3 MARKS DIAGRAM

1 ACTION OF STEAM ON A METAL

2 REACTION OF ZINC GRANULES WITH DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID AND

TESTING HYDROGEN GAS BY BURNING

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 2 MARKS DIAGRAM
5 ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER

6 ACID SOLUTION IN WATER

7 TESTING THE CONDUCTIVITY OF A SALT SOLUTION

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 IMPORTANT SALTS
8 BLEACHING POWDER
CHEMICAL NAME CaOCl2 (calcium oxy chloride)
PREPARATION Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine
on dry slaked lime.
USES  as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries;
 To make drinking water free from germs.
9 BAKING SODA
CHEMICAL NAME Sodium hydrogen carbonates (NaHCO3).
USES  For making baking powder,
 It is also an ingredient in antacids
 Used in soda-acid fire
10 WASHING SODA
CHEMICAL NAME Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 .10H2O)
PREPARATION Recrystallization of sodium carbonate gives washing
soda.
USES  Used in glass, soap and paper industries.
 Used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
 It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
11 PLASTER OF PARIS
CHEMICAL NAME calcium sulphate hemihydrate

PREPARATION On heating gypsum at 373 , it loses water molecules

and becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate. This is
called Plaster of Paris.
USES  Doctor’s use as plaster for supporting fractured
bones in the right position.
 Plaster of Paris is used for making toys.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
12 Name the brown fumes liberated when lead nitrate is heated.
 Nitrogen dioxide ( )

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13 The reaction of Barium chloride with sodium sulphate solution is an
example for which type of chemical reaction? Why?
 Double displacement reaction.
 Because chlorine and sulphide ions are exchanged.

14 Which type of chemical reaction takes place when an iron nail is
dipped in copper sulphate solution? Why?
 Displacement reaction
 Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.

15 What is the type of chemical reaction in which quicklime is obtained
by lime stone (calcium carbonate)? Write a chemical equation for this
reaction.
 Decomposition reaction

16 Silver chloride exposed to the sunlight turns grey colour. Why?
Mention the type of reaction.
 Due to the decomposition of silver chloride into silver and chlorine by
light
 Decomposition reaction

17 CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O In this reaction name the reactant
i) that is oxidised ii) that is reduced.
 CuO is Reduced
 H2 is Oxidised
18 Name the product forms when ferrous sulphate is heated. Name the
type of reaction. Write balanced chemical equation of this reaction.
 Ferric oxide , sulphur dioxide , sulphur trioxide
 Decomposition reaction
19 What is neutralisation reaction? Write balanced chemical equation for
the reaction.
Reaction between acid and base to give salt and water is called

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 neutralisation reaction.

20 How can ethanol be converted into ethanoic acid? OR

How will ethanol be oxidised?
Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate is
added to ethyl alcohol. When it is heated it oxidises to form ethanoic acid.
21 Explain the addition reaction with the help of examples.
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons combine with hydrogen atoms in the presence
of catalysts to give saturated hydrocarbons.

 Example: Hydrogenation of vegetable oil.
22 Explain substitution reaction in hydrocarbons with an example.
 In the presence of sunlight other group of atoms can replace hydrogen
atoms one by one from carbon compounds.
 Example : Methane + Chlorine → Chloromethane + Hydrogen chloride
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl
23 What happens if Ethanol is heated with excess con. H2SO4 at 443 K?
OR
How ethanol converted in to ethene. (Explain dehydration reaction )
Heating ethanol at 443 K with excess concentrated sulphuric acid results in
the dehydration of ethanol to give ethene.
24 Write the difference between esterification and saponification.
 Esterification:
Reaction between an acid and an alcohol to produce esters.
 Saponification:
Reaction between an alkaline base and long chain carboxylic acid to
produce soaps.
25 What happens when electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride? What is this process called? Write the chemical equation
for the reaction involved. Name the gas evolved at the anode and cathode.
Name the product formed when these gases combine.
 Sodium chloride decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
 Chloro - alkali process.
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 
 Anode – chlorine and cathode – Hydrogen.
 is formed.
26 Why the formation of sodium hydroxide is called chloro alkali process?
Because of the products formed– chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium
hydroxide
27 Write the uses of product formed by the chloro alkali process.
S.N product Uses
1 Sodium hydroxide  De-greasing metals, soaps and detergents
 Paper making
 Artificial fibres.
2 Chlorine gas  Water treatment
 Swimming pools
 Pvc
 pesticides
3 Hydrogen gas  fuel
 margarine
 ammonia for fertilisers
IMPORTANT LAWS
28 State Mendeleev s Periodic law.
The properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic masses.
29 State the modern periodic law.
‘The properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.’
IONIC BOND (DOT STRUCTURE)
30 Explain the formation of ionic bond between sodium atom and chlorine
atom. [ Atomic number of sodium is 11, Atomic number of chlorine is
17 ]

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31 Depict the formation of magnesium chloride with the help of electron
dot structure.

STRUCTURE OF HYDROCARBON

32 Write the electron dot structure of ethane.

33 Write the electron dot structure of ethene.

34 Write the structure of Benzene. (Name a cyclic unsaturated carbon

compound)

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35 Draw the structure of following compounds.
(i) Ethanoic acid III) Butanone

(ii)
Bromopentane* IV)
Hexanal

36 CYCLO ALKANES ( 𝑛 2𝑛 )

Cyclo Cyclo Cyclo Cyclo

propane butane pentane hexane

37
Draw the structure of Pentane
Pentane : 5 12

38 Draw the structure of Butene

Butene : 4 8

39 Draw the structure of propyne.

Propyne- 3 4

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 IMPORTANT QUETIONS
40 What are Alkalis?
Bases which are soluble in water are called alkalis.
41 While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that the acid should be
added to water and not water to the acid?
If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the
mixture to splash out and cause burns.
42 What is pH scale?
A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, called Ph
scale.
pH = 7 → neutral solution
pH less than 7 → acidic solution
pH more than 7 → basic solution
43 What are Amphoteric Oxides? Give examples.
Metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to produce salts
and water are called amphoteric oxides.
Example: aluminium oxide, zinc oxide.
44 Potassium and sodium metals are preserved in kerosene oil. Give
reason.
Sodium and potassium metals vigorously react with oxygen and water, but
not with kerosene.
45 What are Ionic Compounds?
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-
metal are Called ionic compounds or electrovalent compounds.
46 List any four general properties of ionic compounds.
 Generally solids
 They have high melting and boiling points.
 Soluble in water and not soluble in organic solvents.
 They do not conduct electricity is solid state
47 Ionic compounds have high melting point and boiling points. Why?
More amount of energy is required to break the strong inter ionic attraction
between the molecules.

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48 Ionic compounds are solids and are somewhat hard. Why?
Because of the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative
ions
49 Ionic compounds in the solid state do not conduct electricity. Why?
Because movement of ions in the solid is not possible due to their rigid
structure.
50 Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their
chemical properties.
Metal Non-metal
Metals are electropositive. Non-metals are electronegative.
They react with oxygen to form basic They react with oxygen to form
oxides. acidic or neutral oxides
These have ionic bonds.. These have covalent bonds
51 Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their
physical properties.
Metal Non-metal
Metals are shining Non-metals are not shining except
Iodine
Good conductor of heat and Bad conductor of heat and
electricity electricity
52 What is Roasting?
Sulphide ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in the presence
of excess of air. This process is known as roasting.
53 What is calcination?
Carbonate ores are converted into oxides by heating strongly in limited air.
This Process is known as calcination.
54 What is solder? Write one property and uses of it.
 Solder, an alloy of lead and tin
 It has a low melting point.
 It is used for welding electrical wires together.
55 What is an Alloy? Name the alloys and write its constituents.
An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a
non-metal.

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 Alloys Constituents
Stainless Steel Iron + Nickel and chromium
Brass Copper + Zinc
Bronze Copper + Tin (Sn)
Solder Lead + Tin
Amalgam If one of the metals is mercury (Hg).
56 What is a covalent bond?
bond which is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms
57 Write the properties of covalent bond.
 the low melting and boiling points
 Generally poor conductors of electricity

58 Write any two differences between saturated and unsaturated carbon

compounds.
SATURATED HYDROCARBON UNSATURATED HYDRO CARBON
Less reactive More reactive
On burning, generally give a clean On burning, give a yellow flame with
flame. lots of black smoke.
It contain single bond between It contain double or triple bond
carbon atoms between the carbon atoms.
59 What are structural isomers? Write two structures of butane molecule
Carbon compounds with identical molecular formula but different
structures are called structural isomers

60 Explain the mechanism of cleaning action of soaps.

 The ionic end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain
interacts with oil.
 The soap molecules thus form structure called micells.
 This forms an emulsion in water.
 The soap micelles thus help in pulling out the dirt in water and we can
wash our clothes clean.


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61 Write the limitations of Mendeleev’s periodic table.
 No fixed position was given to hydrogen
 No fixed position was given to isotopes of all elements
62 What are the achievements (merits) of Mendeleev’s periodic table?
 He grouped the elements of similar properties.
 He left gap for undiscovered elements.
63 The number of groups and periods in the modern periodic table
respectively, are
Ans. : — 18 and 7
64 What is atomic size?
The distance between the centre of the nucleus and the outermost shell of
an isolated atom is called atomic size.
65 In the modern periodic table the atomic size decreases along a ‘period’
and increases down the ‘group’. Why? Explain.
 In modern periodic table atomic size decreases along the period because :
Electrons are being added to the outermost shell of an atom
 Atomic size increases down the group because new shells are being
added.
66 Why silicon is called metalloid?
Silicon is called metalloid because it exhibits some properties of both
metals and non-metals.
67 An element A has atomic number 16. To which group and period does
it belongs to.
A has configuration 2,8,6
It belongs to 16 group and 3rd period.
68 What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.
It is series of compounds in which the some functional group substitutes
for the Hydrogen in a carbon chain which are differing from CH2.
Example: Alcohols – CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH,
69 What are soaps?
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids.

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70 Name the ions responsible for acidic and basic nature of the
substances.
Ans. : Acidic — H + / H3O +
Basic — OH − / Hydroxyl / Hydroxide
71 a) Name the acid which causes pain and irritation by ant sting.
b) What is the pH value of acid rain?
Ans. : a) Methanoic acid
b) Less than 5·6
72 What is water of crystallization?
Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in
one formula unit of a salt.
73 Reaction of compound X with aluminium is used to join railway tracks
or cracked machine parts.
a. Identify the compound.
b. Name the reaction.
c. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
 Ferric oxide.
 Thermite reaction.

74 What is pH scale?
A scale for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, called pH
scale.
pH = 7 → neutral solution
pH less than 7 → acidic solution
pH more than 7 → basic solution
75 What is strong acid?
Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be strong acids.
76 What is weak acid?
Acids that give less H+ ions are said to be weak acids.
77 What is strong base?
Base that give rise to more OH- ions are said be strong base.
78 What is weak base?
Base that give rise to less OH- ions are said be weak base.

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79 PERIODIC TABLE TRENDS :
 Atomic size (radius) :
Along the period decreases and down the group increases

 Metallic character (electro positivity)

Along the period decreases and down the group increases

 Non-Metallic character (electro negativity)

Along the period increases and down the group decreases

80 Litmus paper test

Acid : (Hydrogen ion :H+ ) : blue litmus turns to red
Base : (hydroxide ion OH-) : Red litmus turns to blue
81 How sodium hydroxide is formed?
When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called
brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide.
82 Give reason
I) Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points
II) Covalent compounds are generally poor conductor of electricity.

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 i) Because they have weak intermolecular force.
ii) Because electrons are shared between atoms and no charged particles are
formed.
83 Carbon atom does not form 4− C anion and 4+ C cation. Why?
OR
Carbon forms only covalent bonds. Give reason.
 Carbon cannot gain four electrons because it is difficult for the nucleus to
hold four extra Electrons.
 It cannot lose four electrons because it require a large amount of energy.
84  Saturated hydro carbons : Alkane:
 Unsaturated hydro carbons : Alkene: and Alkyne:
85 Functional groups
Halo alkanes Chloro ,Bromo

ALCOHOL OL

ALDEHYDE Al

KETONE One

CARBOXYLIC ACID Acid

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