Guidelines on Paper Writing

Alignment Transitional Devices

- JUSTIFY - Use transitional or cohesive devices to achieve

logical connection between or among
Indention
paragraphs.
- INDENT EVERY FIRST SENTENCE
- These devices are used not only in the RRL, but
Citation also in the introduction, background of the
study, and even in the presentation and analysis
- APA 7TH EDITION of data.
Bibliography Contractions
TH
- APA 7 EDITION - Shortening of words.

- Contractions are not allowed. Spell-out the

Guidelines on usage words!

 Signal Markers Point of View

 Transitional Devices - Use third person point of view
 Contractions
 Point of View Acronym
 Acronym - Meaning of words before abbreviation
 Punctuation
 Paraphrasing - La Consolacion College Tanauan (LCCT)

- Senior High School (SHS)

Signal Markers Punctuation

- Only one signal marker - Always punctuate your sentences. Use proper
punctuations in your paper (comma, colon,
Examples: semi-colon, period, question mark).
- According to Maralit (2017), operating Paraphrasing
procedures are…
- Paraphrase the original ideas before citing
- Maralit (2017) suggested that operating them. Keep in mind the paraphrasing guidelines
procedure… you studied in EAPP.
- Operating procedures, as described by Maralit
(2017), are sets of…
Guidelines on Paper Writing
- X According to Maralit (2017) said that
operating procedures are… Most notable changes in american psychological
association (apa) format 7th Edition

 The place of publication is no longer

included in the reference.
 - X Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of
highly effective people: Powerful
lessons in personal change. New York,
NY: Simon & Schuster.
- ✔ Covey, S. R. (2013). The 7 habits of
highly effective people: Powerful
lessons in personal change. Simon &
Schuster.
 The in-text citation for works with 3 or
more authors is now shortened. (use et
al.)
- X (Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker,
2018)
- ✔ (Taylor et al., 2018)
 Surnames and initials for up to 20
authors must be provided.
- ✔ Miller, T., Brown, M., Wilson, G.,
Evans, B., Kelly, R., Turner, S., … Lee, L.
(2019).
 The Digital Object Identifiers are now
formatted the same as URLs.
- X Doi:
10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
- ✔ https://
doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.15604
49
 URLs are no longer preceded by
“Retrieved from”
- X Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11).
APA 7 th edition: The most notable
changes [Blog post]. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-
style/apa-seventhedition-changes/
- ✔ Streefkerk, R. (2019, October 11).
APA 7 th edition: The most notable
changes [Blog post]. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr .com /apa-
style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
 The singular “they” or “their” is
endorsed as gender-neutral
- X A researcher’s career depends on
how often he or she is cited
- ✔ A researcher’s career depends on
how often they are cited.
 Descriptive phrases are more preferred
than adjectives.
- X The poor
- ✔ People living in poverty
 Age ranges must be exact for relevance
and specificity.
- X People over 65 years old
- ✔ People in the age range of 65-75
years old
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
- Create some context and background.
- Explain the problem that needs to be
addressed.
- State your rationale (reasons why your
research topic is important).
Statement of the Problem
- heart of the research study
- objectives or specific problems
- general problem and specific questions
- questions to be answered at the end
- Your questions should be based on the topic.
- They should be Wh- questions.
- Think of variables of your topic which are in
line with the scope of your topic.
Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework
- Principles: where the study is anchored
- Overview: should be given to audience
- Readings: will develop your claims
- Bridging Gap: from what is current and new
Significance of the Study
- Benefits to the study
- Narrative form
- Advantages brought to particular groups of
people
Scope and Delimitation
- The extent to which the research will be
covering, the possible factors that will be given
focus on the course of the study, the possible
challenges that the researcher might encounter
- Scope: up to what extent the researcher would
want to explore and interpret in his research
- Delimitation: limits or boundaries of the
research
Definition of Terms
- Conceptual: from dictionary
- Operational: made or created by the
reasearchers
CHAPTER 2 (REVIEW OF RELATED LIITERATURE)
RRL
- Review of Related Literature (RRL) or literature
review refers to an account of the existing
researches which are relevant to your topic
and show how it is related to your research
(Baraceros, 2016)
- Review of Related Literature (RRL) is a survey
of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It
provides an overview of current knowledge,
allowing you to identify relevant theories,
methods, and gaps in the existing research
(McCombes, 2019).
- Researchers are able to locate other works
dealing with their intended topic for study as
well as evaluate this work in terms of its
relatedness to the research question interest.
TYPES OF SOURCES FOR RELATED LITERATURE
GENERAL REFERENCES - These are sources that
researchers first look onto. Most general
references tell where to locate other sources
and are either indexes or abstracts.
Examples: dictionaries, atlases, statistical
yearbooks, biographical dictionaries
PRIMARY SOURCES - Research reports are
known as primary sources and usually appear in
professional journals.
Examples: speeches, letters, diaries,
autobiographies, interviews, official reports
SECONDARY SOURCES - These are documents
that contain only a summaries or
interpretations of the research rather than a
complete description of them.
Examples: textbooks, magazines,
newspaper, essays
TERTIARY SOURCES - These are the books and
articles based on secondary sources. It
synthesizes and explains the work of others.
SYNTHESIS
- The related literature section is not a list of
article summaries. It should be a flowing, well-
structured narrative that begins with the
variables you established in your problem and
ends with a question begging to be answered.
ETHICAL STANDARDS
PLAGIARISM - Remember that you need to be
cautious and do not misinterpret someone
else's work and claim it as your own
SELF-PLAGIARISM - It happens when the
researchers reuse their own work or data in a
'new' written product without letting the
readers know that this manuscript already
appeared in another literature.
COPYRIGHT - It refers to the protection given to
the owner of an original work covering literary
works, research, publications, among others.
CHAPTER 3 (RESEARCH METHODOLOGY)
1. RESEARCH DESIGN - process of structuring
techniques and strategies that will help you in
solving problem and in finding answers
- entails detailed procedures on how you are
going to gather data that will lead you to the
fulfilment of your research goals
2. RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY - used to
describe a complete set of person or objects
that possesses same characteristics that are of
interest of the researcher
 TARGET - made up of all persons or
objects which the researcher would
want his findings to be generalized to
 ACCESSIBLE - a group of individual or
objects within which the samples will be
taken from
SAMPLE - a group of individuals that represent
the characteristics of a particular situation
SAMPLING (ADVANTAGES)
1. SAVES TIME, EFFORT, AND RESOURCES
2. MINIMIZES CASUALTIES
3. PAVES WAY FOR THOROUGH
INVESTIGATION
4. ALLOWS EASY DATA HANDLING,
COLLECTION, AND ANALYSIS
TYPES
 RANDOM – EQUAL
 SYSTEMATIC – LINE
 CONVENIENCE – FIRST
 CLUSTER – GEOGRAPHY
 STRATIFIED – CHARACTERISTICS
 PURPOSIVE – CRITERIA
 SNOWBALL – REFERRAL
 QUOTA – LIMITED
3. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE – the process used in
choosing respondents
4. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT – serves as a tool to
help researchers in collecting data
TYPES
 DOCU ANALYSIS - printed
 INTERVIEW – structured, unstructured,
semi-structured
 OBSERVATION – naturalistic,
participative, non-naturalistic
 QUESTIONNAIRE – dichotomous,
multiple choice, rank order, rating scale,
subjective, combination
5.DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE - details how
the researchers conducted their study from
conceptualization, data gathering, creating and
validating instrument, to analysis and
interpretation
6.STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA - Simply
put, statistics is a range of procedures for
gathering, organizing, analyzing and presenting
quantitative data.

7.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS – a set of

guidelines that direct one’s research ideas and
procedures