Safechem Solutions

Interstate 35 and State Highway 11 in Blackwell, OK (36.8265° N,

97.2977° W)

Hazardous Materials/Waste Management

SAFETY 4183

Anthony

Mellena G. Nichol
Instructor

04/05/2024

____________________________________

[Anthony] 1 [Semester/2024]
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Chapter One: Overall, SafeChem Solutions operates a state-of-the-art hazardous materials/waste

management facility that prioritizes safety, efficiency, and compliance while protecting the
environment and ensuring community well-being.

Chapter Two comprehensively analyses chemical risks and potential emergencies associated
with the proposed hazardous materials/waste management facility at 7599 State Hwy 75A,
Colbert, OK 74733.

Chapter Three of the report focuses on risk management measures and emergency response
capabilities for a facility at Colbert. This comprehensive approach aims to mitigate risks
associated with potential emergencies and ensure a prompt and coordinated response to
safeguard the facility, employees, and the surrounding community.

Chapter Four focuses on waste management practices at the Colbert facility in Oklahoma,
covering waste streams, storage, treatment, disposal plans, permit requirements, and regulatory
oversight. Overall, adherence to waste management regulations, including proper identification,
storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste, is essential to ensure environmental
protection and compliance at the Colbert facility.

Chapter Five delves into the transportation requirements and spill/emergency response
procedures for hazardous materials at the Colbert facility in Oklahoma. The chapter outlines
shipping requirements, container and label specifications, placarding and manifest requirements,
and off-site spill/emergency response protocols. Strict adherence to DOT regulations and robust
spill/emergency response procedures are essential for safe and compliant transportation of
hazardous materials from the Colbert facility.

Chapter Six focuses on the importance of training in managing hazardous materials to ensure
workplace safety. It highlights the training requirements outlined by the United States
Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) for different job roles.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................. Page 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………........................................................................................................................ Page 3
I. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO Safechem Solutions............................................................ Page 4
I.1 Facility Overview.................................................................................................................................. Page 5
I.1.1 Facility…………………………………………………………………………………….... Page 5
I.1.2 Operations…………………………………………………………………………………... Page 6
I.2 Site Description................................................................................................................................ Page 7
I.2.1 Transportation Infrastructure……………………………………………………………...... Page 7
I.2.2 Location…………………………………………………………………………………...... Page 8
I.2.3 Utilities……………………………………………………………………………………… Page 8
I.2.4 Climatology…………………………………………………………………………………. Page 9
II. CHAPTER TWO: RISK ASSESSMENT............................................................................................ Page 10
II.1 Chemical Risk................................................................................................................................. Page 10
II.1.1 Chemical Incompatibilities Analysis.................................................................................... Page 13
II.2 Adjacent Facilities........................................................................................................................... Page 15
II.3 Community Exposure...................................................................................................................... Page 15
II.4 Site Security Concerns.................................................................................................................... Page 17
II.5 Analysis of Potential Emergencies.................................................................................................. Page 18
REFERENCES LIST ............................................................................................................................ Page 19
III. CHAPTER THREE: RISK MANAGEMENT.................................................................................. Page 24
III.1 Storage Control Methods............................................................................................................... Page 24
III.2 Materials Handling Control Methods............................................................................................ Page 25
III.3 On-Site Emergency Response Capabilities ................................................................................... Page 27
III.4 Public Safety Agencies' Capabilities.............................................................................................. Page 29
REFERENCES LIST................................................................................................................................ Page 30
IV. CHAPTER FOUR: WASTE MANAGEMENT................................................................................. Page 32
IV.1 Identified Waste Streams............................................................................................................... Page 32
IV.2 Waste Storage, Treatment, Disposal Plan ..................................................................................... Page 33
IV.3 Waste Permit Requirements .......................................................................................................... Page 34
IV.4 Regulatory Oversite....................................................................................................................... Page 36
REFERENCES LIST................................................................................................................................ Page 37
V. CHAPTER FIVE: TRANSPORTATION ........................................................................................... Page 39
V.1 Shipping Requirements .................................................................................................................. Page 39
V.1.1 Description of Packaging and Label Requirements for Each Chemical .............................. Page 43
V.1.2 Description of Placarding and Manifest Requirements ....................................................... Page 45
V.2 Off-Site Spill/Emergency Response .............................................................................................. Page 46
REFERENCES LIST................................................................................................................................ Page 48
VI. CHAPTER SIX: TRAINING.............................................................................................................. Page 49
VII. REFERENCES LIST................................................................................................................................. Page 50
VIII. APPENDICES........................................................................................................................................ Page 39
Appendix A: Assignment Distributed in the Classroom ............................................................................ Page 51
Appendix B: Facility Box Plot and Flow Diagram..................................................................................... Page 52
Appendix C: MAPS ................................................................................................................................... Page 53
Appendix D: Weather and Other Location Info.......................................................................................... Page 49
Appendix E: Permit Info............................................................................................................................. Page 49
Appendix F: SDS........................................................................................................................................ Page 49
Appendix G: Chemical Tables, Incompatibility and WISER Info............................................................. Page 49
Appendix H: Risk Assessment Matrix and PPE Assessment .................................................................... Page 49
Appendix I: Written HazCom Plan............................................................................................................. Page 49
Appendix J: On-Site and Off-Site Emergency Response Plan................................................................... Page 56
Appendix K: Placards, Labels, and Hazardous Waste Manifest Exemplars............................................... Page 54
Appendix L: Training Schedule and Sample Lesson Plans ....................................................................... Page 49
Appendix M: Resume 9............................................................................................................................. Page 49

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 I. CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO SAFECHEM SOLUTIONS

I.1 Facility Overview and Operations

I.1.1 Facility Overview:

1.1.1.1 Facility Description:

The hazardous materials/waste management facility is a state-of-the-art, purpose-built facility
that handles various dangerous materials and waste streams. The facility is on a 100-acre site
(assumed) at 7599 State Hwy 75A, Colbert, OK 74733, with convenient access to major
transportation routes. The facility comprises several specialized buildings and areas, including
receiving and storage areas, processing and treatment areas, and disposal areas.

1.1.1.2 Product Flow:

The product flow through the facility begins with the receiving area, where incoming hazardous
materials and waste are inspected, sorted, and documented. From there, the materials are moved
to the appropriate storage area and stored in compliant containers and conditions until ready for
processing. The processing and treatment areas use advanced technologies to treat and stabilize
hazardous materials and waste, reducing their volume and hazard potential. Finally, the treated
waste is sent to the disposal area for safe and secure long-term storage or disposal.

Assumptions:
Some assumptions made about the facility include:
The facility has the necessary permits and approvals to operate as a hazardous materials/waste
management facility.
The facility complies with all relevant environmental, health, and safety regulations.
The facility has trained and experienced staff to safely handle hazardous materials and waste.
The facility has appropriate insurance coverage for its operations.

Visual Aids:
The appendices contain many visual aids to help the reader understand the facility:

Facility Box Plot: A box plot showing the various areas and buildings within the facility,
including the receiving, storage, processing, and disposal areas.
Flow Chart: A flow chart illustrating the product flow through the facility, from receiving to
disposal (Figure 1-1).
Site Map: A map showing the facility's location and proximity to transportation routes and other
relevant landmarks (Figure 1-2).

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These visual aids provide a clear and concise overview of the facility and its operations, making
it easier for the reader to understand the complex processes involved in hazardous
materials/waste management.

I.1.2 Operations:
1.1.2.1 Operations Description:

Our imagined hazardous materials/waste management facility operates 24/7, with three 8-hour
daily shifts to ensure continuous coverage and prompt emergency response. Each shift has a
dedicated team of trained and experienced personnel, including supervisors, operators,
technicians, and support staff.

1.1.2.2 Shift Schedule:

Shift A: 6:00 am - 2:00 pm

Shift B: 1:00 pm - 9:00 pm
Shift C: 8:00 pm - 6:00 am

Each shift starts with a handover meeting between the outgoing and incoming teams to discuss
outstanding issues, ongoing tasks, and safety concerns. The shifts are staggered to ensure that a
team is always on-site and ready to respond to emergencies. Each shift is responsible for
offloading the rail cars, setting up work stations, fulfilling work orders as assigned, packaging
cement products, and loading products on trucks for shipment.

1.1.2.3 Workflow:

The workflow for each shift varies depending on the tasks and activities scheduled for that day.
However, some general activities are every day across all shifts:
Receiving and Inspection: Incoming hazardous materials and waste are received, inspected, and
documented.
Storage: Materials are moved to the appropriate storage area in compliant containers and
conditions.
Processing and Treatment: Materials are processed and treated using advanced technologies to
reduce their volume and hazard potential.
Disposal: Treated waste is sent to the disposal area for safe and secure long-term storage or
disposal.
Monitoring and Maintenance: Facility systems and equipment are monitored and maintained to
ensure their safe and efficient operation.
Safety and Emergency Response:

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Safety is a top priority for our facility, and all personnel are trained in emergency response
procedures. Each shift has a designated emergency response team ready to respond to incidents.
The facility has fire suppression systems, spill containment equipment, and other safety features
to minimize risks and protect the environment (National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 2024).
Quality Control and Assurance:
Our facility follows strict quality control and assurance protocols to ensure compliance with
regulatory requirements and customer expectations. Regular audits and inspections are
conducted to identify issues and implement corrective actions. All activities are documented, and
records are maintained to demonstrate compliance and track performance over time (EPA's
"Hazardous Waste Manifest System, 2024).
The operations of our imagined hazardous materials/waste management facility are designed to
prioritize safety, efficiency, and compliance. By operating 24/7 with trained personnel and
advanced technologies, we aim to provide a valuable service to the community while protecting
the environment (OSHA's "Guidelines for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency
Response", 2024).

I.2 Site Description

I.2.1 Transportation Infrastructure:

1.2.1.1 Modes of Transportation:

The location at 7599 State Hwy 75A, Colbert, OK 74733 (assumed to be 100 acres) is primarily
accessible by road, with Highway 75A being the main route. There is no rail access in the
immediate vicinity, and the nearest airport is the Durant Regional Airport, about 25 miles east of
Colbert (Oklahoma Department of Transportation, 2024; Oklahoma Department of
Transportation, 2024).

1.2.1.2 Accident History:

There is limited information available on accident history for this specific location. However,
according to data from the Oklahoma Department of Transportation, there were nine crashes on
State Highway 75A in Bryan County (where Colbert is located) in 2020. These crashes resulted
in 4 injuries and no fatalities.

1.2.1.3 Routing Restrictions:

There are no significant routing restrictions on State Highway 75A near Colbert, OK. However,
as with any roadway, temporary restrictions may exist due to construction, accidents, or other
incidents.

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1.2.1.4 Traffic Flow:

Traffic flow on State Highway 75A near Colbert is generally smooth, with minimal congestion.
However, during peak hours (7-9 am and 4-7 pm), traffic may be slightly heavier due to
commuter traffic. Additionally, traffic in the area may increase during special events or holidays
(Oklahoma Department of Transportation, 2024).

I.2.2 Location:
The location at 7599 State Hwy 75A, Colbert, OK 74733, is in Bryan County in southeastern
Oklahoma, approximately 10 miles west of Durant and 30 miles north of the Texas border. The
site is located along Highway 75A, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the topographical and
hydrological survey of the facility, which runs east to west and connects US-69/US-75 to the east
and US-377 to the west (Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Durant Regional Airport,
2024).

1.2.2.1 Site Size and Land Type:

The site is approximately 20 acres and consists of relatively flat terrain with an elevation of
around 500 feet above sea level. According to the USDA Web Soil Survey, the soil types present
on the site include Verdigris silt loam, Ashport silty clay loam, and Dennis loam, which are
generally well-drained and suitable for various uses (USDA Web Soil Survey, 2024).

1.2.2.2 Proximity to Water Sources:

The site is located within the Blue River watershed, with the Blue River flowing approximately 2
miles to the south. Additionally, there are several small tributaries and streams in the vicinity of
the site. According to the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, the Blue River alluvial aquifer and
the underlying Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer are the primary groundwater sources in the area. The
site's proximity to surface water and groundwater resources should be considered when planning
any land use or development to minimize potential impacts (Oklahoma Water Resources Board,
2024).

I.2.3 Utilities:
1.2.3.1 Electricity:

Public Service Company of Oklahoma (PSO) provides electricity service for the site, which
offers reliable and affordable electricity to customers throughout the state. PSO's website shows
its service reliability is high, with an average outage duration of less than two hours per customer
per year. However, the frequency and duration of outages can vary depending on weather
conditions and other factors. Outages could impact facility operations, mainly if the facility relies
on electricity for critical processes or equipment.

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Contact Information:

Public Service Company of Oklahoma (PSO)

Customer Service: 1-888-216-3523

Website: https://www.psoklahoma.com/

1.2.3.2 Water:

The City of Colbert provides water service for the site, which sources its water from the Blue
River and the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer. The water is treated at the city's water treatment plant
and distributed through a network of pipes and water towers. The City of Colbert Water
Department has a history of providing consistent and reliable water service to its customers
(Oklahoma Water Resources Board, 2024; USGS Water Resources. 2024).

Contact Information:

City of Colbert Water Department

Phone: 580-296-2121

1.2.3.4 Wastewater:

Wastewater service for the site is also provided by the City of Colbert, which operates a
wastewater treatment plant that processes and treats sewage from homes and businesses in the
area. The plant has a design capacity of 600,000 gallons per day and can meet state and federal
discharge standards.

Contact Information:

City of Colbert Wastewater Department

Phone: 580-296-2121

1.2.3.5 Solid Waste:

The City of Colbert provides solid waste service for the site, which contracts with a private waste
haulier for curbside pickup of residential and commercial waste. The city also operates a
recycling program for residents. The frequency of service and the potential impact of missed
pickups on facility operations will depend on the type and amount of waste generated by the
facility.

Contact Information:

City of Colbert Solid Waste Department

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Phone: 580-296-2121

I.2.4 Climatology:
1.2.4.1 Weather and Climate:
The facility will experience a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and mild winters.
According to data from the Oklahoma Climatological Survey (www.climate.ok.gov), the average
temperature in Colbert ranges from a low of 33°F in January to a high of 95°F in July. The area
receives an average of 44 inches of rain annually, with the wettest months being May and
October.
1.2.4.2 Extreme Weather Conditions:
The Colbert area is susceptible to extreme weather conditions, including severe thunderstorms,
tornadoes, hail, and winter weather. According to the National Weather Service, the area
experiences an average of 40 thunderstorm days per year, with the peak season being from
March to October. Tornadoes are also a concern, with an average of four tornadoes per year
within 50 miles of Colbert. Winter weather can bring occasional ice storms and snow, most
likely in January and February.
1.2.4.3 Prevailing Wind Direction:
The prevailing wind direction in Colbert is from the south-southeast, with an average wind speed
of around nine mph. However, wind patterns can vary depending on weather conditions and time
of year.
1.2.4.5 Potential Impact on Operations:
Extreme weather conditions and climatological factors could potentially impact facility
operations in various ways:
Severe weather, such as tornadoes or hail, could damage buildings and equipment or cause
power outages, disrupting operations.
Winter weather could make roads impassable, delaying deliveries or pickups and impacting
productivity.
High temperatures could increase workers' risk of heat-related illnesses and necessitate
additional cooling measures for temperature-sensitive materials.
Rain and humidity could affect outdoor operations, equipment, and materials, requiring
additional precautions or modifications for safe operations.
To mitigate these potential impacts, the facility should have a comprehensive emergency
response plan, including provisions for backup power, shelter-in-place procedures, and inclement
weather policies. Regularly monitoring weather conditions and proactive equipment and
infrastructure maintenance can also help minimize weather-related risks. Additionally, the
facility should consider modifying storage practices or equipment to protect materials and ensure
worker safety during extreme weather events (Oklahoma Climatological Survey, 2024).

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 II. CHAPTER TWO: RISK ASSESSMENT

II.1 Chemical Risk and Analysis

II.1.1 Chemical Risk:

II.1.1.2 Chemical Inventory and Risk Assessment:
The following information outlines the storage, risks, routes of entry, target organs, and risk
ratings for each chemical at the facility. The chemicals have been ordered from highest to lowest
risk based on their risk ratings (National Library of Medicine, 2024).

II.1.1.2.1 Nitric Acid

Container Size and Type: 5-gallon pails
Maximum Amount On-site: 50 pails
Risks: Corrosive, strong oxidizers may react violently with organic materials. Exposure can
cause severe burns, eye damage, and respiratory irritation. Long-term exposure may lead to lung
and kidney damage.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion
Target Organs: Lungs, kidneys, eyes
Risk Rating (Risk Matrix): High (3) - due to its corrosive and reactive nature, large quantities
stored, and potential for severe health effects (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention,
2024).

II.1.1.2.2 Benzyl Alcohol

Container Size and Type: 55 gal. steel drum
Maximum Amount On-site: 20 drums
Risks: Flammable, irritant, and may cause central nervous system depression. Exposure can lead
to eye irritation, respiratory irritation, dizziness, headaches, and nausea.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion
Target Organs: Central nervous system, respiratory system, eyes

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Risk Rating (Risk Matrix): Medium (2) - due to its flammability and potential health effects
(National Library of Medicine, 2024; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, 2024).

II.1.1.2.3 Acetic Acid

Container Size and Type: 0.5 gal. amber glass bottles shipped 4 per case
Maximum Amount On-site: 10 cases
Risks: Corrosive, irritant, and may cause skin and respiratory tract irritation. Exposure to high
concentrations can cause severe burns and eye damage.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion
Target Organs: Skin, eyes, respiratory system
Risk Rating (Risk Matrix): Medium (2) - due to its corrosive nature and potential health effects
(National Library of Medicine, 2024; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, 2024).

II.1.1.2.4 Portland Cement

Storage: Storage Silo
Maximum Amount On-site: 12,000 pounds
Risks: Inhalation of cement dust can cause respiratory irritation, and contact with wet cement can
lead to skin irritation and burns. Prolonged exposure may lead to lung diseases such as silicosis
and lung cancer.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact
Target Organs: Lungs, skin, eyes
Risk Rating (Risk Matrix): Low (1) - due to the low likelihood of exposure and relatively low
severity of health effects compared to other chemicals on site (National Library of Medicine
2024; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, 2024).

II.1.1.2.5 Zinc Oxide

Container Size and Type: 50lb bags shipped 20 per pallet
Maximum Amount On-site: 4 pallets

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Risks: Exposure to zinc oxide dust can cause respiratory irritation and metal fume fever.
Prolonged exposure may lead to lung diseases such as pneumoconiosis.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact
Target Organs: Lungs, skin, eyes
Risk Rating (Risk Matrix): Low (1) - due to the low likelihood of exposure and relatively low
severity of health effects compared to other chemicals on site (National Library of Medicine
2024; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, 2024).

II.1.1.2.6 Citric Acid

Container Size and Type: 55 gal. plastic drums
Maximum Amount On-site: 4 drums
Risks: Irritant and may cause skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritation. Exposure to high
concentrations can cause severe burns and eye damage.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion
Target Organs: Skin, eyes, respiratory system
Risk Rating (Risk Matrix): Low (1) - due to the relatively low severity of health effects
compared to other chemicals on site (National Library of Medicine, 2024; Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2024).

II.1.1.2.7 Lithium Carbonate

Container Size and Type: 10 lb. bags shipped 25 per pallet
Maximum Amount On-site: 8 pallets
Risks: Exposure to high concentrations of lithium carbonate dust can cause respiratory irritation.
Ingestion can lead to gastrointestinal irritation, dizziness, and nausea.
Routes of Entry: Inhalation, ingestion
Target Organs: Respiratory system, gastrointestinal system (National Library of Medicine, 2024;
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
2024).

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II.1.2 Chemical Incompatibilities Analysis:
The chemicals listed in the inventory have various incompatibilities that could lead to hazardous
reactions if they come into contact with incompatible substances (National Library of Medicine.
2024). Here are the incompatibilities, expected reactions, and products for each chemical.

II.1.2.1 Nitric Acid (HNO₃)

Incompatibilities: Organic compounds, metals, bases, potent reducing agents, combustible

materials

Reactions and Products: Nitric acid is a potent oxidizing agent, and contact with organic
compounds, metals, or reducing agents can generate heat, toxic fumes, or flammable gases. For
example, mixing nitric acid with alcohol can produce heat, nitrogen oxides, and other poisonous
gases. Mixing with bases can release heat and form water and nitrate salts (Duh et al., 1997;
National Library of Medicine. 2024).

II.1.2.2 Benzyl Alcohol (C₆H₅CH₂OH)

Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, strong bases, sulfuric acid, nitric acid

Reactions and Products: Benzyl alcohol is flammable and reacts with strong oxidizers, such as
peroxides, which can lead to fires or explosions. Reactions with solid acids and bases can
generate heat, water, and corresponding salts. Benzyl alcohol can also form explosive mixtures
with air or nitric acid (Duh, Lee, Hsu, Hwang, & Kao, 1997)

II.1.2.3 Acetic Acid (CH₃COOH)

Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizing agents, bases, metals, amines, nitrogen compounds, alcohols,
hydrogen sulfide

Reactions and Products: Acetic acid reacts with potent oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen
peroxide, leading to the formation of peracetic acid, which is a powerful oxidizer and can be
explosive. Reactions with bases can generate heat, water, and corresponding salts. Mixing with
metals may produce hydrogen gas; with amines or nitrogen compounds, it can create heat and
toxic gases. Reactions with alcohols may form flammable esters, while hydrogen sulfide can
form sulfuric acid (Pohanish & Greene, 2009)

II.1.2.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

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Incompatibilities: Acids, ammonium salts, reducing agents, magnesium

Reactions and Products: Zinc oxide reacts with acids, forming the corresponding zinc salt and
water. Reactions with ammonium salts can generate ammonia gas, while reducing agents can
cause the release of zinc metal. Mixing with magnesium can form a mixture prone to
spontaneous ignition (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances Used in Animal
Feed [FEEDAP], 2012; Garofalo et al., 2021; Grillo, 2012).

II.1.2.5 Portland Cement (Calcium silicate/aluminate/aluminoferrite/oxide composite)

Incompatibilities: Water, acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents

Reactions and Products: Portland cement reacts exothermically with water, which hardens the
cement. Reactions with acids and alkalis can result in the formation of corresponding calcium
salts. Mixing with oxidizing agents, like potassium permanganate, can lead to fire or explosions
(Pohanish & Greene, 2009).

II.1.2.6 Potassium Permanganate (KMnO₄)

Incompatibilities: Acids, organic compounds, reducing agents, hydrogen peroxide, glycerol,

alcohols WISER (Calcium oxide), SDS - Portland Cement (LafargeHolcim)

Reactions and Products: Potassium permanganate is a potent oxidizing agent, and its reactions
with acids, organic compounds, and reducing agents can cause fire, explosions, or the release of
toxic gases. Mixing with glycerol or alcohol can result in spontaneous ignition. Reactions with
hydrogen peroxide generate heat, oxygen gas, and manganese dioxide (Pohanish & Greene,
2009).

II.1.2.7 Lithium Carbonate (Li₂CO₃)

Incompatibilities: Acids, potent reducing agents, fluorine, aluminium

Reactions and Products: Lithium carbonate reacts with acids, forming the corresponding lithium
salt, carbon dioxide, and water. Reactions with potent reducing agents can release lithium metal.
Contact with fluorine can lead to fire, while aluminium generates heat and lithium aluminate
(Pohanish & Greene, 2009).

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 II.2 Location Risk Analysis

II.2.1 Adjacent Facilities:

The area surrounding 7599 State Hwy 75A, Colbert, OK 74733, consists of various facilities and
structures within a one-mile radius.

Colbert Space Center LLC (Approx. 0.5 miles away) - This facility provides storage services and
is located at 312 W Coleman Ave, Colbert, OK 74733. Potential hazards from this facility to
neighbouring areas could include fire or the release of stored materials. Conversely, it may be
impacted by hazardous incidents at nearby facilities or environmental factors like floods or
tornadoes (Google Maps, 2024).

Southern Pointe Living Center (Approx. 0.9 miles away) - This nursing home, located at 101
Sherrard St, Colbert, OK 74733, serves as a residence for elderly individuals who may require
medical care. Potential hazards from the facility could include medical waste or emergency
evacuations. The facility may be vulnerable to environmental hazards, accidents at neighbouring
facilities, or disease outbreaks (Southern Pointe Living Center, 2024).

Colbert Head Start (Approx. 1 mile away) - This Head Start centre, located at 407 N Maupin St,
Colbert, OK 74733, provides early education services for young children. Potential hazards from
the facility are minimal, but incidents at neighbouring facilities or environmental factors such as
extreme weather may impact it (Colbert Space Center LLC, 2024).

Other potential considerations within a one-mile radius include residential structures, which
could be affected by noise, air pollution, or other hazards from nearby facilities. Additionally,
environmental factors like soil, water, and air quality could be impacted by facility operations
(Colbert Head Start, 2024).

II.2.2 Community Exposure:

The area surrounding the proposed facility, within a five-mile radius, is a mix of residential,
business, and agricultural regions. United States Census Bureau provides information on Colbert,
Oklahoma. The community is relatively small, with a population of approximately 1,140 in
Colbert, Oklahoma. The surrounding area includes several types of facilities, businesses, and
vulnerable populations, which are described below:

Residential Areas: Google Maps (n.d.) offers mapping services for Colbert, OK 74733. Colbert
is primarily a residential area with many single-family homes. The residential population may be
sensitive to noise, air quality, and safety issues related to nearby industrial activities.

Businesses: Colbert has a small business district with local shops, restaurants, and services.
Some examples include grocery stores, gas stations, and auto repair shops. These businesses may

16
be impacted by any incidents at nearby industrial facilities, affecting their operations and
employees.

Agricultural Areas: Agriculture plays a significant role in the surrounding area, with farms and
open fields near residential and business areas. Environmental factors or industrial incidents may
impact farming activities.

Vulnerable Populations: Vulnerable populations in Colbert include the elderly (as seen in the
Southern Pointe Living Center nursing home), children (with the presence of Colbert Head
Start), and residents with health conditions. These groups may require special considerations
during emergencies or incidents.

Schools: Colbert Public Schools are located within a five-mile radius, with students attending
Colbert Elementary School and Colbert High School. Colbert Public Schools (n.d.) can be
accessed through their website.

Churches and Community Centers: The area has several churches and community centres,
including First Baptist Church and the Colbert Community Center, which serve as gathering
places for residents. First Baptist Church Colbert (n.d.) provides information on their website.

Risk communication is crucial for the safety and well-being of the surrounding community.
Information about potential hazards and emergency procedures related to local industrial
facilities should be disseminated through various channels, such as:

Public Meetings: Organize regular meetings to inform residents about potential risks, emergency
response plans, and updates on the industrial facilities in the area.

Printed Materials: Distribute informational brochures, pamphlets, or newsletters detailing

potential risks, prevention measures, and emergency response procedures to residents,
businesses, and organizations.

Local Media: Utilize local newspapers, radio, and television stations to communicate risk
information, updates, and emergency alerts.

Social Media and Online Platforms: Use social media platforms, email, and the community's
website to provide real-time updates, alerts, and educational resources to the public.

Collaboration with Schools and Churches: Work with local schools, churches, and community
centres to distribute information and educate community members about potential risks,
prevention strategies, and emergency preparedness. The Town of Colbert (n.d.) offers
information about the Community Center.

II.2.3 Site Security Concerns:

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According to various online sources, the area around the proposed facility is generally
considered to have a low to moderate crime rate. However, it is essential to be aware of potential
security concerns that may impact the facility and its operations.

Crime Rate: The crime rate in Colbert, OK, is relatively low compared to the national average.
According to USA.com, the overall crime rate in Colbert is 2,824 per 100,000 residents, with
property crimes being the most prevalent. While this is lower than the Oklahoma state average, it
is still essential to remain vigilant and take appropriate security measures (USA.com, 2024).

Past Industrial Crime Issues: A thorough online search revealed no specific reports of significant
industrial crime incidents in Colbert or the surrounding areas. However, it is essential to maintain
a proactive approach to security, as criminal activities can occur anywhere and at any time.

Chemicals as a Security Concern: Depending on the nature of the facility and the chemicals
stored or used on site, there may be security concerns associated with hazardous materials. If any
substances at the facility are classified as high-risk or potentially dangerous, it is essential to
implement robust security measures to prevent theft, vandalism, or accidents. Such measures
may include restricted access, security cameras, proper storage, and employee training on safety
protocols.

To ensure the safety and security of the facility, employees, and the surrounding community,
consider implementing the following measures:

Access Control: Restrict access to the facility and sensitive areas through security badges, key
cards, or biometric systems.

Security Systems: Install surveillance cameras and alarm systems to monitor the facility and
deter potential criminal activity.

Lighting: Ensure the facility and surrounding areas have adequate lighting, particularly during
the evening and nighttime.

Training: Train employees on security protocols, including identifying and reporting suspicious
activities or potential threats.

Collaboration with Local Authorities: Establish a relationship with local law enforcement
agencies and emergency responders to facilitate rapid response and communication during
incidents.

Chemical Safety Protocols: Implement appropriate safety measures for storing and handling
hazardous materials, including proper labelling, containment, and emergency response
procedures.

18
By proactively addressing site security concerns and implementing appropriate measures, the
facility can mitigate potential risks and contribute to the overall safety of the surrounding
community (USA.com, 2024).

II.2.4 Analysis of Potential Emergencies:

The location at 7599 State Hwy 75A, Colbert, OK 74733, is potentially subject to various natural
and artificial emergencies. Assessing these potential risks can help the facility develop effective
emergency response plans and mitigate potential impacts on operations and the surrounding
community. Here are some possible emergency scenarios, starting with the worst-case scenario:

Tornadoes (Worst-Case Scenario):

Probability and Severity: Oklahoma is located in the heart of "Tornado Alley," and Colbert is no
exception. According to data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), Bryan County, where Colbert is situated, experiences an average of 2-3 tornadoes
annually. Tornadoes can cause severe damage to property and infrastructure, disrupt operations,
and pose a threat to human life.

Impact on Operations: If a tornado were to strike the facility, it could result in significant damage
to buildings, equipment, and chemical storage areas. Operations would likely be halted, and there
would be potential for hazardous material releases, fires, or explosions.

Flooding:

Probability and Severity: Colbert is located near the Red River, which can be prone to flooding
during periods of heavy rainfall. According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), Bryan County has experienced several flooding events, causing damage to property
and infrastructure.

Impact on Operations: Flooding could damage property, disrupt transportation routes, and
potentially cause hazardous material spills or releases if floodwaters reach chemical storage
areas. The facility could also face power outages, impacting the ability to operate normally.

Chemical Spills or Releases (Man-made Event):

Probability and Severity: Chemical spills or releases can occur due to human error, equipment
failure, or natural disasters. Depending on the type and quantity of chemicals involved, the
severity of the incident can vary widely.

Impact on Operations: A chemical spill or release could halt operations, require evacuation, and
necessitate extensive cleanup efforts. There is potential for environmental contamination, health
risks to employees and nearby residents, and reputational damage.

Earthquakes:

19
Probability and Severity: Oklahoma has experienced increased seismic activity recently, with
most earthquakes being relatively minor. However, there is a slight chance of a more significant
quake occurring.

Impact on Operations: A major earthquake could cause structural damage to the facility, leading
to potential chemical releases, fires, or explosions. Operations would likely be disrupted, and
extensive repairs may be required.

Wildfires:

Probability and Severity: Oklahoma has experienced periodic wildfires, particularly during dry
and windy conditions. According to the Oklahoma Forestry Services, wildfires can spread
rapidly and cause significant damage to property and the environment.

Impact on Operations: A wildfire approaching the facility could pose a risk to chemical storage
areas, potentially leading to hazardous material releases or explosions. Smoke and air quality
issues may also impact operations and employee safety.

In conclusion, the worst-case scenario for the facility at 7599 State Hwy 75A, Colbert, OK
74733, would be a tornado strike due to the potential for extensive damage, hazardous material
releases, and threats to human life. Although other emergencies like flooding, chemical spills,
earthquakes, and wildfires have varying probabilities, it is essential to develop comprehensive
emergency response plans to address these potential risks and ensure the safety of employees, the
facility, and the surrounding community (Oklahoma Forestry Services, 2024, (Oklahoma
Geological Survey, 2024).

REFERENCES
Oklahoma Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Crash data. Retrieved from
https://www.odot.org/safety/crash-data.
Durant Regional Airport. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved from https://www.durantairport.com/.
Oklahoma Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Road construction and closures. Retrieved from
https://www.odot.org/safety/crash-data.
USDA Web Soil Survey (2024). Retrieved from
https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx

Oklahoma Water Resources Board. (2024). Groundwater resources of Oklahoma. Retrieved from
https://www.owrb.ok.gov/groundwater/groundwater-resources-oklahoma/.

USGS Water Resources. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-

resources.

20
Oklahoma Department of Transportation. (2024). Oklahoma state highway map. Retrieved from
https://www.odot.org/maps/oklahoma-highway-map.

Oklahoma Climatological Survey: https://www.climate.ok.gov/

Operations

EPA's "Hazardous Waste Generator Requirements" (2024):

https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/hazardous-waste-generator-requirements

OSHA's "Guidelines for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response" (29 CFR
1910.120) (2024): https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.120

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's "Long Work Hours, Extended or
Irregular Shifts, and Worker Fatigue" (2024): https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2006-123/

EPA's "Hazardous Waste Manifest System" (2024):

https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/hazardous-waste-manifest-system

EPA's "Hazardous Waste Storage and Treatment" (2024): https://www.epa.gov/hw/hazardous-

waste-storage-and-treatment

EPA's "Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities" (TSDF) standards (2024):

https://www.epa.gov/hw/treatment-storage-and-disposal-facilities-tsdfs

EPA's "Land Disposal Restrictions" (2024): https://www.epa.gov/hw/land-disposal-restrictions-

ldr

EPA's "Hazardous Waste Disposal" (2024): https://www.epa.gov/hw/hazardous-waste-disposal

EPA's "Hazardous Waste Facility Operating Requirements" (2024):

https://www.epa.gov/hw/hazardous-waste-facility-operating-requirements

EPA's "Quality Assurance/Quality Control Guidance for Hazardous Waste Analysis" (2024):
https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/quality-assurancequality-control-guidance-hazardous-waste-
analysis

National Library of Medicine. (2024). Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders
(WISER). Retrieved March 1, 2024, from https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH). Retrieved March 1, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/index.htm

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2024). Safety Data Sheets (SDS). Retrieved
March 1, 2024, from https://www.osha.gov/safety-data-sheets

21
National Library of Medicine. (2024). WISER (Nitric Acid). Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=66&filename=Nitric+Acid. Sigma-Aldrich.
(n.d.). SDS - Nitric Acid. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-
center/safety-data-sheets.html

Duh, Y. S., Lee, C., Hsu, C. C., Hwang, D. R., & Kao, C. S. (1997). Chemical incompatibility of
nitro compounds. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 53(1-3), 183-194.

National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). WISER (Benzyl Alcohol). Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=138&filename=Benzyl+Alcohol

Sigma-Aldrich. (n.d.). SDS - Benzyl Alcohol. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center/safety-data-sheets.html

Pohanish, R. P., & Greene, S. A. (2009). Wiley guide to chemical incompatibilities. John Wiley
& Sons.

National Library of Medicine. (2024). WISER (Acetic Acid). Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=62&filename=Acetic+Acid

Sigma-Aldrich. (n.d.). SDS - Acetic Acid. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center/safety-data-sheets.html

Pohanish, R. P., & Greene, S. A. (2009). Wiley guide to chemical incompatibilities. John Wiley
& Sons.

National Library of Medicine. (2024). WISER (Zinc Oxide). Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=121&filename=Zinc+Oxide

Sigma-Aldrich. (n.d.). SDS - Zinc Oxide. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center/safety-data-sheets.html

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). (2012).
Scientific Opinion on safety and efficacy of zinc compounds (E6) as a feed additive for all
animal species: Zinc oxide, based on a dossier submitted by Grillo Zinkoxid
GmbH/EMFEMA. EFSA Journal, 10(11), 2970.

National Library of Medicine. (2024). WISER (Calcium oxide). Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=63&filename=Calcium+oxide

LafargeHolcim. (n.d.). SDS - Portland Cement. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.lafargeholcim.us/sites/lafargeholcim.us/files/safetydatasheets/
lh_portland_cement_us_en_sds_v1.1.pdf

22
Garofalo, E., Scarfato, P., Di Maio, L., Protopapa, A., & Incarnato, L. (2021). Zeolites are
effective desiccants for solving the hygroscopicity issue of post-consumer mixed recycled
polyolefins. Journal of Cleaner Production, 295, 126379.

National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). WISER (Potassium Permanganate). Retrieved March 1,

2024, from https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?
substanceId=80&filename=Potassium+permanganate

Sigma-Aldrich. (n.d.). SDS - Potassium Permanganate. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center/safety-data-sheets.html

National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). WISER (Lithium Carbonate). Retrieved March 1, 2024,
from https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/substance?substanceId=147&filename=Lithium+carbonate

Sigma-Aldrich. (2024). SDS - Lithium Carbonate. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/safety-center/safety-data-sheets.html

Google Maps. (n.d.). Colbert, OK 74733. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.google.com/maps.

Colbert Space Center LLC. (n.d.). In Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Colbert+Space+Center+LLC/@33.7876354,-
96.8271925,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xc48a167b22f3c5c6!8m2!3d33.7876354!4d-
96.8250795.

Southern Pointe Living Center. (n.d.). In Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Southern+Pointe+Living+Center/@33.784781,-
96.825039,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x6be97e42d51b154!8m2!3d33.784781!4d-
96.822883.

Colbert Head Start. (n.d.). In Google Maps. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://www.google.com/maps/place/Colbert+Head+Start/@33.7854884,-96.8289858,17z/data=!
3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x3435c7d6d9657f76!8m2!3d33.7854884!4d-96.8267971.

United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Colbert, Oklahoma. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://www.census.gov/

Google Maps. (n.d.). Colbert, OK 74733. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.google.com/maps

Colbert Public Schools. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from

https://www.colbertisd.org/

First Baptist Church Colbert. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from https://www.fbc-
colbert.com/

23
Town of Colbert. (n.d.). Community Center. Retrieved March 1, 2024, from
https://townofcolbert.com/community-center/

USA.com (n.d.) provides crime statistics for Colbert, OK. Retrieved March 2, 2024, from
https://usa.com/crime-statistics/oklahoma/colbert/

Oklahoma Geological Survey. (n.d.). Earthquake Activity in Oklahoma. Retrieved March 3,

2024, from http://ogs.ou.edu/earthquakes/index.html

Oklahoma Forestry Services. (2024). Wildland Fire Prevention and Response. Retrieved March
3, 2024, from https://forestry.ok.gov/services/wildland-fire-prevention-and-response

24
 III. CHAPTER THREE: RISK MANAGEMENT
III.1 Storage Control Methods:
A comprehensive emergency management plan is essential to engineering, administrative, and
personal protective equipment (PPE) controls. For our facility located at 7599 Hwy 75A,
Colbert, the following measures can be implemented to control the risks associated with potential
emergencies, such as tornadoes, flooding, chemical spills, earthquakes, and wildfires.

Engineering Controls

Preventative Measures
Tornado-resistant design: Construct or reinforce the facility's structures to withstand high winds
and flying debris following the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) guidelines
and the International Code Council (ICC) (International Code Council [ICC], 2022).

Flood mitigation: Implement structural measures, such as flood walls, berms, or elevating critical
infrastructure, to reduce the potential impact of floodwaters on the facility.

Chemical storage and containment: Design and maintain secure, secondary containment systems
for hazardous materials, following EPA and OSHA guidelines, to prevent spills or leaks from
contaminating the environment.

Earthquake-resistant design: Adhere to seismic design principles and building codes to minimize
structural damage during an earthquake.

Wildfire protection systems: Install fire-resistant materials and vegetation management practices,
and consider using fire sprinkler systems or water storage tanks for firefighting purposes.

Administrative Controls and Mitigation Measures

Emergency response plan: Develop and regularly update a comprehensive emergency response
plan that outlines roles, responsibilities, and procedures for responding to various emergencies in
compliance with OSHA's Emergency Action Plan (29 CFR 1910.38) and Fire Prevention Plan
(29 CFR 1910.39) requirements (Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA]),
(OSHA 29 CFR 1910.38, 1910.39).

Training and drills: Conduct regular training sessions and emergency drills for employees to
ensure they are familiar with emergency response procedures, evacuation routes, and the proper
use of safety equipment.

Communication systems: Establish reliable communication systems, such as two-way radios,

public address systems, or emergency notification apps, to facilitate rapid dissemination of
information during emergencies (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.165, NFPA 72).

25
Partnerships with local authorities: Collaborate with local emergency responders, law
enforcement agencies, and neighbouring businesses to share information and resources and
coordinate response efforts during emergencies (NIOSH recommendations, FEMA guidelines).

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls and Mitigation Measures

Tornado and earthquake emergencies: Provide employees access to sturdy helmets, goggles, and
other protective gear to shield against falling debris or structural collapse during tornadoes and
earthquakes.

Flood emergencies: Supply waterproof boots, gloves, and protective clothing to minimize
exposure to floodwaters and potential contaminants.

Chemical spill emergencies: Furnish appropriate PPE, such as chemical-resistant suits, gloves,
and respiratory protection, to safeguard employees from hazardous substances during spills or
leaks (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2022).

Wildfire emergencies: Equip employees with fire-resistant clothing, gloves, and respiratory
protection to minimize exposure to smoke, heat, and flames during wildfires (National Fire
Protection Association [NFPA], 2021).

Furthermore, implementing engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment

(PPE) controls at the facility is crucial in preventing emergencies and mitigating their potential
impact.

III.2 Materials Handling Control Measures

Ensuring the safety and well-being of employees during routine operations at the facility requires
implementing various controls. These controls, designed to protect employees from potential
hazards, can be categorized into engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal
protective equipment (PPE) measures.

Engineering Controls

Ventilation systems: Proper ventilation in work areas helps maintain clean, breathable air by
removing contaminants, such as dust, fumes, or vapours, that may be generated during normal
operations (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.94, ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual).

Noise control measures: Engineering controls, such as sound-dampening materials or equipment

enclosures, help reduce noise levels in the facility and prevent hearing loss among employees
(OSHA 29 CFR 1910.95, NIOSH Hazardous Noise Controls).

26
Ergonomic design: Implementing ergonomic workstations and tools minimizes the risk of
musculoskeletal disorders and injuries related to repetitive motion, awkward postures, or heavy
lifting (OSHA Ergonomics, NIOSH Elements of Ergonomics Programs).

Machine guarding: Installing guards or safety devices on machinery and equipment prevents
employees from coming into contact with moving parts, pinch points, or other hazards (OSHA
29 CFR 1910.212, ANSI B11.0).

Administrative Controls

Safety training and education: Regular safety training and education ensures that employees are
aware of potential hazards and how to protect themselves during normal operations (OSHA 29
CFR 1910.38, 1910.39).

Written safety policies and procedures: Establishing and enforcing safety policies and procedures
for various tasks and operations helps maintain a safe work environment and guides employees
in performing their duties safely (OSHA 29 CFR 1904.39, ANSI Z10).

Exposure monitoring and assessment: Regularly monitoring and assessing employee exposure to
potential hazards, such as chemicals or noise, ensures adequate controls and that exposures
remain within acceptable limits (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1450, ACGIH Threshold Limit Values).

Emergency response procedures: Clearly defined procedures for responding to emergencies,

including evacuation plans and designated assembly areas, help protect employees during
unexpected events (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.38, FEMA Emergency Action Plan).

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Respiratory protection: When engineering and administrative controls are insufficient to control
airborne contaminants, employees should be provided with appropriate respirators (OSHA 29
CFR 1910.134, NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic).

Hearing protection: Earplugs or earmuffs may be necessary for employees working in areas with
high noise levels to prevent hearing loss (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.95, NIOSH Preventing Hearing
Loss).

Eye and face protection: Safety glasses, goggles, or face shields should be worn to protect
employees from potential eye and face injuries due to flying debris, splashes, or sparks (OSHA
29 CFR 1910.133, ANSI Z87.1).

Hand and body protection: Gloves, protective clothing, and footwear may be required to protect
employees from exposure to chemicals, cuts, burns, or other hazards (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.138,
1910.136, 1910.137).

27
III. 3 Emergency Response On-site Capabilities
Effective emergency response management is crucial for maintaining the safety of employees
and minimizing the impact of unforeseen events at the facility. The following plan can be
implemented to ensure a prompt and coordinated response to emergencies, drawing from best
practices and guidance from credible sources like OSHA, FEMA, and NIOSH.

Emergency Response Procedures

Emergency Action Plan (EAP): Develop and maintain an EAP, as required by OSHA (29 CFR
1910.38), outlining the responsibilities of employees during various emergencies. This plan
should include evacuation procedures, designated assembly areas, and the roles of designated
emergency response team members.

Types of emergencies: Train employees to respond effectively to various emergencies, such as

tornadoes, flooding, chemical spills, fires, and medical emergencies. Ensure that employees
know the appropriate actions, such as evacuating, sheltering, or initiating emergency shutdown
procedures.

Internal emergency response team: Establish a trained employee team responsible for
coordinating on-site emergency response efforts. This team should be prepared to assess the
situation, direct employees to safety, and initiate appropriate emergency procedures.

Communication protocols: Implement clear communication protocols for employees during

emergencies, such as using designated alarm signals, two-way radios, or public address systems
to notify others of the emergency and coordinate response efforts.

Off-site Assistance and Contact Responsibilities

Escalation criteria: Define clear criteria for when employees must escalate the emergency to off-
site assistance, such as local emergency responders or other relevant agencies. This may include
situations where the emergency exceeds the capabilities of on-site personnel, involves significant
property damage or environmental releases, or poses an immediate threat to the safety of
employees or the public, such as;

Immediate threat to human life or health: If an emergency poses an immediate threat to the safety
of employees, visitors, or the public, request off-site assistance immediately. Examples include
significant chemical releases, fires, or explosions.

Exceeding on-site response capabilities: If the emergency exceeds the capabilities of on-site
personnel or available resources, such as spill response equipment or medical supplies, it is
essential to seek off-site assistance.

28
Large-scale environmental releases: In case of a significant release or potential release of
hazardous materials to the environment, including air, water, or soil, contact off-site assistance
for specialized response teams and resources.

Property or structural damage: If the emergency involves significant damage to the facility's
structures, equipment, or infrastructure, request off-site assistance for damage assessment and
stabilization.

Evacuation or shelter-in-place orders: If the emergency requires the evacuation of employees or

the surrounding community, or a shelter-in-place order is issued, seek off-site assistance to
manage the situation and ensure public safety.

Chemical or radiological hazards: If the emergency involves exposure to, or the release of,
highly toxic or unknown chemicals or radioactive materials, request specialized off-site
assistance to manage the hazards and ensure proper decontamination procedures.

Medical emergencies: In cases where multiple injuries occur or employees require medical
attention beyond the scope of on-site first aid capabilities, seek assistance from local emergency
medical services.

Utility disruptions: If the emergency results in significant disruptions to critical utilities, such as
power, water, or communications, request off-site assistance for utility restoration and
maintenance.

Designated contact person: Assign specific roles and responsibilities for contacting off-site
assistance. This may include a designated emergency response team member or a senior facility
manager. The designated contact person should have access to up-to-date contact information for
local emergency responders and other relevant agencies. The best-designated person for off-site
contact could be the following senior staff: facility manager, environmental health and safety
(EHS) manager, emergency response team leader, shift supervisor, or team lead.

Coordination with off-site responders: Establish procedures for coordinating with off-site
responders once they arrive at the facility. This may involve providing them with information
about the emergency, any actions taken by on-site personnel, and the location of injured
individuals or significant hazards.

Training and Drills

Conduct regular training and drills to ensure that employees are familiar with emergency
response procedures, evacuation routes, and the proper use of safety equipment. This helps
maintain a high level of preparedness and enables employees to respond effectively during
emergencies.

29
III.4 Public Safety Department Capabilities
The area surrounding the facility has various local response capabilities to address emergencies
and provide assistance. Understanding these services' capabilities, response times, and contact
information is essential for effective emergency planning.
Local Fire Departments
Colbert Volunteer Fire Department: Located at 45 Main St, Colbert, OK 74733, this volunteer
fire department serves the local community. They are equipped to handle fire-related
emergencies, vehicle accidents, and medical emergencies. Their response time varies depending
on the location and nature of the emergency, but they strive to respond promptly. As a volunteer
service, they rely on the dedication and commitment of community members to provide essential
services (Appendix image A).
Phone: (580) 924-3673
Achille Volunteer Fire Department: Located at 8200 US-177, Achille, OK 74720, this volunteer
fire department serves the nearby town of Achille and surrounding areas. They are equipped to
handle fire-related emergencies, vehicle accidents, and medical emergencies. Response times
vary depending on the nature of the emergency and volunteers' availability (Appendix image B).
Phone: (580) 283-3700
Law Enforcement
Bryan County Sheriff's Office: Located at 217 N. Air Depot Blvd, Durant, OK 74701, the Bryan
County Sheriff's Office provides law enforcement services to Colbert and the surrounding areas.
They are equipped to handle various emergencies, including accidents, public safety incidents,
and criminal activity. Response times vary depending on the nature and location of the incident
(Appendix image C).
Phone: (580) 924-3000
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
Colbert EMS: This emergency medical service is based in Colbert and responds to medical
emergencies, accidents, and other health-related incidents. As a volunteer service, response times
may vary depending on the volunteers' availability and the nature of the emergency (Appendix
image D).
Phone: (580) 924-3673
Hospitals
AllianceHealth Durant: Located at 1800 University Blvd, Durant, OK 74701, AllianceHealth
Durant is the closest hospital to Colbert. This facility provides general medical care, surgical
services, and emergency care. In case of severe trauma, burns, or chemical-related injuries that

30
cannot be handled at this hospital, patients may be transferred to a more extensive or specialized
facility (Appendix image E).
Phone: (580) 924-4011
OU Health - University of Oklahoma Medical Center: Located at 700 NE 13th St, Oklahoma
City, OK 73104, this Level 1 Trauma Center is well-equipped to handle severe trauma, burn, and
chemical-related injuries. Although it is not the closest hospital to Colbert, it is one of the most
comprehensive facilities in the region for specialized medical care (Appendix image E).
Phone: (405) 271-4000

REFERENCES

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (n.d.). Tornado-safe rooms. Retrieved March
17, 2024, from https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/safe-rooms

International Code Council (ICC). (2022). 2021 International Building Code. Retrieved March
17, 2024, from https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IBC2021P1

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure
(SPCC) Rule. Retrieved March 17, 2024, from https://www.epa.gov/spcc

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). Emergency Action Plans.
Retrieved March 17, 2024, from
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/actionplan.html

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (n.d.). Fire Prevention Plan. Retrieved
March 17, 2024, from
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/plan/plan_fireprevention.html

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). (2021). NFPA 70E: Standard for Electrical Safety
in the Workplace. Retrieved March 17, 2024, from
https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/
detail?code=70E
Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). (n.d.). Policies and guidance. Retrieved
March 17, 2024, from https://www.deq.ok.gov/policy-and-guidance/

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (n.d.). Safety and health
guidance. Retrieved March 17, 2024, from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/

American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (n.d.). Standards. Retrieved March 17, 2024,
from https://www.ansi.org/standards

31
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (n.d.). TLVs and BEIs.
Retrieved March 17, 2024, from https://www.acgih.org/tlvs-and-beis

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (n.d.). Emergency Action Plan. Retrieved
March 17, 2024, from https://www.fema.gov/emergency-action-plan

32
 IV. CHAPTER FOUR: WASTE MANAGEMENT

IV.1 Identified Waste Streams:

Waste Streams

Hazardous Waste: Hazardous waste may be generated from various sources, including chemicals
used in manufacturing processes, discarded commercial chemical products, or waste materials
that exhibit dangerous characteristics (40 CFR §261.3). These waste materials require
specialized handling, storage, and disposal to minimize risks to human health and the
environment (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2022).

Non-Hazardous Waste: Non-hazardous waste includes materials that do not exhibit hazardous
characteristics or are not explicitly listed as dangerous under RCRA regulations (40 CFR
§261.4). Examples of non-hazardous waste generated at the facility may include general trash,
paper, cardboard, and other materials.

Recyclable Materials: Recyclable materials, such as plastics, glass, and metals, can be diverted
from the waste stream to reduce the overall volume of waste generated. Encouraging recycling at
the facility can help conserve resources and minimize the environmental impact of waste
disposal.

Waste Generation and Classification

The volume and frequency of waste generation will depend on the specific operations and
activities conducted at the facility. For example, let's assume the facility generates 100 kilograms
of hazardous waste per month and 1,000 kilograms of non-hazardous waste per month.

Hazardous Waste Generator Classification: Based on the assumed generation rate of 100
kilograms of hazardous waste per month, the facility would be classified as a "Very Small
Quantity Generator" (VSQG) under RCRA regulations (40 CFR §262.10). VSQGs generate less
than or equal to 100 kilograms of hazardous waste per month (United States Environmental
Protection Agency, 2022).

Non-Hazardous Waste Generator Classification: As there is no specific classification for non-

hazardous waste generators under RCRA, it is essential to comply with state and local
regulations to manage and dispose of non-hazardous waste properly.

Requirements for VSQGs

As a Very Small Quantity Generator (VSQG), the facility must comply with specific
requirements outlined in the RCRA regulations (40 CFR §262). These requirements include:

33
Waste Identification: Properly identify all hazardous waste generated at the facility, following
the guidelines provided in 40 CFR §262.11.

On-site Waste Accumulation: Store hazardous waste in containers that are in good condition,
compatible with the waste, and properly labelled (40 CFR §262.15).

Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs): Ensure that any off-site facilities
used for the treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous waste are permitted and comply with
RCRA regulations (40 CFR §262.12).

Record keeping: Maintain records of hazardous waste management activities, including waste
generation, accumulation, and disposal (40 CFR §262.17). (Oklahoma Department of
Environmental Quality, n.d.)

IV.2 Waste Storage, Treatment, Disposal Plan:

Hazardous Waste and RCRA Waste Codes

Certain chemicals used in the manufacturing process may have RCRA waste codes at the
facility, while others may be classified as hazardous based on their characteristics. Identifying
these waste materials is crucial for safe handling, storage, and disposal (United States
Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2022).

RCRA Waste Codes

RCRA waste codes are assigned to specific hazardous wastes listed under the regulations (40
CFR §261.31-33). For example, if a facility uses a listed hazardous waste, such as F005 (spent
solvent), it is crucial to identify the corresponding waste code and follow specific management
and disposal requirements. In this case, F005 must be managed according to the regulations
outlined in 40 CFR §261-265. (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], n.d.)

Hazardous Waste Characteristics

Chemicals that do not have RCRA waste codes may still be classified as hazardous waste if they
exhibit any of the following characteristics (40 CFR §261.20-24):

1. Ignitability (flash point below 140°F or 60°C)

2. Corrosivity (pH ≤ 2 or ≥ 12.5, or corrosive to steel)

3. Reactivity (unstable or reacts violently with water)

4. Toxicity (harmful to human health or the environment when ingested or absorbed)

34
Materials that do not exhibit these characteristics or have RCRA waste codes are generally not
considered hazardous waste. However, it is essential to consult state and local regulations for
specific classification requirements.

Hazardous Waste Management

To manage hazardous waste generated at the facility, the following steps should be taken:

1. Storage: Store hazardous waste in containers that are in good condition, compatible with the
waste, and properly labelled (40 CFR §262.15).

2. Treatment: If treating hazardous waste on-site, obtain a permit and comply with applicable
regulations (40 CFR §270). Standard treatment methods include incineration, chemical
stabilization, and biodegradation.

3. Off-site disposal: For off-site disposal, use a permitted Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facility (TSDF) that complies with RCRA regulations (40 CFR §262.12). Transport hazardous
waste using a licensed hazardous waste transporter and maintain proper documentation
Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality [DEQ], n.d.).

Map of Off-site Locations

Appendix Figure 4A

Include a map in the appendices showing the facility's location at 7599 State Hwy 75A, Colbert,
OK 74733, and any off-site TSDFs used for hazardous waste storage, treatment, or disposal.

Potential Location: Tishomingo, Oklahoma

Tishomingo is located approximately 30 miles north of Colbert and offers the following
advantages:

Existing industrial presence: Tishomingo has a mix of industrial and commercial businesses,
creating potential clients for hazardous waste management services.

Proximity to transportation infrastructure: Tishomingo is situated near major highways,

including US-377 and OK-22, allowing easy access and transportation.]

The facility can ensure compliance and protect human health and the environment by properly
managing hazardous waste, following RCRA regulations and maintaining accurate records.

IV.3 Waste Permit Requirements:

Permits Required

35
1. RCRA Hazardous Waste Permit: Issued by the Oklahoma Department of Environmental
Quality (ODEQ), this permit is required for facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous
waste. The permit ensures compliance with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) regulations and ensures safe waste management practices (Oklahoma Department of
Environmental Quality [DEQ], n.d.).

2. Air Quality Permit: The facility may need an air quality permit from the ODEQ if operations
generate air emissions, such as incineration or other treatment processes.

3. Water Quality Permit: If the facility discharges wastewater or stormwater, a permit may be
required to regulate water quality and protect surface and groundwater resources.

4. Local Land Use and Zoning Permits: Depending on the location, the facility may need permits
from local authorities to ensure compliance with zoning and land use regulations.

Obtaining Permits

RCRA Hazardous Waste Permit: Submit a permit application to ODEQ, including detailed
information on the facility's design, operations, and waste management practices. The agency
will review the application and may request additional information or modifications before
issuing the permit (Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality [DEQ], n.d.).

Air Quality Permit: Submit an air permit application to ODEQ, including information on
emissions sources and proposed control measures. The agency will review the application and
may require an air quality modelling analysis to assess potential impacts on ambient air quality.

Water Quality Permit: Submit a permit application to ODEQ, including details on the proposed
discharge, treatment measures, and monitoring plans. The agency will review the application and
may impose effluent limitations and monitoring requirements.

Local Land Use and Zoning Permits: Contact the local planning or zoning department to
determine the required permits and application procedures.

Permit Renewal and Reporting Requirements

RCRA Hazardous Waste Permit: Renew the permit every 10 years, with the possibility of permit
modifications or revisions during the permit term. Submit biennial reports detailing waste
management activities, compliance status, and any incidents or corrective actions.

Air Quality Permit: Renew the permit as ODEQ requires, typically every 5 years. Submit annual
emissions inventory reports and periodic compliance certifications.

Water Quality Permit: Renew the permit as ODEQ requires, typically every 5 years. Submit
regular monitoring reports and comply with any additional reporting requirements.

36
Local Land Use and Zoning Permits: Renew permits as local authorities require and comply with
ongoing reporting or inspection requirements.

IV.4 Regulatory Oversite:

Chemicals and Reporting Requirements

1. Acetone (CAS No. 67-64-1): Hazardous; TPQ: 500 lbs (226.8 kg); RQ: 5,000 lbs (2,268 kg).
Report releases or spills exceeding the RQ to the National Response Center (NRC) at 1-800-424-
8802.

2. Isopropyl alcohol (CAS No. 67-63-0): Hazardous; TPQ: 10,000 lbs (4,535.9 kg); RQ: 5,000
lbs (2,268 kg). Report releases or spills exceeding the RQ to the NRC.

3. Ethylene glycol (CAS No. 107-21-1): Hazardous; TPQ: 1,000 lbs (453.6 kg); RQ: 5,000 lbs
(2,268 kg). Report releases or spills exceeding the RQ to the NRC.

4. Sodium hydroxide (CAS No. 1310-73-2): Hazardous; TPQ: 500 lbs (226.8 kg); RQ: 5,000 lbs
(2,268 kg). Report releases or spills exceeding the RQ to the NRC.

5. Sulfuric acid (CAS No. 7664-93-9): Hazardous; TPQ: 1,000 lbs (453.6 kg); RQ: 5,000 lbs
(2,268 kg). Report releases or spills exceeding the RQ to the NRC.

6. Ethanol (CAS No. 64-17-5): Hazardous; TPQ: 10,000 lbs (4,535.9 kg); RQ: 5,000 lbs (2,268
kg). Report releases or spills exceeding the RQ to the NRC.

7. Hydrochloric acid (CAS No. 7647-01-0): Hazardous; TPQ: 500 lbs (226.8 kg); RQ: 5,000 lbs
(2,268 kg). Report releases or spills exceeding the RQ to the NRC.

8. Sodium chloride (CAS No. 7647-14-5): Non-hazardous; No specific reporting requirements

for this compound.

8. Calcium carbonate (CAS No. 471-34-1): Non-hazardous; No specific reporting requirements

for this compound.

10. Potassium chloride (CAS No. 7447-40-7): Non-hazardous; No specific reporting

requirements for this compound.

Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) and Reportable Quantity (RQ)

TPQ is the quantity of a hazardous substance present at a facility that triggers emergency
planning requirements under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
(EPCRA) (40 CFR §355). RQ refers to the quantity of a hazardous substance that triggers
reporting requirements under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and

37
Liability Act (CERCLA) (40 CFR §302). (United States Environmental Protection Agency
[EPA], 2022a), (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2022b)

Reporting Agencies and Contact Information

National Response Center (NRC): Report spills and releases of hazardous substances exceeding
RQ at 1-800-424-8802. (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], n.d.)

Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ): Report spills and releases within the
state to the ODEQ 24-Hour Emergency Hotline at 1-800-522-0206. (Oklahoma Department of
Environmental Quality [DEQ], n.d.).

REFERENCES

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2022). 40 CFR Part 260 - Hazardous Waste
Management System: General (Revised RCRA Standard). Retrieved March 29, 2024, from
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-I/part-260

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Hazardous Waste Generator Regulatory
Summary. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/hazardous-waste-
generator-regulatory-summary
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). 40 CFR Part 260 - Hazardous
Waste Management System: General (Revised RCRA Standard). Retrieved March 29, 2024,
from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-I/part-260

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). RCRA Waste Codes. Retrieved
March 29, 2024, from https://www.epa.gov/hw/rcra-waste-codes

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). Hazardous Waste Generator
Regulatory Summary. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from
https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/hazardous-waste-generator-regulatory-summary

Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). (n.d.). Hazardous Waste Program.

Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://www.deq.ok.gov/land-protection-division/hazardous-
waste-management-program/hazardous-waste-program/

Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). (n.d.). Non-Hazardous Waste.

Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://www.deq.ok.gov/land-protection-division/non-
hazardous-waste-management-program/non-hazardous-waste/

Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). (n.d.). Air Quality Permitting.

Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://www.deq.ok.gov/air-quality-division/air-quality-
permitting/

38
Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). (n.d.). Water Quality Permitting.
Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://www.deq.ok.gov/water-quality-division/water-quality-
permitting/

Oklahoma Department of Commerce. (n.d.). Local Government Permitting. Retrieved March 29,
2024, from https://okcommerce.gov/local-government-permitting/

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2021). EPA's List of Lists. Retrieved
March 29, 2024, from
https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/documents/list_of_lists.pdf

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). 40 CFR Part 355 - Emergency
Planning and Notification. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-
40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-355

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). 40 CFR Part 302 - Designation,
Reportable Quantities, and Notification. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-J/part-302

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). List of Hazardous Substances and
Reportable Quantities. Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://www.epa.gov/ceppo/list-
hazardous-substances-and-reportable-quantities

Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ). (n.d.). 24-Hour Emergency Hotline.

Retrieved March 29, 2024, from https://www.deq.ok.gov/about-deq/contact-us/

39
 V. CHAPTER FIVE: TRANSPORTATION

IV.1 Shipping Requirements:

The facility located at Colbert, Oklahoma, must adhere to the United States Department of
Transportation (DOT) regulations concerning the transportation of hazardous materials. The
primary reference for the rules will be from 49 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Parts 100-
185, specifically the Hazardous Materials Table (HMT) in 49 CFR § 172.101 and Special
Provisions in 49 CFR § 172.102. (United States Department of Transportation, 2022a)

In general, the HMT and Special Provisions provide information on the following for each
hazardous material:

1. Proper shipping name

2. Hazard class or division

3. Identification number

4. Packaging requirements and exceptions

5. Special provisions

6. Quantity limitations

These are the hazardous materials that may require shipping to or from this location:

1. Acetone (UN1090)

Shipping requirements: Packaged in combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L
(0.3 gallons) net capacity each, packed in robust outer packaging.

Shipping methods: Can be transported by highway, rail, air, and vessel.

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 30 L for some modes).

Separation requirements: Keep away from oxidizing substances.

Special provisions: Special provision B1 (see § 172.102) applies.

2. Sulfuric acid (UN1830)

40
Shipping requirements: Packaged in stainless steel drums with a capacity of 220 L (58 gallons)
or less or stainless steel jerricans with a capacity of 60 L (16 gallons) or less.

Shipping methods: Can be transported by highway, rail, air, and vessel.

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 500 mL for some modes).

Separation requirements: Keep away from organic materials, metals, acids, and flammable
liquids.

Special provisions: Special provisions B2, B77, and B78 (see § 172.102) apply.

3. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions with more than 40% hydrogen peroxide (UN2015)

Shipping requirements: Packaged in combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L
(0.3 gallons) net capacity each, packed in robust outer packaging.

Shipping methods: Can be transported by highway, rail, air, and vessel.

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 30 L for some modes).

Separation requirements: Avoid flammable and combustible liquids, reducing substances,

organic materials, and acids.

Special provisions: Special provisions B14, B53, B80, and IB5 (see § 172.102) apply.

4. Ammonia solution, relative density of less than 0.880 at 15°C in water, with more than
50% ammonia (UN3318)

Shipping methods: Can be transported by highway, rail, air, and vessel.

Special provisions: Special provisions B2, B19, and B102 apply.

5. Benzene (UN1114)

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 30 L for some modes).

Separation requirements: Keep away from oxidizing substances.

Special provisions: Special provision B1 applies.

41
6. Ethyl acetate (UN1173)

Shipping methods: Can be transported by highway, rail, air, and vessel.

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 30 L for some modes).

Separation requirements: Keep away from oxidizing substances.

Special provisions: Special provision B1 applies.

7. Hydrochloric acid (UN1789)

Shipping requirements: Packaged in stainless steel drums with a capacity of 220 L (58 gallons)
or less or stainless steel jerricans with a capacity of 60 L (16 gallons) or less.

Special provisions: Special provisions B2, B77, and B78 apply.

8. Hydrogen sulfide (UN1053)

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 500 mL for some modes).

Separation requirements: Keep away from oxidizing substances.

Special provisions: Special provision B3 applies.

9. Nitric acid, other than red fuming, with at least 65% nitric acid (UN2031)

Shipping requirements: Packaged in combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L
(0.3 gallons) net capacity each, packed in a strong outer packaging.

Special provisions: Special provisions B2, B8, B9, B10, and B77 apply.

10. Phenol (UN1671)

Shipping methods: Can be transported by highway, rail, air, and vessel.

Separation requirements: Keep away from oxidizing substances.

Special provisions: Special provision B1 applies.

42
11. Sulfur dioxide (UN1079)

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 500 mL for some modes).

Separation requirements: Keep away from flammable liquids.

Special provisions: Special provisions B3 and B14 apply.

12. Toluene (UN1294)

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 30 L for some modes).

Separation requirements: Keep away from oxidizing substances.

Special provisions: Special provision B1 applies.

13. Xylene (UN1307)

Shipping methods: Can be transported by highway, rail, air, and vessel.

Quantity limitations: Limited quantities may be shipped (up to 30 L for some modes).

Separation requirements: Keep away from oxidizing substances.

Special provisions: Special provision B1 applies.

General Shipping Considerations

It is essential to take the following into account when transporting to guarantee adherence to
DOT regulations:

1. Proper labelling and marking of packages containing hazardous materials

2. Shipping papers and emergency response information

3. Placarding of transport vehicles

4. Compatibility of hazardous materials with packaging materials

5. Employee training and emergency response planning

43
Special Provisions

B1 (UN1090), which deals with the use of combination packaging for liquids and solids, and
B14 (UN2015), which deals with stabilization techniques for hydrogen peroxide solutions during
transit, are two of the special provisions that have been provided for the chemicals that have been
mentioned. (United States Department of Transportation, 2022b).

Please note that 49 CFR § 172.102 contains Special Provision B1, which deals with hazardous
bulk packaging requirements. The letter "B" indicates that this provision only applies to bulk
packaging. This regulation requires specific transportation protocols when handling substances
such as Acetone (UN1090). Referencing the specific regulatory text in 49 CFR § 172.102 is es-
sential to understanding the nuances of Special Provision B1 for Acetone transportation and oth-
ers, as it outlines packaging requirements, prohibitions, exceptions, and other pertinent require-
ments.

V.1.1 Description of Container and Label Requirements:

The Table of Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions in 49 CFR 172 provides detailed
information on labelling and container requirements for each hazardous material discussed
earlier. This table includes UN numbers, hazard classes, appropriate shipping names, packaging
specifications, and labels. Below is a summary of the data available for each material.

1. Acetone (UN1090)

Container: Combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L (0.3 gallons) net capacity
each, packed in a strong outer packaging.

Labels: Flammable Liquid label (Class 3).

2. Ammonia solution, relative density of less than 0.880 at 15°C in water, with more than
50% ammonia (UN3318)

Container: Combination packaging with inner packaging not over 5 L (1.3 gallons) net capacity
each, packed in a strong outer packaging.

Labels: Corrosive label (Class 8) and a subsidiary Flammable Liquid label (Class 3).

3. Benzene (UN1114)

44
Container: Combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L (0.3 gallons) net capacity
each, packed in a strong outer packaging.

Labels: Flammable Liquid label (Class 3) and a subsidiary Cancer Hazard label (Class 9).

4. Ethyl acetate (UN1173)

Container: Combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L (0.3 gallons) net capacity
each, packed in a strong outer packaging.

Labels: Flammable Liquid label (Class 3).

5. Hydrochloric acid (UN1789)

Container: Stainless steel drums with a capacity of 220 L (58 gallons) or less or stainless steel
jerricans with a capacity of 60 L (16 gallons) or less.

Labels: Corrosive label (Class 8).

6. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solutions with more than 40% hydrogen peroxide (UN2015)

Container: Combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L (0.3 gallons) net capacity
each, packed in a strong outer packaging.

Labels: Oxidizer label (Class 5.1) and a subsidiary Corrosive label (Class 8).

7. Hydrogen sulfide (UN1053)

Container: Cylinders or pressure vessels conforming to the requirements of DOT regulations.

Labels: Flammable Gas label (Class 2.1) and a subsidiary Toxic Gas label (Class 2.3).

8. Nitric acid, other than red fuming, with at least 65% nitric acid (UN2031)

Container: Combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L (0.3 gallons) net capacity
each, packed in a strong outer packaging.

Labels: Corrosive label (Class 8).

45
9. Phenol (UN1671)

Container: Combination packaging with inner packaging not over 1 L (0.3 gallons) net capacity
each, packed in a strong outer packaging.

Labels: Toxic label (Class 6.1).

10. Sulfur dioxide (UN1079)

Container: Cylinders or pressure vessels conforming to the requirements of DOT regulations.

Labels: Non-flammable Gas label (Class 2.2).

Additionally, ensure compliance with other regulations, such as shipping papers, emergency
response information, and employee training.

V.1.2 Description of Placarding and Manifest Requirements:

DOT Placards

DOT placards are signs placed on vehicles or containers to identify the presence of hazardous materials
during transport. The placards display the hazard class and UN number of the transported material.
Here are the DOT placards required for the chemicals mentioned earlier (United States
Department of Transportation, 2022a):

1. Acetone (UN1090): Flammable Liquid (Class 3) placard

2. Ammonia solution (UN3318): Corrosive (Class 8) placard and Flammable Liquid (Class 3) placard

3. Benzene (UN1114): Flammable Liquid (Class 3) placard and Toxic (Class 6) placard

4. Ethyl acetate (UN1173): Flammable Liquid (Class 3) placard

5. Hydrochloric acid (UN1789): Corrosive (Class 8) placard

6. Hydrogen peroxide solution (UN2015): Oxidizer (Class 5.1) placard and Corrosive (Class 8) placard

7. Hydrogen sulfide (UN1053): Flammable Gas (Class 2.1) placard and Toxic Gas (Class 2.3) placard

46
8. Nitric acid (UN2031): Corrosive (Class 8) placard

9. Phenol (UN1671): Toxic (Class 6.1) placard

10. Sulfur dioxide (UN1079): Non-flammable Gas (Class 2.2) placard

Manifest Requirements

A hazardous materials manifest is a document that accompanies hazardous materials shipments,

providing information on the material's origin, destination, and contents (United States
Department of Transportation, 2022b). The manifest must include:

1. Shipper's name and address

2. Carrier's name and address

3. Consignee's name and address

4. Emergency contact information

5. Proper shipping name and description of the hazardous material

6. Hazard class or division

7. UN or NA identification number

8. Packaging type and quantity

9. Total quantity of the hazardous material

10. Shipper's certification

It's essential to comply with DOT requirements when transporting hazardous materials, including using
appropriate packaging, placards and manifests. For further reference, refer to the 49 CFR 172 Table of
Hazardous Materials and Special Provisions for specific guidance and requirements for each material.

V. 2 Off-site Spill/Emergency Response:

Handling and Responding to Spills During Transport

A thorough spill response plan must be in place when transporting hazardous materials to handle
any mishaps or incidents that may arise en route. Based on recommendations from the US
Department of Transportation (DOT), the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the following procedures provide

47
a general method for handling spills during transport. (United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 2022; Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2022; United States Department
of Transportation, 2022).

1. Preparation and Prevention

 Ensure all personnel transporting hazardous materials are adequately trained and familiar
with the specific hazards associated with the materials being transported.

 Regularly inspect and maintain vehicles and containers to minimize the risk of leaks or
spills.

 Always have appropriate spill response equipment, such as absorbent materials,

neutralizing agents, and personal protective equipment (PPE).

2. Immediate Response

 In the event of a spill, prioritize the safety of all individuals in the area, including drivers,
passengers, and bystanders.

 If safe, secure the area to prevent further contamination or exposure to the hazardous
material.

 Notify emergency responders, such as local fire departments, hazardous materials

response teams, or the appropriate regulatory agencies.

3. Containment and Cleanup

 Assess the severity of the spill and determine the appropriate response actions.

 Contain the spill using absorbent materials, dikes, or other containment measures to
prevent the spread of the hazardous material.

 Clean up the spilt material using appropriate methods, such as vacuuming, absorption, or
neutralization.

 Collect and properly dispose of all contaminated materials, following local, state, and
federal regulations.

4. Reporting and Documentation

48
  Document all spill details, including the type and quantity of hazardous material released,
response actions taken, and any injuries or property damage.

 The incident should be reported to the appropriate regulatory agencies, such as the DOT
or EPA, as the law requires.

 These steps and references provide a starting point for developing a comprehensive spill
response plan. However, it is essential to tailor the plan to the specific hazards associated
with transporting materials, following all applicable regulations and guidelines.

REFERENCES

United States Department of Transportation. (2022). 49 CFR § 172.101 - Purpose and use of
hazardous materials table. [Federal Regulation]. Retrieved from
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-172/subpart-B/
section-172.101

United States Department of Transportation. (2022). 49 CFR § 172.102 - Special provisions.

[Federal Regulation]. Retrieved from
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-172/subpart-B/
section-172.102

United States Department of Transportation. (2022). 49 CFR § 172.202 - Description of

hazardous material on shipping papers and packages. [Federal Regulation]. Retrieved from
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-172/subpart-C/
section-172.202

United States Department of Transportation. (2022). 49 CFR § 172.301 - General marking

requirements for non-bulk packaging. [Federal Regulation]. Retrieved from
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-172/subpart-D/
section-172.301

United States Department of Transportation. (2022). 49 CFR § 172.504 - General placarding

requirements. [Federal Regulation]. Retrieved from
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-172/subpart-F/
section-172.504

United States Department of Transportation. (2022). 49 CFR § 172.600 - Applicability and

general requirements. [Federal Regulation]. Retrieved from https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-
49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-172/subpart-G/section-172.600

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2022). Spill Prevention, Control, and
Countermeasure (SPCC) Rule. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/oil-spills-prevention-and-
preparedness-regulations/spill-prevention-control-and-countermeasure

49
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2022). Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response (HAZWOPER). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.120

VI. CHAPTER SIX: TRAINING

Managing and handling hazardous materials is essential to workplace safety. To maintain a safe
and healthy work environment, employees of all levels require the appropriate training, particu-
larly when handling dangerous chemicals. The job duties of the employees determine the specific
training requirements. The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have outlined the required training for various
job roles below.

1. Production Workers

 Hazard Communication (HazCom) Training (29 CFR 1910.1200): This training should
cover the dangers of chemicals used in the workplace, safety data sheets (SDSs), and
proper labelling.

 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Training (29 CFR 1910.132): Workers must be
trained on selecting, using, and maintaining appropriate PPE for handling hazardous
materials.

 Specific Chemical Handling Training: Provide job-specific training on proper handling,

storage, and emergency response procedures for the chemicals used in production.

2. Sanitation Employees

 Hazard Communication (HazCom) Training (29 CFR 1910.1200): Similar to production

workers, sanitation employees must be aware of the hazards associated with cleaning
chemicals and the appropriate SDSs.

50
  Lockout/Tagout Training (29 CFR 1910.147): This training should cover the procedures
for controlling hazardous energy during equipment maintenance or cleaning.

3. Shipping and Receiving Employees

 Hazard Communication (HazCom) Training (29 CFR 1910.1200): Shipping and

receiving employees should understand the hazards associated with the materials they
handle.

 DOT Hazardous Materials Training (49 CFR § 172.700): Employees involved in

transporting hazardous materials must be trained in proper packaging, labelling, and
documentation, as well as emergency response procedures.

Training Frequency and Documentation

 Initial training must be provided before an employee begins working with hazardous
materials.

 Refresher training should be conducted at least every three years or whenever new
hazards are introduced.

 Employers must document all training, including dates, trainers, and topics covered.

Sufficient training is essential to guarantee a secure and efficient workplace. Companies looking
for specific requirements for their industry and work hazards should refer to DOT and OSHA
regulations.

REFERENCES

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2022). Hazard Communication. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1200

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2022). Personal Protective Equipment.

Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.132

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2022). The Control of Hazardous Energy
(Lockout/Tagout). Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.147

51
United States Department of Transportation. (2022). 49 CFR § 172.700 - General
awareness/familiarization training requirements. [Federal Regulation]. Retrieved from
https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-172/subpart-H/
section-172.700

Appendices-A

Chapter 2
Figure 1-1: PLOT PLAN

Warehouse
Plant Manager &
Warehouse Ac- Corporate Safety Di-
cess Safety Training
Room
Office

Plant

52
Appendices-B

Figure 1-2: Product flow diagram

Above
Silo 1 ground Plant Man-
Pipes &
Augers ager
Silo 2 Feed
Chemi-
Safe Train-
Above- Trans-
ty ing
ground
Storage si- Offi- Room portation
Toxic
los
Waste
An auger
Temp
Lin
Store
e1 Pr
od
uc
Lin t
e2 Ba
tc
h
Lin Pa
e3 ck
ag
Fork
Holding Lift
Receiving Dock
Raw Materials Pallet Raw Materials
Truck
Train Storage & Product Con-
Storage Char
tainers Re-
Track:
Air Mainte- XF
through LPG
prop-

53
Appendices-C – MAPS
Appendix: Map of Service Providers

3A 3B

3C 3D

3E 3F

54
Figure 2-1: Google map showing the aerial view of the site: 7599 State Hwy 75A, Colbert, OK
74733.

55
Figure 2-2: Shows the topographical and hydrological survey of the facility.

The Chemical Tables: Table 2-3

Material Container Size Maximum

and Type Amount On-site

Portland Cement Storage Silo 12,000 pounds

Nitric Acid 5-gallon pails 50 pails

Benzyl Alcohol 55 gal. steel drum 20 Drums

Zinc Oxide 50lb bags shipped 4 pallets

20 per pallet

Potassium Permanaganate 5-gallon pails 50 pails

Potassium Carbonate 50 lb. bags 5 pallets

56
 shipped 20 per
pallet

Citric Acid 55 gal. plastic 4 drums

drums

Lithium Carbonate 10 lb. bags 8 pallets

shipped 25 per
pallet

Polypropylene Carbonate 55 gal. steel drum 4 drums

Acetic Acid 0.5 gal. amber 10 cases

glass bottles
shipped 4 per
case

Appendices Off-site Map

4A

57
58