which it comes into contact.
8) It should set quickly so that speed in construction may be achieved.
9) The joints formed by mortar should not develop cracks and they should be able
to maintain their appearance for a sufficiently long period.
Q.6 (b) Write four types of special mortars and give one use of each.
Ans. Following are various types of special mortars which are used for specific purposes
1) Hydraulic Mortar
2) Insulating mortar
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3) Injection mortar
4) Acoustic mortar, and
5) X-ray projection mortar
Uses of special mortars-
1) Hydraulic Mortar – For plastering surfaces of various vessels for liquid products, Any four
walls of surfaces of basements, which are made with Portland cement, sulphate 01 M for
resistant Portland cement and waterproofing expanded cement. each
2) Insulating Mortar – To increase the thermal insulation, various compacting
admixtures such as sodium aluminate, emulsified asphalt and latexes are added
to the mixture.
3) Injection Mortar – For filling grout are intended to fill channels in pre-stressed
constructions for protection of reinforcement against corrosion.
4) Acoustic Mortar – Used for making sound proofing plasters.
5) X- Ray protection Mortar – Used for plastering the walls and ceiling of X-ray
rooms.
Q.6 (c) Write any four uses of rice husk
Ans. Uses –
1) In the manufacturing of bricks.
2) In thermal insulation of building, rice husk can be used. 01 M for
3) The ash produced after the husks have been burned is high in silica, which is each
used in production of aggregates and fillers for concrete and board.
4) Used in generation of heat energy, stream energy and electricity generation.
Q.6 (d) Write the situations where Geo-synthetic material products and artificial timber is
used.
Ans. Geosynthetic material products are used in following situations-
1) When there is a possibility of piping i.e. soil movement due to movement of
water. To prevent soil movement (piping), while letting water move through the
material. Any two
2) When it is necessary to improve grade soil situations such as roads valleys or 01 M for
laneways etc. each
3) When it is necessary to improve sloped grade situations such as banks or hill
sides.
4) When the soil is weak and it is necessary to improve the strength of soil i.e.
reinforcing soil for soil walls, bridge abutments, box culverts, bridges and soil
arches.
5) Whenever it is necessary to control water pressure i.e. allowing the flow in the
plane of material such as foundation walls.
Artificial timber is used in the following situations-
1) When it is necessary to use wood with any substitute material Any two
2) When it is necessary to improve the properties of goods, product, or furniture 01 M for
like termite resistance, resistance against hot water and chemicals, hardness each
with comparison to natural wood.
3) When it is necessary to improve the appearance with the use of artificial timber
for flooring.
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* C16-C– 305

Instructions : (1) Answer all questions.

1. State the physical classifications of rocks.

2. State any three characteristics of good bricks.

3. State three types of tiles.

4. State three uses of stoneware pipes.

5. What is meant by hydration of cement?

* 6. Differentiate fine aggregate and coarse aggregate.

7. State three types of mortar.

8. State any three types of paints.

9. Write a short note on emulsion paints.

10. Define the term seasoning of timber.

Instructions : (1) Answer any five questions.

11. Explain the characteristics of good building stones. 10

12. Describe the working and construction of Pugmill. 10

14. Describe the method of manufacturing cement by dry process. 10

16. (a) What is meant by admixtures? State different types of admixtures

18. Define veneer and write its uses. 10

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

1) Civil engineer acts as construction manager, architect, developer, designer of the

Basic Areas in civil Engineering:

Basic Areas in Civil Engineering

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

10) Infrastructure Development

11) Remote Sensing

12) Construction Management

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

It is the branch of engineering which deals with planning, designing, estimating,

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

Requirements of good building stone:-

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Quarrying and dressing of stone

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

Wedging required tools –

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

1) Rough dressing quarry - It is the process of

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

7) Fine tooling – It is the process of stone

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Advantages of timber as a construction material –

Uses of timbers as a construction material –

Structure of Timber / Cross section of trunk of tree:

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Properties of good timber

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Bituminous materials and mixtures:

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

2) Hydraulic lime – It is obtained by moderate burning of raw limestone which contain

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Field slaking of lime – (Preparation procedure)

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare

Suitability of clay in Construction work – (types of clay)

Dr. Ravindra Dhivare First Year Civil Engineering Diploma - II sem