ADRENAL GLAND  Also generate androgen precursors such as

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is

 Multifunctional organ that produces the steroid sulfated in the innermost zona reticularis.
hormone and neuropeptide which essential in
life. NOTE: Precursor for the androgens that produces in the
 Small gland 3rd layer generate in F-zone.

EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY C. R-zone (Zona reticularis)

Aka. Suprarenal glands  Innermost layer
 Shaped like pyramids (adult gland) located just  10%
above and medial to the kidneys in the  sulfate DHEA to DHEAS, which is the main
retroperitoneal space (suprarenal glands). adrenal androgen.
 It is composed of two distinct but conjoined glands NOTE: androgen- sex hormone
a. outer adrenal cortex-yellow

b. inner adrenal medulla medulla- dark mahogany.

CORTEX STEROIDOGENESIS (study!)

ADRENAL CORTEX

 Major hormone- aldosterone, cortisol,

dehydroepialdosterone sulfate (DHEA)
- Uniquely synthesize from a common
precursor by cells location in one of
the othe 3. functionalistic zone layer.

A. G-zone (Zona glomerulosa) CRH

 outermost layer cells
 10% -trigger to release other hormone in brain (hypothalamus)
 Synthesize mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
critical for sodium retention (volume), potassium, -Corticotrophin releasing hormone from hypothalamus is
and acid-base homeostasis. secreted
NOTE: mineralocorticoids- salt
Aldosterone- critical for sodium detention. - triggers by circadian signals (diurnal variation)

B. F-zone (Zona fasciculate) -trigger by level of serum cortisol.

 middlemost layer -trigger stess.
 75%
 Synthesize glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, and ACTH
corticocortisone critical to blood glucose
-will stimulate transport of free cholesterol into adrenal
homeostasis and blood pressure.
mitochondria and initiating steroid production.
Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone is rate limiting
step.
Pregnenolone- return to cytosol for subsequent zonal
conversion.
_________________________________________
NOTE: ALL adrenal gland are derived by sequential
enzymatic conversion of common substrate which is
cholesterol.
CHOLESTEROL- synthesize using acetyl CoA.
Adrenal parenchymal cell- also accumulate and store in
circulating LDL.
LIPID- can’t transfer in blood because they are h2o
soluble.
-can transfer using lipoprotein.
LDL- example of a major lipoprotein
-responsible for delivering exogenous cholesterol to
peripheral cells due to the efficient applique of LDL by
LDL receptors.
FREE CHOLESTEROL- can be derived by degrades
LDL that can be used for membrane biosynthesis.
NOTE: only free cholesterol can enter in sterologenic
pathway in response in ACTH.
F-zone- can converted in microsomal enzyme
R-zone- can converted by enzyme and antigens.
NOTE: F-zone- produce glucorticoid
- powerfully suppressed ACTH released
CORTISOL- primary feedback regulator of ACTH
stimulated hormone production in adrenal cortex.
-had negative feedback to ACTH and CRH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK- to maintain homeostatis, take
note if we reach certain level (normal level---
cortisol)-------cortisol will send neg. feedback to CRH
(hypothalamus or pituitary gland).
ALDOSTERONE
 The most potent mineralocorticoid
 A steroid hormone that regulate water and
electrolytes
 Acts on renal tubular epithelium to increase
retention of sodium and excretion of
potassium and Hydrogen
 Synthesis of this hormone is primarily
controlled by renin angiotensin system
 18-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase- an enzyme
also needed for the synthesis of aldosterone
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system(RAAS)
-A system of renin release which can trigger the
production of angiotensin 2 and release of
subsequently aldosterone
THINGS THAT TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF
RENIN:
1. LOW BLOOD VOLUME
PANCREAS AND
GASTROINTERTINAL FUNCTION
PANCREAS
 is a digestive gland which is only second in
size to the liver, weighing about 70-105 g.
 it is located behind the peritoneal cavity
across the upper abdomen at about the level
of the first and second lumbar vertebrae,
about 1-2 inches above the umbilicus.
 it is located in the curve made by the
duodenum.
NOTE: considered heterocrine (both have endocrine and
exocrine gland)
Endocrine gland- have islet of Langerhans
Exocrine gland – acinar cells
 PHASES OF PANCREATIC JUICE FUNCTION:
1. Cephalic Phase
-modulated by vagus nerves in the stomach.
NOTE: If have presence of food, it will stimulate in vagus
nerve to released content in stomach and pancreas.
-trigger by: food in the mouth

Head- toward the arch of duodenum

Body- middle
Tail- can touch the spleen

TISSUES OF THE PANCREAS

A. Endocrine tissue
 is smaller and consists of the islets of Langerhans,
which are well-delineated, spherical or ovoid
clusters composed of at least four different cell
types. INTRODUCTION OF
 the islet cells secrete at least four hormones into ENDOCRINOLOGY
the blood: insulin, glucagon, gastrin, and
somatostatin.
ENDOCRINOLOGY
 is the study of hormones and their actions.
B. Exocrine tissue
 Hormones are chemical messengers, released into
 is larger and secretes about 1.5-2 L/day of fluid,
the blood, that act through receptors to cause a
which is rich in digestive enzymes, into ducts that
change in the target cell.
ultimately empty into the duodenum.
 The glands that release hormones are ductless,
 pancreatic activity is under both nervous and
giving the term 'endocrine' from the Greek for
endocrine control. Branches of the vagus nerve
"internal secretion".
can cause a small amount of pancreatic fluid
secretion when food is smelled or seen, and these
Duct- tubo
secretions may increase as the bolus of food
Hormone- produces chemical
reaches the stomach.
Endocrine- release hormone direct in blood
TARGET CELLS---had receptor
NOTE:
Exocrine- duct glands
Acinar cells- there are zymogne granules
Ex. 1. Sweat glands
Zymogen- inactivated enzyme-----inside: secretory
2. salivary glands
enzymes-----trigger for its release
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Pancreatic juice- 98% water; 2% enzyme (ex. Pancreatic
 is a network of ductless glands of internal
amylase, lipase, phospholipase
secretions
 it is considered to be the regulatory Thymus
Enzyme----secreted as zymogen-----get activated if they
system of the body.
reach in the intestine.
-regulates metabolic activities (movement, growth, dev’p)
- work with nervous system
* Release of gastric juices- juices for digestion
-Endocrine and nervous system- have a little difference in
responding stimulus.

RESPONSE:
1. SHORT QUICK RESPONSE- nervous system
2. LONG TERM SLOW RESPONSE

EXAMPLES:
STIMULUS----arrive at neuron---pass signal as
neurotransmitter----attach receptor of target cell-----elicit
SHORT QUICK RESPONSE

NERVOUSE SYSTEM- more in movement and sensation

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- matagal response but magtatagal
-produce HORMONES--- binds to receptor of target
cells and---initiate LONG SLOW RESPONSE
EX. INSULIN: Decrease insulin----hyperglycemia