SCIENCE

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

a) Photosynthesis
b) Cellular respiration
c) DNA replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Cellular respiration

2. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

a) Carbon dioxide
b) Methane
c) Oxygen
d) Water vapor
Answer: c) Oxygen

3. What is the term for the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
a) Respiration
b) Fermentation
c) Photosynthesis
d) Transpiration
Answer: c) Photosynthesis

4. What is the scientific name for the study of interactions between organisms and their environment?
a) Biology
b) Ecology
c) Genetics
d) Botany
Answer: b) Ecology

5. Which biome is characterized by cold temperatures, permafrost, and limited plant life?
a) Rainforest
b) Tundra
c) Desert
d) Grassland
Answer: b) Tundra

6. In a food chain, which organisms are typically at the highest trophic level?
a) Producers
b) Primary consumers
c) Secondary consumers
d) Decomposers
Answer: c) Secondary consumers

7. What is the main function of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere?
a) Absorb ultraviolet radiation
b) Facilitate photosynthesis
c) Trap greenhouse gases
d) Generate lightning
Answer: a) Absorb ultraviolet radiation

8. Which of the following is not a method of asexual reproduction in plants?

a) Budding
b) Fragmentation
c) Pollination
d) Runners
Answer: c) Pollination

9. What is the largest organ in the human body?

a) Brain
b) Liver
c) Skin
d) Heart
Answer: c) Skin

10. Which of the following is an example of a decomposer organism?

a) Rabbit
b) Earthworm
c) Hawk
d) Snake
Answer: b) Earthworm

11. What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems on Earth?
a) Wind
b) Fossil fuels
c) Solar radiation
d) Geothermal heat
Answer: c) Solar radiation

12. Which of the following is a common adaptation of desert plants to conserve water?
a) Broad leaves
b) Thick waxy coatings
c) Rapid growth
d) Frequent flowering
Answer: b) Thick waxy coatings

13. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in a cell?

a) Nucleus
b) Mitochondria
c) Ribosome
d) Golgi apparatus
Answer: c) Ribosome

14. What is the process by which an organism evolves to better match its environment over time?
a) Genetic modification
b) Natural selection
c) Artificial selection
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: b) Natural selection

15. What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor
harmed?
a) Mutualism
b) Commensalism
c) Parasitism
d) Predation
Answer: b) Commensalism

16. Which of the following is a renewable energy source derived from plant and animal matter?
a) Nuclear energy
b) Fossil fuels
c) Solar energy
d) Biomass energy
Answer: d) Biomass energy

17. What is the main function of the circulatory system in the human body?
a) Respiration
b) Digestion
c) Transportation of blood and nutrients
d) Muscle contraction
Answer: c) Transportation of blood and nutrients

18. What is the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells?
a) Meiosis
b) Mitosis
c) Fermentation
d) Differentiation
Answer: b) Mitosis

19. Which of the following is a keystone species in an ecosystem?

a) A species that has no predators
b) A species that has a high population size
c) A species that plays a critical role in the ecosystem
d) A species that is endangered
Answer: c) A species that plays a critical role in the ecosystem

20. Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

a) Bacteria
b) Trees
c) Temperature
d) Rabbits
Answer: c) Temperature

Biology and Ecology:

Biology:
Biology is the scientific study of living organisms, their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and
taxonomy.

Ecology:
Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Ecosystem:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (biotic factors) and their physical environment (abiotic factors)
that interact within a defined area.

Biodiversity:
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem
diversity.

Food Chain:
A food chain represents the transfer of energy from one organism to another, as each organism in the chain feeds
on the one before it.

Biome:
A biome is a large, naturally occurring community of flora and fauna adapted to a specific environment, such as a
desert, rainforest, or tundra.

Botany and Philippine Biodiversity:

Botany:
Botany is the branch of biology that studies plants, including their structure, growth, reproduction, and
classification.

Endemic Species:
Endemic species are those found in a specific geographical area and nowhere else, like many species in the
Philippines due to its isolation.

Rainforest Flora:
 Philippine rainforests are rich in flora, including unique species like the Rafflesia arnoldii, the largest flower in
the world.

Zoology, Wildlife, and Ecology:

Zoology:
Zoology is the branch of biology that studies animals and their behavior, physiology, evolution, and
classification.

Endangered Species:
Endangered species are those facing a high risk of extinction in the near future due to habitat loss, climate
change, or other factors.

Migration:
Migration is the regular, long-distance movement of species in response to changing seasons, such as the annual
migration of birds.

Geology and Earth Sciences:

Geology:
Geology is the study of the Earth's structure, composition, and processes, including the study of rocks, minerals,
and the Earth's history.

Plate Tectonics:
Plate tectonics is the theory that explains the movement of the Earth's lithosphere (crust) on the semi-fluid
asthenosphere, leading to phenomena like earthquakes and mountain building.

Volcanism:
Volcanism is the process of magma and gases rising to the Earth's surface, leading to volcanic eruptions, which
can shape landscapes.

Environmental Threats and Conservation:

Climate Change:
Climate change refers to long-term alterations in global and regional temperature and weather patterns, largely
due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.

Deforestation:
Deforestation is the clearing of forests for agriculture, urban development, and other purposes, leading to habitat
loss and environmental degradation.

Ocean Acidification:
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, primarily caused by the absorption of
excess atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Habitat Fragmentation:
Habitat fragmentation is the process of ecosystems being divided into smaller, isolated patches, which can disrupt
animal migration and lead to species decline.

Conservation:
Conservation involves efforts to protect and preserve Earth's biodiversity and natural resources through measures
like the establishment of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and sustainable practices.

Section A: Earth and Life Science

1. What is the term for the study of interactions between living organisms and their environment?
a) Ecology
b) Geology
c) Botany
d) Biography
2. Which component of the Earth's ecosystem primarily produces food through photosynthesis?
a) Animals
b) Fungi
c) Plants
d) Bacteria

3. The Philippines is known for its high biodiversity. Approximately how many species of flowering plants can be
found in the country?
a) 2,000
b) 6,000
c) 10,000
d) 20,000

4. What is the term for the process by which species evolve and adapt to their environment over time?
a) Extinction
b) Evolution
c) Migration
d) Fossilization

5. What is the main source of environmental threats such as deforestation, habitat destruction, and pollution?
a) Human activities
b) Natural disasters
c) Climate change
d) Erosion

6. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change?
a) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
b) Methane (CH4)
c) Oxygen (O2)
d) Nitrous oxide (N2O)

7. What is the term for the gradual increase in Earth's average temperature due to human activities?
a) Global warming
b) Ice age
c) Climate oscillation
d) Ozone depletion

8. Which of the following is a renewable source of energy that doesn't contribute to environmental pollution?
a) Coal
b) Solar power
c) Natural gas
d) Nuclear power

9. What is the study of Earth's physical structure and the processes that shape it, such as earthquakes and volcanoes?
a) Botany
b) Geology
c) Ecology
d) Biology

10. Which biome is characterized by long, cold winters and a treeless landscape?
a) Rainforest
b) Tundra
c) Desert
d) Grassland

Section B: Basic Philippine Environmental Laws, Issues, and Current Events

1. Which Philippine law aims to protect and conserve the country's wildlife and their habitats?
a) Clean Water Act
b) Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act
c) Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
d) Renewable Energy Act

2. What is the primary agency responsible for implementing environmental laws and regulations in the Philippines?
a) Department of Education
b) Department of Health
c) Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
d) Department of Agriculture

3. Which of the following is a major environmental issue in the Philippines related to mining activities?
a) Air pollution
b) Coral bleaching
c) Soil erosion
d) Water pollution

4. What is the term for the practice of planting trees to restore or create forests?
a) Logging
b) Reforestation
c) Mining
d) Urbanization

5. Which of the following is a current environmental issue in the Philippines?

a) Recent volcanic eruptions
b) Severe droughts
c) Plastic waste pollution
d) Polar ice melting

6. What is the primary goal of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act?
a) Promote the use of single-use plastics
b) Encourage waste dumping in natural reserves
c) Proper waste segregation and disposal
d) Increase industrial pollution

7. Which marine species is often associated with conservation efforts in the Philippines due to its endangered status?
a) Tuna
b) Seahorse
c) Clownfish
d) Jellyfish

8. What does the "Clean Air Act" primarily aim to regulate and improve in the Philippines?
a) Air conditioning units
b) Water quality
c) Ambient air quality
d) Noise pollution

9. Which international agreement aims to address climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions?
a) Kyoto Protocol
b) Paris Agreement
c) Vienna Convention
d) Montreal Protocol

10. Which of the following is a critical component of sustainable development in the Philippines?
a) Rapid urbanization
b) Deforestation
c) Preservation of natural resources
d) High energy consumption

Section C: Climate Change

1. What is the term for the long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, and precipitation in a region?
a) Climate
b) Weather
c) Atmosphere
d) Erosion

2. Which phenomenon describes the increase in Earth's average temperature due to the enhanced greenhouse effect?
a) Global cooling
b) Ozone depletion
c) Global warming
d) Ice age

3. What is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere?
a) Oxygen (O2)
b) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
c) Nitrogen (N2)
d) Water vapor (H2O)

4. How do deforestation and land-use changes contribute to climate change?

a) By releasing greenhouse gases
b) By increasing cloud cover
c) By reducing solar radiation
d) By promoting cooling

5. Which international climate change conference led to the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015?
a) Rio Earth Summit
b) Copenhagen Accord
c) Kyoto Protocol
d) COP21

6. What is the term for the rise in global sea levels due to the melting of polar ice and the expansion of seawater as it
warms?
a) Sea level decrease
b) Sea level stability
c) Sea level rise
d) Sea level fluctuation

7. How can individuals reduce their carbon footprint and mitigate climate change?
a) Increase energy consumption
b) Drive gas-guzzling vehicles
c) Use public transportation
d) Avoid recycling

What is climate change?

a) A sudden shift in weather patterns
b) A long-term change in the Earth's climate
c) A seasonal change in temperature
d) A temporary fluctuation in temperature
Answer: b) A long-term change in the Earth's climate

Which gas is primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect?

a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Hydrogen
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide

What is the main source of human-generated carbon dioxide emissions?

a) Deforestation
b) Transportation
c) Volcanic eruptions
d) Ocean currents
Answer: b) Transportation

What is the term for the gradual rise in the Earth's average temperature?
a) Global cooling
b) Climate oscillation
c) Global warming
d) Temperature fluctuation
Answer: c) Global warming

Which of the following is an example of a fossil fuel?

a) Solar energy
b) Wind energy
c) Natural gas
d) Tidal energy
Answer: c) Natural gas

8. What is one of the potential consequences of climate change on weather patterns?

a) More predictable and milder weather
b) Increased frequency of extreme weather events
c) Decreased impact on agriculture
d) Slower ocean currents

9.What is the name of the global initiative that aims to limit the increase in global average temperature to well below 2
degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels?
a) 2-Degree Pledge
b) Zero-Emission Target
c) Paris Agreement
d) Global Cooling Pact

10. What is one key solution to combat climate change by transitioning to cleaner energy sources and reducing
emissions?
a) Dependence on fossil fuels
b) Carbon capture and storage
c) Reducing recycling efforts
d) Increased deforestation

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Philippines is the government agency
responsible for formulating and implementing policies and regulations related to environmental protection and natural
resource management. Below, I'll provide an overview of key Philippine environmental laws, some of the critical
environmental issues, and recent news and developments from the DENR.

Philippine Environmental Laws:

Clean Water Act (Republic Act No. 9275): This law aims to protect and preserve the quality of the country's water
resources by regulating the discharge of pollutants into water bodies, establishing water quality standards, and
promoting sustainable water management.

Clean Air Act (Republic Act No. 8749): The Clean Air Act focuses on controlling air pollution by regulating
emissions from vehicles and industries, promoting the use of cleaner technologies, and improving air quality.

Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (Presidential Decree No. 1586): This system requires projects,
activities, and programs to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to assess and mitigate their potential
environmental impacts.

National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (Republic Act No. 7586): This law establishes a system of
protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, to conserve and protect the country's biodiversity and
natural resources.
 Solid Waste Management Act (Republic Act No. 9003): The Solid Waste Management Act promotes proper waste
management practices, including waste segregation, recycling, and the reduction of environmental pollution.

Forest Management and Protection Act (Republic Act No. 7161): This law aims to ensure the sustainable
management and protection of the country's forests and forest resources.

Current Environmental Issues in the Philippines:

Deforestation: The Philippines has a high deforestation rate, leading to habitat loss, soil erosion, and reduced
biodiversity.

Illegal Logging: Despite efforts to combat illegal logging, it remains a significant issue, contributing to
deforestation and environmental degradation.

Mining and Quarrying: Unregulated mining activities have led to environmental problems, including soil erosion
and water pollution.

Marine Ecosystem Degradation: Overfishing, destructive fishing practices, and coral reef destruction threaten the
marine ecosystems of the Philippines.

Waste Management: Proper waste disposal and recycling are challenges, leading to pollution and overcrowded
landfills.

Recent Environmental News and Developments from DENR:

Manila Bay Rehabilitation: The DENR initiated a large-scale rehabilitation project for Manila Bay, aiming to
improve water quality, restore coastal ecosystems, and enhance its aesthetic value.

Ecosystem Restoration Program: The DENR launched an Ecosystem Restoration Program to rehabilitate critical
ecosystems, protect biodiversity, and address deforestation issues.

Mining Policy Reforms: The DENR has introduced reforms in the mining sector, including stricter regulations and a
focus on responsible mining practices to mitigate environmental impacts.

Biodiversity Conservation: The DENR has been actively involved in biodiversity conservation efforts, including the
protection of endangered species and their habitats.

Plastic Waste Reduction: The DENR, in collaboration with other government agencies, has initiated campaigns to
reduce plastic waste and promote sustainable alternatives.

Community-Based Conservation: The DENR actively engages with local communities and indigenous peoples in
environmental conservation efforts, fostering collaboration and stewardship of natural resources.
Layton

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

a) Photosynthesis
b) Cellular respiration
c) DNA replication
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Cellular respiration

2. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

a) Carbon dioxide
b) Methane
c) Oxygen
d) Water vapor
Answer: c) Oxygen

3. What is the term for the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
a) Respiration
b) Fermentation
c) Photosynthesis
d) Transpiration
Answer: c) Photosynthesis

4. What is the scientific name for the study of interactions between organisms and their environment?
a) Biology
b) Ecology
c) Genetics
d) Botany
Answer: b) Ecology

5. Which biome is characterized by cold temperatures, permafrost, and limited plant life?
a) Rainforest
b) Tundra
c) Desert
d) Grassland
Answer: b) Tundra

6. In a food chain, which organisms are typically at the highest trophic level?
a) Producers
b) Primary consumers
c) Secondary consumers
d) Decomposers
Answer: c) Secondary consumers

7. What is the main function of the ozone layer in the Earth's atmosphere?
a) Absorb ultraviolet radiation
b) Facilitate photosynthesis
c) Trap greenhouse gases
d) Generate lightning
Answer: a) Absorb ultraviolet radiation

8. Which of the following is not a method of asexual reproduction in plants?

a) Budding
b) Fragmentation
c) Pollination
d) Runners
Answer: c) Pollination

9. What is the largest organ in the human body?

a) Brain
b) Liver
c) Skin
d) Heart
Answer: c) Skin

10. Which of the following is an example of a decomposer organism?

a) Rabbit
b) Earthworm
c) Hawk
d) Snake
Answer: b) Earthworm

11. What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems on Earth?
a) Wind
b) Fossil fuels
c) Solar radiation
d) Geothermal heat
Answer: c) Solar radiation
12. Which of the following is a common adaptation of desert plants to conserve water?
a) Broad leaves
b) Thick waxy coatings
c) Rapid growth
d) Frequent flowering
Answer: b) Thick waxy coatings

13. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in a cell?

a) Nucleus
b) Mitochondria
c) Ribosome
d) Golgi apparatus
Answer: c) Ribosome

14. What is the process by which an organism evolves to better match its environment over time?
a) Genetic modification
b) Natural selection
c) Artificial selection
d) Genetic engineering
Answer: b) Natural selection

15. What is the term for a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor
harmed?
a) Mutualism
b) Commensalism
c) Parasitism
d) Predation
Answer: b) Commensalism

16. Which of the following is a renewable energy source derived from plant and animal matter?
a) Nuclear energy
b) Fossil fuels
c) Solar energy
d) Biomass energy
Answer: d) Biomass energy

17. What is the main function of the circulatory system in the human body?
a) Respiration
b) Digestion
c) Transportation of blood and nutrients
d) Muscle contraction
Answer: c) Transportation of blood and nutrients

18. What is the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells?
a) Meiosis
b) Mitosis
c) Fermentation
d) Differentiation
Answer: b) Mitosis

19. Which of the following is a keystone species in an ecosystem?

a) A species that has no predators
b) A species that has a high population size
c) A species that plays a critical role in the ecosystem
d) A species that is endangered
Answer: c) A species that plays a critical role in the ecosystem

20. Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor in an ecosystem?

a) Bacteria
b) Trees
c) Temperature
d) Rabbits
Answer: c) Temperature

Biology and Ecology:

Biology:
Biology is the scientific study of living organisms, their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and
taxonomy.

Ecology:
Ecology is the study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Ecosystem:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (biotic factors) and their physical environment (abiotic factors)
that interact within a defined area.

Biodiversity:
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, including genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem
diversity.

Food Chain:
A food chain represents the transfer of energy from one organism to another, as each organism in the chain feeds
on the one before it.

Biome:
A biome is a large, naturally occurring community of flora and fauna adapted to a specific environment, such as a
desert, rainforest, or tundra.

Botany and Philippine Biodiversity:

Botany:
Botany is the branch of biology that studies plants, including their structure, growth, reproduction, and
classification.

Endemic Species:
Endemic species are those found in a specific geographical area and nowhere else, like many species in the
Philippines due to its isolation.

Rainforest Flora:
Philippine rainforests are rich in flora, including unique species like the Rafflesia arnoldii, the largest flower in
the world.

Zoology, Wildlife, and Ecology:

Zoology:
Zoology is the branch of biology that studies animals and their behavior, physiology, evolution, and
classification.

Endangered Species:
Endangered species are those facing a high risk of extinction in the near future due to habitat loss, climate
change, or other factors.

Migration:
Migration is the regular, long-distance movement of species in response to changing seasons, such as the annual
migration of birds.

Geology and Earth Sciences:

 Geology:
Geology is the study of the Earth's structure, composition, and processes, including the study of rocks, minerals,
and the Earth's history.

Plate Tectonics:
Plate tectonics is the theory that explains the movement of the Earth's lithosphere (crust) on the semi-fluid
asthenosphere, leading to phenomena like earthquakes and mountain building.

Volcanism:
Volcanism is the process of magma and gases rising to the Earth's surface, leading to volcanic eruptions, which
can shape landscapes.

Environmental Threats and Conservation:

Climate Change:
Climate change refers to long-term alterations in global and regional temperature and weather patterns, largely
due to human activities like burning fossil fuels.

Deforestation:
Deforestation is the clearing of forests for agriculture, urban development, and other purposes, leading to habitat
loss and environmental degradation.

Ocean Acidification:
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, primarily caused by the absorption of
excess atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Habitat Fragmentation:
Habitat fragmentation is the process of ecosystems being divided into smaller, isolated patches, which can disrupt
animal migration and lead to species decline.

Conservation:
Conservation involves efforts to protect and preserve Earth's biodiversity and natural resources through measures
like the establishment of protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, and sustainable practices.