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13 SHM Formula Sheets Getmarks App
13 SHM Formula Sheets Getmarks App
13 SHM Formula Sheets Getmarks App
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KINEMATICS OF S.H.M.
A particle has S.H.M. along the axis OX when its displacement x relative to the origin of coordinate system is
given as a function of time by the relation.
x A sin wt
The quantity wt is called the phase angle of the SHM and is called the initial phase i.e. phase at t = 0 .
The maximum displacement from the origin A, is called the amplitude of the SHM.
2
Period : T
Frequency : No. of oscillations per unit time
2
Angular fequency : 2
T
dx
Velocity: v A cos t A 2 x 2
dt
which varies periodically between the values A and A
dv
Acceleration: a 2 Asin t 2 x
dt
[1]
[2] Simple Harmonic Motion
x V
+A
t t
–A
O x
–A O A x
Simple Harmonic Motion [3]
KINETIC ENERGY
The kinetic energy of the particle is
1 1
K mv 2 mA 2 2 cos 2 t
2 2
and using x A sin t , we can also express K.E. as
1
K m2 A 2 1 sin 2 t
2
1
K m2 A 2 x 2
2
At x A , K K min 0
1
At x = 0, K K max m2 A 2
2
POTENTIAL ENERGY
To obtain the potential energy, we use the relation.
x x
U F.dx Kx dx
0 0
1 1
U kx 2 m2 x 2
2 2
1 2
At x A , U U max 2 m x
At x = 0, U K min 0
TOTAL ENERGY
Total Energy E
1 1
E K U m2 A 2 x 2 m2 x 2
2 2
1
E m2 A 2
2
which is a constant quantity. This was to be expected since the force is conservative.
K or U
E, U, K
E
E
U
K
U
x K
–A O A t
O
[4] Simple Harmonic Motion
k k
m I
2 k 2 k
T m T I
m I
T 2 T 2
k k
Inertia factor
General Formula therefore for Time period is T 2
Forcefactor
1 1 1 k1 k2
k k1 k 2 m
m K
and T = 2
k m
l l
k1 1 2 K
l1
l l
k2 1 2 K
l2
PENDULUMS
(i) Simple Pendulum: For small oscillations, the time period of a simple pendulum is given by
l
T 2
g
The ime period is independent of mass.
(ii) If the time period of a simple pendulum is 2 seconds, it is called seconds pendulum.
(iii) If the length of the pendulum is large, g no longer remain vertical but will be directed towards the centre of
the earth and then time period.
1
T 2
1 1
g
l R
R = radius of the earth
1 1 l
(a) If l <<R, and T 2
l R g
1 1 l
(b) If l >> R, and T 2 = 84.6 min
l R g
(iv) Time period of a simple pendulum depends on acceleration due to gravity. Then
l r r r
T 2 r where g eff g a
g eff
(a) If a simple pendulum is in a carriage which is accelerating with acceleration ar , upwards, then
g eff g a
l
T 2
ag
(b) If the carriage is moving downwards.
g eff g a
[6] Simple Harmonic Motion
l
T 2
ga
(c) If the carriage is in horizontal direction, then
g eff a 2 g 2
l
T 2
a g2
2
(d) In a freely falling lift geff = 0, T , i..e. pendulum will not oscillate.
r r
(e) If in addition to gravity, one additional force F (e.g. electrostatic force Fe ) is also acting on the bob,
r
r r F
then in that case, g eff g
m
PHYSICAL PENDULUM
A physical pendulum is an extended body pivoted about point O, which is at a distance d from its centre of
mass. For small angular displacement ,the restoring torque is given by
mgd sin mgd
Using Newton’s second law
O d
d 2
I 2 mgd.
dt C.M.
mg
d 2 mgd
.
dt 2 I
Time period
I
T 2
mgd
(b) Fig. shows a ring of mass m and radius R, pivoted at a point O on its periphery. It is free to rotate
about an axis perpendicular to its plane.
Here, d = R and O
I = 2mR2 Pivot
2R
T 2 C.M.
g
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