'

ADHYAY Batch Structure of Atom LECTURE-1

 structure
of
Atom

According to Dalton's is the smallest

theory, chemical particle
*
atom

reaction.
part
that take can in a

Atom
I
↓ ↓ ↓
Electron proton Neutrons
16x10-19C + 16x10-19 C O

charge
-

man 9.1 x
10-3'kg 166x10-27kg 1.66x10-27kg.
J. J. Thomson
Rutherford James Chadwick.
Goldsteine

model) -
* Thomson's Atomic Model:
-(Plumpudding (water melon model)

~+ recharge
nee

-
-
- vely charge-c's.
-

⑧ ⑧->

-
-
⑳

Thomson's
* model
of
atom could not
- ⑧

- able
explain,
to
Rutherford's a-scattering
zeriment.
ext

neutrality of
* the atom.
It
explains the
Rutherford'sa-scattering experiments--double
*

nucleus. -
charged.
- helium

Spark ↓
7

-
>

Radioactive I

substance.
thin
gold foil
->

chargeless
↓

anode X-rays
--
a
⑦ Cathode

rely charged He
tvely charged 3
↓articles
<-
particles
B-

1 -HetHelium nucleus
(e)
#- radioactive

observations
* and main
features:-

werecontinedon thereatraightemptiny
of the spallicles
⑪
not
② some
of x-particles
the when
fired cloud to
thecentre

got deflected
at
is
some
angles
that means some

positive charge present centre.

has the
③
few particles
Very Ipositive
thrown back that
are all the means

is present at the
centre &
change Rutherford
is
called itNucleus and all the also mass
present
at nucleus
the

4 The nucleus
the is small
the
size
of atom. very
as
compared to

of
size

radius nucleus (n=2ox A5

of
vo-> is a constant.
atom
of
A -
Atomic may

10-1 to 10-15m.
of of
*The radius nucleus is order
the
of
The radius atom is 10-4m.
101 to
of of
order
the
of
*

in 10-10m=

10-12 m
<ipm)/picomtel
=

(,(m) femtometer 10-15m.

=

10-9m inm
=

Selectrostatic 3
1lm 100
= m.

potential energy
kE 5mV2
=

I-pactice
>

for
Oze- nuclear
-
e
charge
y ↳ atomic no & e

repulsion
charge of proton.
is
E im approach: of
distance

energy of a-particle potential

when kinetic
energy
-

Imv2 Keke) = 2- atomicro

e ↓ exchangeproton
e
8 =

of approach
distance
I
se-charge of
k = -

4*Eo
I a
particle.
epsilon-
C
cont ↓
knot

1 9x109
=
permitilityof air/space.
Rutherford's
④ Atomic Model:
centrifugal
2- atomic no
---- paru
proteiene
e-
charge of n met
⑧

~L y

->
t
centripetal forc
electron -electrostatic
of
m- ze
mass
attraction
force of
velocity
electron
of atom.
us

radius
of
~-

Feles=
e
Fentrifugal =
 atom
for stabilityof
Fele
Fentrifugal
=

2.He

⑪ Maxwell's radiation o
theory of Electromagnetic
this
theory, charge particle
whenever
According in
to a

field of opposi tely charged

moves an electrostatic
circular
follows
it &
particle a
spiral path
radiates
energy er
↑

⑰ ( r i c her tex aiTi

 Bohr's atomic model:

①
lates:
. me

theory of applicable
Maxwell's
radiation won'tbe
electromagnetic ze

circular in which
orbits
for the

the electron revolves

In these orbits the e-will not house
any
stationary
& are called orbits.
energy they
② The electron can move
only in those orbits whose

anglual
momentum is an
integral multiple of h/2x.
mvr = nx1 h- planck's constant
↓ 2A

ulas momentum k 6.63x10- 343- sec

ang
=

of
m- mass ev

v-velocity of subit
ev

of
~- ladius

he obituo or shell no.

u 1,2,3
= -----

⑬
single
this
theory applicablelike only
a
is e

species or
hydrogen
H.
atexithydrogen like species
theay:More--
a r
s -
"r

were one
mr2 K222
=

-*ar
vk-2x2xx fur 9x109 =

I
k =

1.6x10-19

~meet
e = c

x 3.14
=

h 6.6x10- 345-1
an
=

a
~
218x106x
=

m/

2- atomic no n= abit no or shell no

pricipal
no.
or
quantum

I-hydrogen
atom
ground.=>
1.
=
n =

*
v
**
 v
2.18x10x
=

mis

*
arexoxopx e

0
0.529x12
=

~c for Hatomz=1=
state
ground
n =
1 =

r
0.5290 0.53A
=
=
Go =Bohrs
=>

radis
-

Kinetic
Energy
KE=
ImV3
2
E. =

ymx(2.18x100xE)
kE
Ix90x10-3(218x1082)25.
=

K.E =

6x10-19.1
13.6xe #
 energy =-
potential

P.E
27.2x
= ev
-

Total
Energy=Ete+(-27.2 x
22)
Tz

- Ex=-13.6x2
12
ev

negative sign represents

* The atom
that the
is stable.
1) state H-atom
1,
ground of
2 =
n =

E =
- 13.6 eV

The thatthe the

representsis bindingin
sign nucleus
energy of
re

the
e-with less than that

energy greates
* the will be the
stability
Lerses

Un 0.599X
=

unde
vn
2.18x108
=
mis v
E
En = 13.6
e
x
Ende
-

⑭ Juquency I
-
 PE =
- 2X k-E

Ex
of
H-Like atom
+2Bet3 /

single species.
electron

En = - 13.6
x !
13.6 eV
E, =
-

Ez
13.6 - 3.4eV
=
- =
=-

Ez
13.6xt 36 -1.5/er
=

-
=
=

En
136xz 1364 -0.85 ev
=
- -

=
=
some Baric felms in
nee

① (2)
of protons.
itNo
c number: -

②
of protons y
Mass number-All-no + no neutrons.

How to
represent an element:
was number.
②x
-
A
mass no-

I
F
X
↓ ⑦ND-
atomic no.
Atomic no

19

-=
-
9
F qp19Na23.

③
as having
pes:prithe aboutof aelemen same

eg:
in',
↓
IR?, it-tiprien.

potism Reuterium

in D2
3
it

0
4 Isosters!
--
-

Substances which have same number

-

of no-of
electrons as well as same
atoms in a molecules are called salters.
N20 3)
of
atoms
t
(no
=

note
- -

8
7 +7+
-

---
22
=2
=

E
⑤ Isoelectronic:
Ion or
or atom molecule which have
-

the number is called is electronic

electrons
of
same

species.
UT ,sAr lak goCat2.)
Eg:
⑥ Isotones:
-Element whichcontain
neuter
of
same no set

neons-145,5015316
nog
⑦ ars: The two
different which have
atoms same

number but atomic

mass different no are

called isobars.
18A540, 1914, 20140.
egir
·
fhers: The elements which have same value
(mp) called
isodiaphors.
ofneutron
an
-
proron)
8016
(n-p>2g oN =

-
&
 spectrem
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Atomic
molecular
Absorption
Emission
continuous
discontinuous
Line
Band
 soeception Emission

the will
electron * The electron will emit
gain
*

& reach some a reach the

some
energy energy
higher energy state
at
ground
some
↑

level.

n1 nn
=
=
⑳
a

emission.
absorption
energy -
of energy n1
n1
=
⑧ =

(x)
wavelength d
· -

w
d s
↑

-
*

wavelength particles
distance
is the two
few the

on the
wave which are in same
phone.