Finding new car-following model and Assessing Countermeasures

on Distraction Driving Caused by Mobile Phone

Report Submitted to
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
For the degree
of
Master of Technology
In

Civil Engineering
by

Subhash Pasupuleti

23CE62R20

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR

MAY 2024
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the credit seminar report entitled “Finding New Car-following Model and
Assessing Countermeasures on Distraction Driving Caused by Mobile Phone” submitted by
Subhash Pasupuleti Roll No: 23CE62R20 Master of Technology in Civil Engineering with
specialization in Transportation Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, is a
record of bonafide credit seminar report prepared by me.

I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given by the ethical code of conduct of the Institute.
Whenever I have used materials (data, figures, text) from other sources, I have given due credit to
them by citing them in the text of the report and giving their details in the references.

Signature of the Student

Date: Subhash Pasupuleti

23CE62R20
 ABSTRACT
In this research, the distraction caused by mobile phone usage and the crashes that may occur based
on reaction time to particular hazardous incidents i.e.; sudden pedestrian crossings or sudden
movement of the parking vehicles is analyzed. The reaction time models were developed for both
events, the severity of the phone usage i.e.; normal or complex texting or conversations, and the
various other factors like gender, age, and habits of phone usage while driving.

Drawing upon empirical data from observational studies i.e.; either by Naturalistic study or a
Driving Simulator Study, the study evaluates the effectiveness of different countermeasures such
as legislation, technological solutions, educational campaigns, and enforcement strategies.
Analysis of pre- and post-intervention periods provides insights into the trends and patterns of
distraction-related incidents, including changes in reaction time and attitudes toward mobile phone
usage while driving.

The study contributes to the existing literature by offering a comprehensive assessment of the
effectiveness of countermeasures in addressing distracted driving caused by mobile phone usage.
Insights derived from this research can inform policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and
stakeholders in developing evidence-based strategies to enhance road safety and reduce the risks
associated with distracted driving.

i
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................... 1-2

1.1 General ………………………………………………………………………... 1-2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………….3-4

2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………… 3

2.2 Summary of Literature ………………………………………………………….3

2.3 Research Gap ……………………………………………….............................. 4

2.4 Objectives ……………………………………………………………………... 4

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………… 5-9

3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 5

3.2 Methodology flow chart ………………………………………………………... 5

3.2.1.1 Data Collection using Naturalistic Driving ………………………………… 6

3.2.1.2 Data Collection using Driving Simulator …………………………………... 7

3.2.2 Simulation in Simulation Software …………………………………………... 8

3.2.2.1 Creating Car-Following Model …………………………………………….. 8

3.2.3 Counter Measures ……………………………………………………………... 9

3.2.4 Accident Probability …………………………………………………………... 10

3.2.5 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………...11

3.2.6 Future Scope…………………………………………………………………….11

References …………………………………………………………………………………… 12

ii
 Lists of Figures
Figure No. Description Page. No.

1.1 Different Distractions and Causes 1

3.1 Methodology for reduction of accidents due to phone usage while driving 5

3.2 Various Distractions while Driving 6

3.3 Driving Simulator 7

3.4 Study Methodology for data collection by driving simulator 8

3.5 Data-Driven Simulation Framework 8

3.6 Distracted Driving Accident Probability Influencers 10

List of Tables

Table No. Description Page. No.

1.1 Driver distractions by Category 2

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1General
Over the years road accidents have been one of the main leading causes of death. In India, road
accident statistics say that there is an accident occurring every minute and a loss of life every four
minutes.

Generally, road accidents occur due to human Factors, external or road environmental factors, and
Vehicular factors. The majority of accidents are due to Human factors with or without the
combination of other factors. In that one of the human factors is that driver distraction all over the
world.

Distraction driving refers to any activity that diverts a driver's attention away from the primary
task of driving. Driver distraction factors can be further divided into external vehicle factors and
in-vehicle factors (George et al. n.d.) as shown in Table 1.1, some of them from communication
technology appliances. Specifically, regarding mobile phone use i.e.; either texting or calling has
very bad consequences on driver’s behavior and increased probability of being involved in an
accident.

Table 1.1 Driver distractions by category(George et al. n.d.)

Driver distraction sources

In-vehicle External
Passengers Traffic control
Communication Another vehicle
Entertainment systems Seeking location/destination
Vehicle systems Pedestrian/cyclist
Eating/drinking Accident/incident
Smoking Police / Ambulance / Fire
Animal/insect in the brigade
vehicle Landscape/Architecture
Coughing/sneezing Animal
Stress Advertising signs
Daydreaming Road signs and markings
Sun / other vehicle lights

1
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In India, road accidents are widely increasing due to human behaviors. And it has become difficult
to collect the data on distraction drivers. So, my review of the literature is based on the adopted
methodology (Flow Chart 3.1) and for each step of it.

(Omerustaoglu et al. 2020) in this paper, the distracted driver characteristics are detected by
combining in-vehicle sensor data and image data using deep learning. This paper is useful when
we collect data based on Naturalistic driving i.e.; real-time field data. For this, a camera and sensors
are built into the vehicle and the captured data is used for getting the driver characteristics. It
contains two steps:

• Processing vision and sensor data separately to build individual detection models. For an
efficient vision-based detection model, they trained vision data using a CNN model.
• Processing sensor data with LSTM to discriminate normal driving from abnormal ones. Then
they integrated the predictions of vision-based CNN and sensor-based LSTM-based models
into an ultimate LSTM model and got the final predictions on the test set.

(Choudhary and Velaga 2017a) is a data collection technique using the driving simulator. This paper
reports the results of a simulator study that analyzed and modeled the effects of mobile phone
distraction on the reaction time of Indian drivers belonging to three different age groups. This study
considered two hazardous events; pedestrian crossing event and road crossing event by parked
vehicles, and four types of mobile phone distraction tasks. They calculated the reaction times for
all the conditions and concluded that all the phone use conditions proved to be the most significant
factors in decreasing the driving performance.

(Choudhary and Velaga 2017b) this paper is a continuous work of the above research. In this, they
studied phone usage during driving and its effect on speed and accident probability for different
tasks performed on the phone (i.e., texting and conversation) based on the different
variables(independent) those are what is the severity of the task (simple or complex), and
explanatory variables like age, gender, phone use habits, etc. And also mentioned that speed
reduction strategies were not getting the safety benefits to a larger extent.

(Kandeel et al. 2021) it is for the simulation of the data obtained from naturalistic study or driving
simulation study in software like SUMO for further study of the application of countermeasures.
This framework combines the advantage of studying naturalistic data/driving simulator study and
traffic simulation. In this paper, they explained how to simulate the distraction behavior in real-
time traffic. And the crash ratio is high for phone texting.

2
(Zatmeh-Kanj and Toledo 2021) in this paper by the data obtained from driving simulator data, a
car following GM was modeled and it cooperated in the microscopic simulation models i.e.,
TRANSMODELER, and average speed for the different distractions is calculated.

2.2 Summary of Literature

• As the probability of noticing the hazardous event and duration of the distraction increases
the reaction times are increased.
• To collect data from naturalistic driving integration between all image data(the distraction
and hazard) and sensor data(speed, deceleration) should be done by ML techniques for
predicting and the best technique with high accuracy should be selected.
• Accident probability was estimated only based on the Speed, duration, and type of
distraction and driver demographics. It is estimated that the accident probabilities are
increased for texting for more complex situations.
• The GM car-following models estimated that texting has a greater increase in deceleration
rate.
• The IDM models estimated that texting has a greater decrease in average travel speed.

2.3 Research Gap

As mentioned above Phone use during driving causes a decrease in situation awareness and delays
response to the events happening in a driving environment which may lead to accidents.

• After Countermeasures strategies accident probabilities were not calculated for mobile
distractions.
• Only for hazardous movement of pedestrian crossing and parking vehicle crossing on rural
roads with less traffic volume is analyzed.
• The real-world scenario of the data is not studied, Multiple Drivers who are distracted in a
traffic stream are not examined.
• Accident probability predicted on mean speed and distraction characteristics with driver
demographics.
• The GM model doesn’t account for crashes only it estimates the safe acceleration to be
applied travel.
• All the distractions are studied for cars, no motorcycles are involved in distraction.

2.4 Objectives
The present study aims to predict and reduce the crashes that may occur due to mobile phone usage
from simulation for real-world scenarios.

3
Specific Objectives

• To develop a model that accounts for vehicle characteristics and safe distance to stop and there
will be crash occurrences to get the accidents simulated that don't occur in the Gipps Model
and Intelligent Driver Model models.
• To evaluate particular countermeasures in driving simulators by accident probability as well as
simulation software by measure of effectiveness.
• Crashes when the distraction ratio in drivers of the traffic is varying.

2.5 Scope of the Work

• To develop the modification to any existing car-following model based on assumptions of the
vehicle characteristics is important and crashes should occur in simulation.
• To study the impact of countermeasures by evaluation.
• To focus only on rear-end collisions that happen during distraction.

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 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses how the proposed research can be done. What are the general steps to be
followed to achieve the goal.

3.2 METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART

Fig-3.1: - Methodology for reduction of accidents due to phone usage while driving
Again, for each step in the methodology, there are methodologies for them on how to do it. Those
are further discussed. The accident probabilities are calculated with the help of the speed during
that task performed and the explanatory variables such as driver demographics (age and gender)
which will be discussed further in 3.2.4.

3.2.1.1 Data Collection using Naturalistic Driving

Naturalistic driving means it is not done in a controlled environment. So, several distractions will
be measured which directly focus on mobile usage.

There are several distractions are shown in Figure 3.1.

So, the methodology through naturalistic study to measure the distraction due to mobile is
discussed below.

• Select the experimental site

• Equipment with the required sensors and cameras
• Questionnaire for participants

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 Fig. 3.2 Various Distractions while Driving(Omerustaoglu et al. 2020)

• Collect data
• Data Processing and Analysis

Experimental Site: - As in our case the study will be performed on an urban road segment.

Equipment: - There should be 2 in-vehicle cameras, one to detect distractions and one to detect
hazardous movements that will occur during the study which is useful for knowing crash or near
crash situations.

Questionnaire for participants: - Is to know the participant's demographics, mobile phone usage
while driving, and driving characteristics such as experience in driving, licensing, etc.

Collect Data: - For collecting data we should use image-processing and detection algorithms as
manually counting is difficult. So, CNN models are used for classifying distractions and hazards
based on image data. Sensor data is processed by LSTM which measures vehicle speed, lateral
acceleration, longitudinal acceleration, etc. Then by using the LSTM-RNN model, the distraction
is detected more accurately.

Data preprocessing and Analysis: - The data required for the study is the usage of phones and to
know the crash or near-crash situation corresponding to the hazard movements i.e., pedestrian
crossing and vehicle crossing.

6
For this, after classification of all distractions extraction of phone use is required first, and then the
corresponding hazards are classified, and extraction of pedestrian crossing and vehicle crossing is
collected.

During this, the duration of distraction can also be calculated as from the start of seeing the mobile
to getting attention back onto the roadway.

3.2.1.2 Data Collection using Driving Simulator Driving

Scenario design: - Induce some sudden hazardous movements to create an accident scenario, for
this study, it is on the rear-end collision.

Secondary tasks design: - The distractions that are to be induced while driving to know the impact
of those distractions. In this study, the distractions are texting and conversation with different levels
of severity like simple and complex. The simple and severity levels are based on the type of
discussion going on. In simple discussions, the replying words and time are less, and vice-versa
for complex.

Questionnaire preparations: - Like driver demographics, driving characteristics, and mobile phone
habits are collected which act as independent variables and have an impact on the driving. So,
these also should be accounted for while developing of model for speed, reaction time, and
accident probability.

Data Collection: - Both the data for distracted and non-distracted driving should be collected for
the making of the simulation. Fig 3.3 shows the descriptive image of the driver simulator how data
collection is done.

Fig. 3.3 Driving Simulator

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=e76fb41f5a336086&rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN1104IN1104&sxsrf=ADLYWIJJxI3Fe6WVSv1LCisfE9EBt8QxCA:1714841473113&q=distracted+driving+and+the+rumble+strips&uds=ADvngMj0F7qUXN423ANmvTw2tPhvLosRqxK00sf1rNKliNcbNl-r-
)(7segJsEOY1Zv0fNndum9bbB6L0FWqtVkeg0dvYfXqgTqBrQAFoaVbMgAmU8KKMsWF_nf8lhwKRnExWSVVJN7izA55AV2OULvLQtQOwk1rm6_a9U7dTMGo6vbaotjcpqiQ&udm=2&prmd=ivsnbmtz&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxgeemuvSFAxVpmq8BHT14DoQQtKgLegQICxAB&biw=1536&bih=695&dpr=1.=mosaic

7
 Scenario Design for hazardous
Secondary Task
movements

Data Collection Preliminary Questionnaire data

Data Processing and Analysis

Fig 3.4 Study Methodology for finding distraction effects of mobile use by the driving
simulator

3.2.2 Simulating in the Simulation Software

For this also a methodology is there which should be followed.

The simulation is a data-driven framework, for modeling the distraction of driver impact on vehicle
safety and traffic flow is a difficult task because of the complexity of the parameters that may
affect the efficiency of the system.

The methodology for the simulation

1. Preprocessing and Analysis, cleaning the data, getting crash ratio and distraction ratio, and
calculation distraction durations.

Distraction duration is computed by subtracting the Secondary Task starting time from the
Secondary Task ending time for each secondary task in baseline events(Kandeel et al. 2021) or it
can be also computed by subtracting the Secondary Task starting time from the Subject Reaction
Start time.

2. Distraction Duration Modeling into Distributions The distraction duration occurred for each task
and each driver is fitted into some distribution Normal, Poisson’s, etc.

3. Simulation, distraction driving is simulated based on Time-Step Distraction Probability (TSDP)

it is nothing but the probability of occurrence of distraction in a certain step length it depends on
the distraction ratio i.e., the number of vehicles to be distracted (20-100%).

8
4. The Distraction Simulation Controller (DSC) changes the vehicle parameters during the run
time to simulate the driver distraction. Based on TSDP a distraction is introduced by changing with
an interval selected randomly from the distribution model to the non-distracted vehicle step length.
After the distraction interval, the step length becomes the default.

3.2.2.1 Car-following Models in Literature

There are various car-following models one of the car-following models is the GM (General
Motors). It says that response is a function of stimuli and sensitivity.

Model development

………...(3.1)

where E(ant) = Acceleration applied by the following vehicle at time t

Xnt = Space headway between lead and the following vehicle at time t

Vnt = Relative speed between lead and the following vehicle at time t

Vnt = Speed of the following vehicle at time t

 = sensitivity parameters,  =Speed exponent   = Distance headway exponent and  all are
parameters.

Limitations:

• Assumed all the vehicles are identical.

• It is an accident-free model but in reality, it changes.
• The parameters assumptions are more.

3.2.2.2 Creating a Car-following Model Accounting for Randomness

The randomness addition should be done for more real scenarios. Further for Vehicle
characteristics will also be done.

Assumptions:

• Space Headway is the main attribute to calculate the crashes.

• The model is being developed for rear-end collisions only no lane-changing behavior is
involved.
• The model is being built that vehicle characteristics will also impact on the crashes and should
be given importance.

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• The principle for this model is modification to Time to Collision (TTC).
• It assumes the crash will happen if the

Modification in Newell’s Method:

Step-1 Vehicles Speed during the distraction -> Input from the driving simulator (VF) and (VL)

Step-2 Duration of distraction = Start of the Distraction – Start of the perception-reaction time

Step-3 Distance traveled by both vehicles during the distraction event

𝑆𝐹−𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟 = 𝑉𝐹 ∗ 𝑡𝐷 ………...(3.2)

𝑆𝐿−𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟 = 𝑉𝐿 ∗ 𝑡𝐷 ………...(3.3)

Step-4 To avoid a crash the following vehicle needs to slow its speed to the leading vehicle's
speed in that scenario the vehicles cover some distance

𝑉 2 −𝑉𝐹2
𝑆𝐹−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 2∗𝑎𝐿 + 𝑆𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ………...(3.4)
𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝐹

𝑉𝐿 −𝑉𝐹
𝑡𝐹−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑎 ………...(3.5)
𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝐹

Step-5 Total distance traveled by the following vehicle in final

𝑆𝐹−𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑋 + 𝑆𝐹−𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟 + 𝑆𝐹−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 ………...(3.6)

Step-6 Total Distance traveled by the lead vehicle in final

𝑆𝐿−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑡𝐹−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 ∗ 𝑉𝐿 ………...(3.7)

𝑆𝐿−𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑌 + 𝑆𝐿−𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟 + 𝑆𝐿−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 ………...(3.8)

Crash prediction

• If 𝑆𝐹−𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 ≥ 𝑆𝐿−𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 then there will be a crash.

Where, 𝑆𝐹−𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 , 𝑆𝐹−𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐, 𝑆𝐹−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 are distances traveled by the following vehicles in total,
during the distraction interval and the slowing phase or to avoid collision.

𝑆𝐿−𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 , 𝑆𝐿−𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐, 𝑆𝐿−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 are distances traveled by the leading vehicles in total, during
distraction interval and the slowing phase or to avoid collision.

𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥−𝐹 the maximum deceleration applied by the following vehicle to avoid collision

𝑡𝐹−𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑤 the time spent to slow the vehicle or say the time spent to avoid collision

10
 Fig 3.5 Modified Newell’s model

It is a deterministic model. Should make it more real. As said in 3.2.2, for the simulation, the
duration of the distraction is given as input, so a direct relation between the reaction time and the
distraction duration should be evaluated and kept in the simulation model for the crashes. And
randomness should be there. (Should find the logic)

The driver's behavior during the distraction duration is accounted for by perception errors for the
different distractions.

3.2.3 Counter Measures

As said in the literature review speed reduction strategies didn’t work in the reduction of accident
probabilities for mobile phone usage.

As seen in Fig. 3.3 it shows that the drivers take two compensatory actions to avoid conflict like
increasing distance from the central axis and decreasing speed. By applying those two also there
is still a chance of an accident probability due to increased time of reaction time.

So, countermeasures are to be applied to reduce the reaction time mainly that is by making drivers
partially or fully attentive while driving.

There are effectively two broad approaches to tackling the problem of driver distraction from in-
vehicle devices:

1) Target the distracted drivers

2) Target the distractions.

Targeting Distracted drivers

1. Education: - Like warning the public to not use mobiles while driving by regular
advertising.

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 2. Enforcement: - A harsher strategy means it should be compulsorily followed otherwise
penalties will be there. Like banning or not using more than some time interval.

Targeting Distractions

1. Design: - Provide precise specifications for a vehicle or vehicle system in terms of, for
example, physical attributes or geometry. By providing the Rumble strips in the center and
edge the driver becomes attentive.
2. Improved technology: - Generally hand-held mobile distractions are more critical than
hand-free mobile distractions. So, hand-free communication in vehicle systems, using
mandatory apps like blocking phone calls while driving.

Final Countermeasures evaluated in this study:

• Periodic transverse rumble strips – Design Related: By giving the rumble strips in periodic
lengths along the road to bring back the driver's eye on the road. As shown in fig 3.6.

Fig 3.6 Transverse Rumble Strips

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=e76fb41f5a336086&rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN1104IN1104&sxsrf=ADLYWIJJxI3Fe6WVSv1LCisfE9EBt8QxCA:1714841473113&q=distracted+driving+and+the+rumble+strips&uds=ADvngMj0F7qUXN423ANmvTw2tPhvLosRqxK00jY1y3BnYUMoIVbWinHGMwBmSt1hRfn6KXaxP_n6KdIE5OihWpsf1rNKliNcbNl-r-
)(7segJsEOY1Zv0fNndum9bbB6L0FWqtVkeg0dvYfXqgTqBrQAFoaVbMgAmU8KKMsWF_nf8lhwKRnExWSVVJN7izA55AV2OULvLQtQOwk1rm6_a9U7dTMGobJmgXDR5gdj5iqEBpXDmYnMjJrmiIa_lqSjiMdhEsoQMDW6Sm-ST3haeQ6ubRdFBZMUWsMOMiYInDeDiWOmFHdr5fWPgqZ1U7GeSmKrY4KCytyO-JUceJ7Uo2wo6vbaotjcpqiQ&udm=2&prmd=ivsnbmtz&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjxgeemuvSFAxVpmq8BHT14DoQQtKgLegQICxAB&biw=1536&bih=695&dpr=1.25#vhid=mAbMmSjl3fGgiM&vssid=mosaic

• Hand-Free Talking- In-vehicle System: From the literature, most accidents occurred due to
hand-held phone usage. So, for now, there are many cars with that system, and for those
that don’t have one, usage of Bluetooth devices is evaluated.
• Blocking Call Apps- Technical: There are many apps for blocking communication like Do
Not Disturb evaluating those for both crashes and demerits.
• Forward Collision Warning Sensors- ITS: It uses sensors in the vehicle to scan the road
ahead find the obstacles measure the speed and distance of the following-lead vehicles and
give a warning for the collision.

3.2.4 Accident Probabilities from Driving Simulator

The data for creating simulations for both before and after countermeasures were taken from the
driving simulator. It is better to evaluate the countermeasures here first and then import them into
the simulation.

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The accident probabilities are developed based on the speed during the distraction and the severity
(duration as well as task) of the distraction in the literature review

There can be more parameters included as said in the objectives:

• Perception time: As perception time increases the chance of increase of the accident
increases because there will be no time for avoidance of collision. It is the time from the
start of the leading vehicle deceleration minus when the distracted driver is noticed.
• Deceleration Rate: The applied deceleration rates because to avoid collision the follower
vehicle wants to achieve the speed of the leading vehicle. So, this is done by the
deceleration rate applied. If the deceleration rate is not sufficient there will be more chance
of an accident probability.
And no need for space headway during the reaction as it is correlated with the applied
deceleration rate.
• Traffic volume: More traffic volume makes the driver to be more attentive.

For now, these are the additional that can be included.

3.2.5 Measure of Effectiveness

The parameters which are considered for the measures of effectiveness are the

• Crashes and Crash Rates: These show the number of crashes happening overall and how
often they are happening. These should be decreased after applying the countermeasures.
• Speed of the Vehicles: The speed variations should be minimal across drivers along the
road of all the vehicles.
• Lane Deviations: More Lane deviations (not considered while overtaking) show the driver
is distracted.
• Severity of Crashes: Quantified by EPDO and rates are as per Indian Conditions.
• Congestion and Queue formations (Level of Service)

Generally, crash-related are seen majorly because it is more severe but in cases where the crashes
are low then the remaining parameters should be taken into account.

As in our study, it is about urban roads, so every parameter is important.

3.2.5 Conclusions
• In the research primary objective is to measure the individual behavior of driving due to
distraction of various severities and then simulate them in a real-world scenario.
• Then finding the effective countermeasure based on the before and after implementation
effectiveness.

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 • And also comparing the accident probabilities in a controlled environment and the
simulation real-world environment to see the variation in countermeasures.

3.2.6 Future Scope of the Work

• All conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles, and vehicle-vehicle are considered
hazardous movements which are done separately in simulation software. This should be
done at a time in a real-world scenario
• The simulation model should be erroneous (accounting randomness).

14
 REFERENCES
• Choudhary, P., and N. R. Velaga. 2017a. “Modelling driver distraction effects due to mobile
phone use on reaction time.” Transp Res Part C Emerg Technol, 77: 351–365. Elsevier Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2017.02.007.
• Choudhary, P., and N. R. Velaga. 2017b. “Mobile phone use during driving: Effects on speed
and effectiveness of driver compensatory behaviour.” Accid Anal Prev, 106: 370–378.
Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.06.021.
• George, Y., E. Papadimitriou, and P. Papantoniou. n.d. Distracted driving and mobile phone
use: Overview of impacts and countermeasures.
• Kandeel, A. A., A. A. Elbery, H. M. Abbas, and H. S. Hassanein. 2021. “Driver Distraction
Impact on Road Safety: A Data-driven Simulation Approach.” Proceedings - IEEE Global
Communications Conference, GLOBECOM.
• Omerustaoglu, F., C. O. Sakar, and G. Kar. 2020. “Distracted driver detection by combining
in-vehicle and image data using deep learning.” Applied Soft Computing Journal, 96.
Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106657.
• Zatmeh-Kanj, S., and T. Toledo. 2021. “Car following and microscopic traffic simulation
under distracted driving.” Transp Res Rec, 643–656. SAGE Publications Ltd.

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