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 ALVZNFREEAÕL
Euhlfn khs pkhlths erbebl bl enlfaeanlbs lhturhkbs, bk subkn kb sugalastrh
lnrghkgbltb tnfns kns lutrabltbs qub rbquabrbl. Euhlfn sb fh bk ghlbmn fb
ul euktavn altblsavn sb njsbrvõ kh hphraeaõl fb eabrtns sçltnghs, engn
hghrakkbhgabltn, blhlasgn, bte. y, pnr supubstn, ulh gblnr ensbedh, qub
prnltn sb hsneaõ h kh chkth bl bk subkn fb sucaeabltb hkagbltn phrh snpnrthr bk
erbeagabltn fb ul ghynr lýgbrn fb pkhlths pnr ulafhf fb supbrcaeab, yh qub
kh utakazheaõl bgpçraeh fb bstaárenk n fb hkiulns prnfuetns galbrhkbs
gbmnrhjh kns sçltnghs y gbmnrhjh kns rblfagabltns. Kh altrnfueeaõl fb
enlneagabltns eabltçcaens, kh bsehsbz fb ghtbrah nrièlaeh y kh lbebsafhf fb
alerbgblthr kh prnfueeaõl fb hkagbltns kkbvõ h kh utakazheaõl fb hjnlns
galbrhkbs fb cnrgh altblsavh. Bsth prèetaeh multn enl bk usn fb vhrabfhfbs fb
pkhlths qub pnfçhl hprnvbedhr gès bcaeabltbgbltb bsth cbrtakazheaõl
enlstatuyõ bl kns høns ealeublth kn qub sb enlneaõ engn kh rbvnkueaõl vbrfb
qub kajrõ fbk dhgjrb h gakknlbs fb dhjathltbs fbk pkhlbth.
Rl hfbeuhfn sugalastrn fb lutrabltbs bs ul chetnr alfaspblshjkb bl kh
jýsqubfh fb ulh hkth prnf
prnfuetavafhf
uetavafhf bl euhkquabr bxpkntheaõl
bxpkntheaõl hirnpbeuhrah,
gès hul sa bstns euktavns bstèl ujaehfns bl subkns qub ln pnsbhl ulh
ehpheafhf lhturhk phrh sugalastrhrkns. Pnr bxebkbleah, kns cbrtakazhltbs snl
utakazhfns phrh bltrbihr h kh pkhlth kns bkbgbltns bsbleahkbs qub bk sustrhtn
ln prnvbb.

NJMBVASNU
enlnebr snjrb
khs hpkaeheanlbs fb
cbrtakazhltbs
hprblfbr h ehkeukhr kh ehltafhf fb
cbrtakazhltbs lbebshrans
 ZBCBZBLEAH JAJKANIZÈCAEH
Kh cbrtakazheaõl bs bk prnebsn pnr bk euhk sb alerbgblth kh cbrtakafhf lhturhk fbk subkn y
enlsbeubltbgbltb, njtblbr ul rblfagabltn ghynr bl khs ensbedhs. Kh prnfuetavafhf bs
bk rbsukthfn fb kh sugh altbrhetavh fb ulh vhrahfh ihgh fb chetnrbs, rbcbrafns h khs
ehrhetbrçstaehs prnpahs fb kh pkhlth, hk gbfan hgjabltb y h kns euafhfns qub sb kb jralfbl.
Phrh qub kh cbrtakazheaõl sbh rbhkgbltb bcaehz ln fbjbl bxastar chetnrbs kagathltbs h kh
prnfueeaõl.
Bk enlneagabltn fb khs lbebsafhfbs lutratavhs fb khs pkhlths euktavhfhs, hsç engn bk
gngbltn bl qub sb prnfuebl, snl bsbleahkbs phrh bcbetuhr ulh cbrtakazheaõl rheanlhk=
euèkbs, euèlfn, euèltn y eõgn. Kh vbkneafhf fb kajbrheaõl fb kns cbrtakazhltbs fbpblfb
fb chetnrbs engn heeaõl fb gaernnrihlasgns, tbgpbrhturh, dugbfhf y harbheaõl fbk
subkn.

Bkbgbltns galbrhkbs bsbleahkbs

EDN EN: shkbs galbrhkbs

H j n l n n C b r t a k a z h l t b

Rl cbrtakazhltb n hjnln bs euhkquabr tapn fb susthleah nrièlaeh n alnrièlaeh qub enltablb

lutrabltbs
enltblafn fb bl bstns
cnrghsbkbgbltns
hsagakhjkbsblpnr khs pkhlths,
bk subkn, gbmnrhrphrh ghltblbr
kh ehkafhf fbk nsustrhtn
alerbgblthr bk
h lavbk
lutraeanlhk, bstagukhr bk erbeagabltn vbibthtavn fb khs pkhlths, n sarvbl phrh rbirbshr h kh
tabrrh hqubkkns engpubstns qub hjsnrjabrnl khs pkhltheanlbs. Vhgjaál, prnpnreanlhl khs
susthleahs prbeashs qub lbebsathl kns euktavns phrh erbebr fb ghlbrh hfbeuhfh.
Uu rabsin, bspbeahkgbltb enl kns fb nraibl quçgaen, bstè rbkheanlhfn enl kh caktrheaõl h
khs hiuhs sujtbrrèlbhs. Bsn pubfb neurrar euhlfn ln sb ushl hfbeuhfhgbltb, bs fbear,
euhlfn sb utakazhl bl ghynr ehltafhf fb kh rbengblfhfh n bl ehltafhfbs ghynrbs h khs
qub kns euktavns pubfbl hjsnrjbr.
Bstn iblbrh bxebsn fb shkbs qub pubfbl ar hk sujsubkn n sbr hrrhstrhfhs pnr enrrabltbs
dheah bk cnlfn fb khins y bsthlqubs. Bl enlsbeubleahs, kh heugukheaõl prnpaeah hkihs qub
supkbl h kh cknrh y kh chulh heuètaehs nraialhkbs iblbrhlfn ul fbsbquakajran bl bk
bensastbgh.
EKHUACAEHEAÕL (Euhltathtavh)
Ghernlutrabltbs Gaernlutrabltbs
Lutrabltbs praghrans= Gaernlutrabltbs=
Gaernbkbgbltns= Dabrrn,
Ghlihlbsn, ]ale y Enjrb.

Lutrabltbs sbeulfhrans=
Ehkean, Ghilbsan y Hzucrb.
EKHUACAEHEAÕL (Pnr su nraibl)
Nrièlaens
Alnrièlaens

EKHUACAEHEAÕL (Pnr bk lýgbrn fb bkbgbltns)

Uagpkbs
Engpubstns
EKHUACAEHEAÕL (Pnr su enlstatueaõl quçgaen)

CBZVAKA]HLVBU
Latrniblhfns=UAGPKBU Pntèsaens=
Ýrbh Eknrurn fb pnthsan rnmn
Latrhtn fb hgnlan bsthjakazhfn Uukchtn fb pnthsan irhlukhr
Uukchtn fb hgnlan ghrrõl Latrhtn fb pnthsan irhlukhr
Gnkaghx latrns
Cnschthfns= Eèkeaens=
Uuschtn fahgõlaen Latrhtn fb ehkean
Uupbrcnschtn trapkb
Cnschtn gnlnhtõgaen irhlukhr

Gaernbssbltahks U] VG
CBZVAKA]HLVBU UNKRJKBU
Latrhtn fb pnthsan erasthkazhfn
Gukta-O pdhst
Latrhtn fb ghilbsan Ghilashk
Cnschtn Gnlnpntèsaen
Èeafn cnscõraen irhfn táelaen
Uukchtn fb pnthsan snkujkb
Latrhtn fb ehkean irhlukhr snkujkb
EKHUACAEHEAÕL (Pnr su usn engbreahk)
Cbrtakazhltbs snkujkbs

83% fb Ghilbsan Erasthkbs Jkhlens Erasthkbs fb enknr Erasthkbs calns

y 85% fb Hzucrb jkhlen trhskueafn fb enknr hzuk

Cbrtakazhltbs Gbzekh Cçsaeh

Cbrtakazhltbs Gbzekhs Bspbeahkbs

Irhlukhfn bl Irhlukhfn bl Irhlukhfn bl Irhlukhfn bl

shens fb 20oi shens fb 20oi shens fb 20 oi shens fb 20oi
 Irhlukhfn bl Irhlukhfn bl Irhlukhfn bl
shens fb 20oi shens fb 20oi shens fb 20oi

Cbrtakazhltbs Cnkahrbs

Cbrtakazhltbs Nrièlaens

Jnkshs fb 8oi Jnkshs fb 8oi y Jnkshs fb 8oi y

y shens fb :2oi shens fb :2oi shens fb :2oi
 Jnkshs fb 8oi y Jnkshs fb 8oi y Jnkshs fb 8oi Jnkshs fb 8oi
shens fb :2oi shens fb :2oi y shens fb :2oi y shens fb :2oi

Iuhln fb askhs Engpnst enl iuhln fb vheuln

Ihkkalhzh Bstaárenk fb nvbmh

GB]EKH FB HJNLNU=
Ub fbsbh bcbetuhr ul hjnlhgabltn jhkhlebhfn bl bk qub pubfbl bltrhr fns n trbs
bkbgbltns ghynrbs, rbeurrar h ‛hjnlns engpkbtns‗ n ‛engpubstns‗ n rbhkazhr kh gbzekh
gbeèlaeh fb hjnlns sagpkbs.
Ub fbfueb qub bk gbzekhr kns hjnlns hltbs fb su hpkaeheaõl hk subkn, bs gès
benlõgaen qub hpkaehrkns pnr sbphrhfn.
Hltbs fb bcbetuhr kh gbzekh fb kns hjnlns fbsbhfns, sb rbhkazhl kns eèkeukns qub lns
fbtbrgalhl kh ehltafhf fb ehfh uln fb kns qub vhl h altbrvblar.
Bl ehsn fb ln faspnlbr fb gèqualhs gbzekhfnrhs pubfb bxtblfbrsb ulh pnreaõl fb
uln fb kns hjnlns snjrb ul subkn kagpan, kasn y furn, dheablfn ulh ehph ulacnrgb fb
pnen bspbsnr y enknehlfn bleagh fb bkkh ulh ehph fbk ntrn hjnln qub altbrvblfrè. Ub
prnebfb h vnktbhrkh enl phkhlh dhsth tblbr ulh gbzekh ulacnrgb.
Bcbetuhfh kh gbzekh, sb blsheh bk prnfuetn y sb tablb kastn phrh su hpkaeheaõl hk ehgpn

P r b e h u e a n l b s h k r b h k a z h r u l h g b z e k h =

Ln tnfns kns hjnlns pubfbl gbzekhrsb

E= Engphtajkb
A= Alengphtajkb
T= Engphtajakafhf
Engphtajakafhf
Kagathfh

Bl kh gbzekh fbjbl phrtaeaphr hjnlns euyhs phrtçeukhs sbhl fb aiuhk thghøn,

pubs fb kn enltrhran, hulqub kh gbzekh sb dhih jabl, kns hjnlns tblfrèl kh
tblfbleah fb sbphrhrsb, kn qub rbfulfhrh bl ul ghk hjnlhgabltn
Hk bmbeuthrsb kh gbzekh, sb fbjbl bcbetuhr kns eèkeukns bl cnrgh prbeash, phrh
kn euhk sb enlsafbrh khs enlebltrheanlbs fb kns bkbgbltns qub ehfh
cbrtakazhltb.
 HJNLHGABLVN Q URU VÁELAEHU=
UAUVBGHU FB HJNLHGABLVN

Hpkaeheanlbs knehkazhfhs
Hpkaeheaõl gbzekhfh enl kh sbgakkh

Hpkaeheaõl bl jhlfhs Hpkaeheaõl hk cnlfn fbk suren

Hpkaeheanlbs hk vnkbn

Hpkaeheanlbs bspbeahkbs

Hpkaeheanlbs bl hlakkns Cbrtaarraiheaõl n cbrtakazhltb

h èrjnkbs cruthkbs fakuafn bl bk hiuh fb rabin.

Hpkaeheanlbs fb
hjnlns cnkahrbs
EHKERKN UNJZB KBQ Q CNZGRKHEANLBU BL CBZVAKA]HLVBU
UAUVBGH FB HJNLHGABLVN VZHFAEANLHK ― IZHLRKHFN
HPKAEHEAÕL GHLRHK N GBEHLA]HFH
PZAGBZ HJNLHGABLVN UBIRLFN HJNLHGABLVN
sabgjrh= 20% L - 800% P:N2 - 800% O:N Euhlfn bsth h 8/5 fb fbshrrnkkn vbibthtavn
20% L - 0% P:N2 - 0% O:N

UAUVBGH FB HJNLHGABLVN VBELACAEHFN ― CBZVAZABIN

HPKAEHEAÕL FB KNU CBZVAKA]HLVBU UNKRJKBU FAKRAFN BL HIRH

Gngbltn fb hpkaeheaõl
furhltb tnfhs sus chsbs
cblnkõiaehs-enl hpkaeheanlbs
iblbrhkbgbltb fahrahs
ENGBLVHZANU
KRAU FHSAF HAZH ZNFZAIRB]
Ub enlneb h kh cbrtakafhf fbk subkn engn ul prnebsn culfhgblthk bl
ehgpn. Pubstn qub, sa jabl bs eabrtn, kh vainrazheaõl y prnfueeaõl
fbpblfb fb kh iblátaeh fbk euktavn, kh cbrtakazheaõl bs culfhgblthk phrh
qub sb pubfhl bxprbshr bsths ehrhetbrçstaehs, hsç engn, kh gbmnrh fbk
rblfagabltn fbk subkn (sustrhtn). Kns euktavns y subkns, hk sbr vhrahjkbs,
gubstrhl favbrshs lbebsafhfbs lutraeanlhkbs, bs pnr bkkn qub bk bstufan fb
kns favbrsns engpnlbltbs y engpnsaeanlbs tablbl agpnrthleah
hirnlõgaeh

MRHL GHLRBK SHZIHU

SHZIHU ZNGBZN

Kh cbrtakazheaõl bs ulh phrtb vathk fbk ghlbmn fb euhkquabr euktavn pnr

subrtb sb eublth enl guedhs npeanlbs hk gngbltn fb bsenibr qub

prnfuetn utakazhr thgjaál bs rbengblfhjkb tnghr bl eublth khs

ehrhetbrçstaehs fbk subkn yh qub sa sb hjush fb kns cbrtakazhltbs quçgaehs sb
pubfb hugblthr kh shkalafhf fbk subkn høhfablfn enlsbeubleahs h
pnstbranr.

GHZAH FB KNU HLIBKBU SHKKHFNKAF UHLFANGH

Gb phrbeb guy agpnrthltb bstb tbgh, pubs guedhs vbebs bk sustrhtn ln
prnpnreanlh tnfns kns lutrabltbs qub kh pkhlth lbebsath y pnr bsn
fbjbgns høhfarkb pbrn kh ehltafhf hfbeuhfh yh qub sa kb bedhgns gblns
n gès pnfrçh sbr pbrmufaeahk n ln thl jblbcaeansn phrh kh pkhlth, phrh bsn
bs agpnrthltb rbhkazhr jabl kns eèkeukns phrh tblbr pkhlths jabl
cbrtakazhfhs, shlhs, vainrnshs fb ghlbrh qub hsbiurhgns lubstrh
prnfueeaõl.
 JAJKANIZHCÇH
I. Jhlca. (:008). Ghluhk fb Eatrçeukturh. Zbf= AlthHirn. Zbcbrbleah vartuhk=
dttps=//alth.inj.hr/satbs/fbchukt/cakbs/serap
dttps=//alth.inj.hr/satbs/fbchukt/cakbs/serapt-tgp-alth^g
t-tgp-alth^ghluhk^eatraeukturh^ehp4.pfc
hluhk^eatraeukturh^ehp4.pfc