for Learners

Pre- Calculus
Second Quarter, Week 3
Objectives:
 Illustrate the different circular functions. (STEM_PC11-IIb-1)
 Uses reference angles to find exact values of circular functions.
(STEM_PC11-IIb-2)

Written by:

Lorbie F. Opada
Siay National High School

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A. Mini Lesson:
We all know that trigonometric function is where the domain of each
function is the set of angles in a standard position and angles are measured
either in degrees or radians.

In today’s lesson let us explore the Circular Functions wherein the

domain will become real numbers rather than a set of angles.

We must remember the

following concept to help us with
our new topic. Since we will be y
talking about Circular Functions we
will engage in a circle.

 The circle is best to describe

by its general formula x2+y2=r2.
but as we deal with Circular
Function we must deal with a
unit circle as defined as a
circle whose radius is equal to
one unit (in any point in the
unit circle) and whose center is
at the origin, unit circle satisfies
this equation x2 + y2 =1 Figure 3.1. The Unit Circle

𝑂𝑃 = 1
 The radius of the unit circle is 1.
𝑂𝐴 = |𝑦|
 The absolute value of the y-
coordinate represents the 𝑂𝐴 = |𝑥 |
distance from a point to the x- (𝑂𝑃)2 = (𝑂𝐴)2 + (𝑃𝐴)2
axis.
12 = (|𝑥|)2 + ( |𝑦|)2
 The Pythagorean Theorem the
1 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
sum of the square of each leg of a
right triangle equals the square of the hypotenuse or a2+b2=c2.

 As we all know the six trigonometric functions, we must remember the

SOH CAH TOA and it's reciprocal to aid for our deeper understanding of
circular functions.
O H
sine sin = H cosecant csc = O
A H
cosine cos = H secant sec = A
O A
tangent tan = A cotangent cot = O

where,
O-opposite H- Hypotenuse A- Adjacent

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 Circular Function defined such that their domains are sets of numbers
that correspond to the measures (in radian units) of the angles of
analogous trigonometric functions is involved in a unit circle.

 Suppose 𝜃 is an angle plotted in standard position and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is the point

on the terminal side of 𝜃 which lies on the unit circle. The circular functions:
 Below is the illustration of the different values of the 4 major points in a

circle in terms of degree and radian in a unit circle

𝜋
In 900 or 2 0 is the value
of the cosine angle and 1 is
the value of sine angle.

In 1800 or 𝜋 -1 is In a 00 1 is the value of

the value of the the cosine angle and 0 is
cosine angle and 0 the value of the sine
is the value of sine angle.
angle.

In 3600 the full turn of

3𝜋 the circle 1 is the value
In 2700 or 2 0 is
of the cosine angle and
the value of the
0 is the value of the sine
cosine angle and -1
angle.
is the value of sine
angle. Figure 3.2. Values of Quadrantal Angles

𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

= P(cos𝜃, sin 𝜃)

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 Each angle is given in both degrees and radians. The radian measure of
each angle is the same as the distance from (1, 0) to the point on the
terminal side of the angle, as measured along the circumference of the
circle in a counterclockwise direction.
 A radian has its equivalent degrees in a unit circle.
 The x- and y-coordinate of each point shown are the cosine and sine,
respectively, of the associated angle or distance.

 To visualize the relationships among the angles and trigonometric functions

of those angles, we have here an illustration, and always put in mind the
𝜋 𝜋
unit circle equation x2+y2=1. This version of unit circle multiples of 6 and 4
marked off.

Figure 3.3. Coordinates of Corresponding Points in the Unit Circle

Source: Jay Abramson, et.al CNX_Precalc_Figure_05_02_017-
1.jpg.Creative Commons Attribution
√1 1 √3
cos(60°) = 2
= 2
sin(60°) = 2

√2 √2
cos(45°) = 2
sin(45°) = 2

√3 √1 1
cos(30°) = sin(30°) = =
2 2 2

They only differ in the quadrant they belong to.

Using figure 3.3 we will find the exact value of cosine and sine trigonometric
function and its value.
𝜋
1. 6 or 300

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 √𝟑 𝟏
cos = , sin = 𝟐
𝟐

5𝜋
2. 1500 or 6
√3 1
cos = − , sin = 2
2

7𝜋
3. or 2100
6
√3 √2
cos = − , sin = −
2 2

11𝜋
4. 3300 or 6
√3 1
cos = , sin = − 2
2

For techniques to remember the cosine, the sin you may visit this site:
https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/unit-circle.html

5𝜋
 Suppose, for instance, we wish to know the cosine and sine of 𝜃 = 6 . We
plot 𝜃 in standard position and, as usual, let 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) denote the point on the
terminal side of 𝜃 which lies on the Unit Circle.
𝜋
 Note that the terminal side of 𝜃 lies 6 radians short of a one-half revolution.
𝜋 √𝟑 𝜋 𝟏
We determined that cos = and sin = . This means that the point
6 𝟐 6 𝟐
𝜋
on the terminal side of the angle 6 , when plotted in standard position, is (
√𝟑 𝟏
, 𝟐 ). The point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) we seek can be obtained by reflecting that point
𝟐
about the y-axis. Hence,
5𝜋 √𝟑 5𝜋 𝟏
cos . =− and sin = .
6 𝟐 6 𝟐

𝜋 5𝜋
 In this scenario, the angle 6 is called the reference angle for the angle 6 .
The signs of the coordinates of P(𝜃) depends on the quadrant or axis
where it terminates. It is important to know the sign of each circular
function in each quadrant.
 The angle we will evaluate in trigonometry will always rest between the
terminal side of that angle, and the x-axis. Below is a graphical
representation of the 1500 angle.

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 In the illustration above, the terminal side of 1500, in standard position
resides in quadrant II. To evaluate the six trigonometric functions of an
angle 𝜃, we are required to use a reference angle.
 A reference angle is the acute angle 𝜃′ (read as theta prime) formed by the
terminal side of the 𝜃 and the x-axis. It is always drawn about the x-axis.
 Therefore, to evaluate the six trigonometric functions of 150 0 angle in
standard position, a 300 angle will be used.
 Here are some guidelines for finding reference angles. The method used
to find a reference angle depends on the quadrant in which the terminal
side of the angle resides.
 If the terminal side of an angle 𝜃 rests un quadrant I, 𝜃′ = 𝜃.
 If the terminal side of an angle 𝜃 rests un quadrant II, 𝜃’ =180° − 𝜃
or 𝜃′ = 𝜋 − 𝜃.
 If the terminal side of an angle 𝜃 rests un quadrant III, 𝜃’ = 𝜃 -180°
or 𝜃’ = 𝜃 − 𝜋..
 If the terminal side of an angle 𝜃 rests un quadrant IV, 𝜃 ′ = 360° − 𝜃
or 𝜃 ′ = 2𝜋 − 𝜃.

 Since the sign of each function for each quadrant is easily determined from
its definition. We note that the signs of cosecant, secant, and cotangent
are the same as sine, cosine, and tangent, respectively.

 All we have to do is memorize the trigonometric functions of angles less

than 900 and follow the mirroring illustrated above and only the signs of the
function value differ, positive or negative depending on the quadrant of
the terminal side, but the numerical value of the trig function is the
same.

Source: Jerico T. Bacani, Ph.D, Richard B. Eden, Ph.D, Glen Rey A.

Estrada, Flordeliza F. Francisco, Ph.D et. al.Quezon City. Teaching Guide for Senior
High School Pre-calculus. Commission on Higher Education(CHED). (2016).page 140

Let us have some examples.

1. Find the exact value of cot 495°.

Solution:
First, we adjust 495° so that it is in the range from 0° to 360°. We
do this by subtracting 360°
495°- 360° = 135°.

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 Note that 135° is in Quadrant II, then

𝜃’ =180° − 𝜃
𝜃’ =180° − 135° = 45°.
So,
1 1
cot 45° = = =1
tan 45° 1

Only sine and cosecant are positive in Quadrant II, therefore:

cot 495° = - cot 45° = -1.

2. Find the exact value of cos 300°

Solution:
300° is in Quadrant IV (between 270° and 360°). Using

𝜃 ′ = 360° − 𝜃
′
𝜃 = 360° − 300°= 60°

Note that the value of

1
cos 60° = 2.
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Since cosines are positive in Quadrant IV, cos 300° = 2 as well.

B. Guided/Practice Activities
Activity I
Directions: With the given angle measures in degrees and radian, complete
the table below.

𝜃 (degrees) 𝜃 (radians) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃

1. 300
2. 3𝜋
4
3. −150°
4. 225°
5. 3𝜋
2

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 Activity II
Directions: Identity which quadrant 𝜃 is based on the following information.
1. sin 𝜃 is negative; cos 𝜃 is positive

2. tan 𝜃 is positive; sec 𝜃 is negative

3. tan 𝜃 < 0, sin 𝜃 > 0

4. cot 𝜃 and csc 𝜃 are positive

5. sec 𝜃 > 0 and csc 𝜃 < 0

Activity III
Directions: Determine the reference angles 𝜃′, for the following angle
measures:
1. 205°

2. 60°

3. -97°

4. 385° 30’

5. 1000°

C. Independent Practice Activities

Activity I
Directions: With the given angle measures in degrees and radian, complete
the table below.

𝜃 (degrees) 𝜃 (radians) csc 𝜃 sec 𝜃 cot 𝜃

1. 300
2. 3𝜋
4
3. −150°
4. 225°
5. 3𝜋
2

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 Activity II
Directions: Use the reference angle of the given angle measures to find the
exact values of cosine and sine.

𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1. 𝜃 = 270°
2. 𝜃 = 𝜋
3. 𝜃 = 450°
𝜋
4. 𝜃 = 6
5. 𝜃 = 60°

Activity III
Directions: Determine the exact value of the following:
1. sin 210°
2. sec 330°
3. cot 315°
4. sin 150°
5. cos 225°
6. cos 450°
7. sec 390°
8. cot 690°
9. sin 1035°
10. cos 495°
11. sin (-60°)
12. tan (-120°)
13. cot (-315°)
14. sec (-330°)
15. cot (-495°)

D. Evaluation
_______ 1. What is the total radian around a circle?
𝜋 2
A. 2𝜋 B. 𝜋 C. 2𝜋 D. 𝜋
𝝅
_______ 2. Which of the following shows the (cos, sin) of .
𝟑
√𝟑 √𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟏 √𝟏 √𝟑 √𝟑 √𝟑
A. 𝟐
,− 𝟐
B. 𝟐
, 𝟐
C. 𝟐
, 𝟐
D. 𝟐
, 𝟐

_______ 3. A point on the circumference of the unit circle has the coordinates
√𝟑 √𝟏
(𝟐, ). What angle does this represent in degrees?
𝟐

A. 300 B. 450 C. 600 D. 1500

_______ 4. What is the exact value of cos 120°?

1 √3 √3 1
A. - 2 B. - 2
C. 2
D. 2

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_______ 5. What is the exact value of sin 150°?
1 1 √3 √3
A. – 2 B. C. - D.
2 2 2

√3
_______ 6. If cos 𝜃= , which could be the measure of θ?
2
2𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 11𝜋
A. B. C. D.
3 6 3 6

√3
_______7. Which exact measures of 𝜃 satisfy sin 𝜃 = − , 0° ≤ 𝜃 < 360°?
2

A. 30°, 120° C.240°, 300°

B. -60°, −120° D.−240°, −300°

_______ 8. If cot 𝜃 = 1.4, what is one approximate measure in radians for 𝜃?

A. 0.620 B. 0.951 C. 1.052 D. 0.018

_______ 9. The coordinates of point P on the

3 √7
unit circle are (− 4 , ). What are the
4

coordinates of Q if Q is a 90° counterclockwise

rotation from P?
√7 3
A. ( 4 , − 4)
√7 3
B. (− , − 4)
4
3 √7
C. ( 4 , 4
)
3 √7
D. (− 4 , − 4
)

_______ 10. A vehicle has tires that are 75cm in diameter. A point is marked
on the edge of the tire. Determine the measure of the angle through which
point turns every second if the vehicle is traveling at 110km/h.
A. 4669° B. 4668.5° C. 3059.5° D. 4678.5°

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 References

Bacani, Jerico T, Ph.D, Richard B. Eden, Ph.D, Glen Rey A. Estrada, Flordeliza F.
Francisco, Ph.D et. al (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School Pre-calculus.
Quezon City. Commission on Higher Education(CHED).
Pelias, John Gabriel P. (2016). Textbook for Senior High School:
Pre-Calculus. Quezon City. Rex Books Store.
MathIsFun.com “Circle” Last Modified November 8, 2020.
www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/unit-circle.html
VarsityTutor. “Trigonometry: Coterminal Angles”. October 3, 2020
www.varsitytutors.com/trigonometry-help/coterminal-angles

SamHoustonStateUniversity. “Trigonometry: Special Angles”Last Modified

August 26, 2020.www.shsu.edu/~kws006/Precalculus/4.2_Two_Triangles

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Rizza M. Dalumpines
SHS T-II

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Evelyn F. Importante
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