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 Anatomy &

Hudock
Drumright
Seikel
Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing, Sixth Edition provides a solid foundation in
anatomical and physiological principles relevant to communication sciences and disorders. This bestselling
textbook beloved by instructors and students integrates clinical information with everyday experiences to reveal
how anatomy and physiology relate to the speech, language, and hearing systems. Combining comprehensive
coverage with abundant, beautiful full-color illustrations and a strong practical focus, the text makes complex

Physiology
material approachable even for students with little or no background in anatomy and physiology.

The text includes numerous full-color anatomical images to help students form a clear, accurate understanding
of the classical framework of the speech, language, and hearing systems. Photographs provide a real-life look at sixth
the body parts and functions you are studying. Use these images as reference for accuracy in describing body edition
systems, parts, and processes.

for Speech, Language,

New to the Sixth Edition

Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

• Updated and expanded information on the physiology of swallowing that includes discussion of orofacial-
myofunctional disorders and other swallowing dysfunction arising from physical etiologies.
• More physiology content, including an introduction to the effects of pathology on communication within
each of the physical systems of communication. and Hearing
• Many new photographs of specimens have been added, with a focus on a clear and accurate
understanding of the classical framework of the speech, language, and hearing systems.
• Clinical Notes boxes link anatomy and physiology with disorders seen by speech-language pathologists and
audiologists to provide real-world clinical applications for students.
sixth edition

J. Anthony Seikel
David G. Drumright
Daniel J. Hudock

Purchase of this text comes with complimentary access to

supplementary materials on a PluralPlus companion website. Companion Website
See inside for more details.

www.pluralpublishing.com
Anatomy &
Physiology
for Speech, Language,
and Hearing
Sixth Edition
Anatomy &
Physiology
for Speech, Language,
and Hearing
Sixth Edition

J. Anthony Seikel, PhD

David G. Drumright, BS
Daniel J. Hudock, PhD, CCC-SLP
5521 Ruffin Road
San Diego, CA 92123

e-mail: information@pluralpublishing.com
Website: https://www.pluralpublishing.com

Copyright © 2021 by Plural Publishing, Inc.

Typeset in 12/14 Adobe Garamond Pro by Flanagan’s Publishing Services, Inc.

Printed in Canada by Friesens Corporation

All rights, including that of translation, reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, including
photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior
written consent of the publisher.

Photography by Sarah Moore, Susan Duncan, Eric Gordon, and Brian Smith.

For permission to use material from this text, contact us by

Telephone: (866) 758-7251
Fax: (888) 758-7255
e-mail: permissions@pluralpublishing.com

Every attempt has been made to contact the copyright holders for material originally printed in another source. If any have
been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will gladly make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Seikel, John A., author. | Drumright, David G., author. | Hudock,
Daniel J., author.
Title: Anatomy & physiology for speech, language, and hearing / J. Anthony
Seikel, David G. Drumright, Daniel J. Hudock.
Other titles: Anatomy and physiology for speech, language, and hearing
Description: Sixth edition. | San Diego, CA : Plural Publishing, [2020] |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019029690 | ISBN 9781635502794 (hardcover) | ISBN
1635502799 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781635503005 (ebook)
Subjects: MESH: Speech — physiology | Language | Hearing — physiology |
Nervous System — anatomy & histology | Respiratory System — anatomy &
histology | Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
Classification: LCC QP306 | NLM WV 501 | DDC 612.7/8 — dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019029690
 Contents

Preface xiii
About the Authors xvii
About the Contributor xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction to the Learner xxiii
Using This Text xxv

Chapter 1 Basic Elements of Anatomy 1

Anatomy and Physiology 1

Terminology of Anatomy 3
Terms of Orientation 3
Terms of Movement 8
Parts of the Body 9
Building Blocks of Anatomy: Tissues and Systems 10
Tissues 11
Body Systems 27
Chapter Summary 39
Chapter 1 Study Questions 41
Chapter 1 Study Question Answers 44
Bibliography 46

Chapter 2 Anatomy of Respiration 47

The Support Structure of Respiration 50

Overview 50
Vertebral Column 51
Pelvic and Pectoral Girdles 60
Ribs and Rib Cage 66
Soft Tissue of the Thorax and Respiratory Passageway 71
Movement of Air Through the Respiratory System 88
Muscles of Inspiration 93
Muscles of Forced Expiration 120
Chapter Summary 132
Chapter 2 Study Questions 133
Chapter 2 Study Question Answers 140
Bibliography 142
v
vi Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

Chapter 3 Physiology of Respiration 145

The Flow of Respiration 147

Instruments in Respiration 147
Respiration for Life 149
Effects of Turbulence on Respiration 149
Respiratory Cycle 150
Developmental Processes in Respiration 151
Lung Volumes and Capacities 152
Lung Volumes 153
Lung Capacities 156
Effect of Age on Volumes and Capacities 158
Pressures of the Respiratory System 160
Pressures Generated by the Tissue 166
Effects of Posture on Speech 169
Pressures and Volumes of Speech 171
Respiratory Pathologies Affecting Communication 177
Acute Conditions 177
Chronic Conditions 177
Neurogenic Etiologies 180
Chapter Summary 181
Chapter 3 Study Questions 182
Chapter 3 Study Question Answers 183
Bibliography 184

Chapter 4 Anatomy of Phonation 185

Framework of the Larynx 185

Inner Larynx 189
Laryngeal Membranes 190
Fine Structure of the Vocal Folds 196
Cavities of the Larynx 197
Cartilaginous Structure of the Larynx 203
Laryngeal Musculature 212
Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles 213
Laryngeal Elevators and Depressors 225
Chapter Summary 239
Chapter 4 Study Questions 240
Chapter 4 Study Question Answers 244
Bibliography 245
 vii
Contents

Chapter 5 Physiology of Phonation 247

Nonspeech Laryngeal Function 247

Laryngeal Function for Speech 250
A Brief Discussion of Acoustics 251
Instruments for Voicing 256
The Bernoulli Effect 258
Vocal Attack 263
Termination 265
Sustained Phonation 267
Vocal Register 267
Frequency, Pitch, and Pitch Change 276
Intensity and Intensity Change 281
Clinical Considerations 285
Linguistic Aspects of Pitch and Intensity 287
Theories of Phonation 289
Pathologies That May Affect Phonation 290
Structural Etiologies 291
Degenerative Neurological Diseases 294
Chapter Summary 295
Decibel Practice Activity 296
Chapter 5 Study Questions 300
Chapter 5 Study Question Answers 301
Bibliography 301

Chapter 6 Anatomy of Articulation and Resonation 305

Source-Filter Theory of Vowel Production 305

The Articulators 309
Bones of the Face and Cranial Skeleton 321
Bones of the Face 321
Bones of the Cranial Skeleton 337
Dentition 346
Dental Development 352
Dental Occlusion 355
Cavities of the Articulatory System 359
Muscles of the Face and Mouth 366
Muscles of the Face 368
Muscles of the Mouth 376
Muscles of Mastication: Mandibular Elevators and Depressors 385
viii Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

Muscles of the Velum 391

Muscles of the Pharynx 395
Chapter Summary 401
Chapter 6 Study Questions 404
Chapter 6 Study Question Answers 412
Bibliography 415

Chapter 7 Physiology of Articulation and Resonation 417

Instrumentation in Articulation 417

Speech Function 419
Lips 419
Mandible 421
Tongue 422
Velum 425
Development of Articulatory Ability 427
Coordinated Articulation 436
Central Control Theory 437
Dynamic or Action Theory Models 438
The DIVA Model of Speech Production 440
Pathologies That May Affect Articulation 444
Problems Affecting Dentition 445
Problems Affecting the Tongue 445
Mandibular and Maxillary Problems 446
Problems Affecting Lips and Palate 447
Neurogenic Conditions Affecting Speech 448
Chapter Summary 449
Chapter 7 Study Questions 450
Chapter 7 Study Question Answers 451
Bibliography 452

Chapter 8 Physiology of Mastication and Deglutition 455

Mastication and Deglutition 455

Instrumentation in Swallowing Function 456
Anatomical and Physiological Developmental Issues 457
Organizational Patterns of Mastication and Deglutition 460
Oral Stage: Oral Preparation 461
Oral Stage: Transport 464
Pharyngeal Stage 466
 ix
Contents

Esophageal Stage 472

Process Model of Mastication and Deglutition 473
Neurophysiological Underpinnings of Mastication and Deglutition 475
Sensation Associated with Mastication and Deglutition 475
Salivation Response 489
Reflexive Circuits of Mastication and Deglutition 491
Chewing Reflex 491
Orienting, Rooting, and Suckling/Sucking Reflexes 494
Uvular (Palatal) Reflex 494
Gag (Pharyngeal) Reflex 494
Retch and Vomit Reflex 495
Cough Reflex 495
Pain Withdrawal Reflex 495
Apneic Reflex 496
Respiration Reflexes 496
Swallowing Reflex 496
Reexamination of the Patterns for Mastication and Deglutition: 498
A Complex Integration of Reflexes and Voluntary Action
Pathologies Affecting Swallowing Function 500
Chapter Summary 503
Chapter 8 Study Questions 505
Chapter 8 Study Question Answers 508
Bibliography 510

Chapter 9 Anatomy of Hearing 515

The Structures of Hearing 515

Outer Ear 516
Middle Ear 520
Structure of the Tympanic Membrane 520
Landmarks of the Middle Ear 528
Inner Ear 530
Osseous Vestibule 530
Osseous Semicircular Canals 534
Osseous Cochlear Labyrinth 534
Innervation Pattern of the Organ of Corti 540
Chapter Summary 543
Chapter 9 Study Questions 544
Chapter 9 Study Question Answers 546
Bibliography 547
x Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

Chapter 10 Auditory Physiology 549

Instrumentation in Hearing Research 549

Outer Ear 550
Middle Ear Function 552
Inner Ear Function 553
Vestibular Mechanism 553
Auditory Mechanism: Mechanical Events 555
Electrical Events 560
Resting Potentials 562
Potentials Arising from Stimulation 562
Neural Responses 564
Post-Stimulus Time Histograms 565
Interspike Interval and Period Histograms 569
Frequency Selectivity 570
Auditory Pathway Responses 573
Pathologies That May Affect Audition 589
Inflammatory Conditions 589
Congenital Problems 590
Traumatic Lesions 590
Neoplastic Changes 590
Bone Changes 591
Semicircular Canal Dehiscence 591
Chapter Summary 592
Chapter 10 Study Questions 594
Chapter 10 Study Question Answers 596
Bibliography 597

Chapter 11 Neuroanatomy 601

Overview 601
Divisions of the Nervous System 607
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System 608
Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems 608
Development Divisions 610
Anatomy of the CNS and PNS 610
Neurons 612
Anatomy of the Cerebrum 621
Medial Surface of Cerebral Cortex 652
Inferior Surface of Cerebral Cortex 652
Myelinated Fibers 653
 xi
Contents

Anatomy of the Subcortex 655

Cerebrovascular System 663
Cerebellum 667
Anatomy of the Brain Stem 673
Superficial Brain Stem Landmarks 673
Deep Structure of the Brain Stem 679
Cranial Nerves 686
Cranial Nerve Classification 686
Specific Cranial Nerves 689
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 711
Chapter Summary 731
Chapter 11 Study Questions 733
Chapter 11 Study Question Answers 739
Bibliography 741

Chapter 12 Neurophysiology 745

Instrumentation in Neurophysiology 745

The Neuron 748
Neuron Function 748
Muscle Function 758
Higher Functioning 769
Motor System Lesions 774
Afferent Inputs 777
Association Regions 778
Hemispheric Specialization 781
Lesion Studies 782
Motor Control for Speech 791
Neurogenic Conditions That May Affect Communication 794
Acquired Conditions 794
Progressive Degenerative Diseases 795
Chapter Summary 799
Chapter 12 Study Questions 801
Chapter 12 Study Question Answers 803
Bibliography 804

Appendix A Anatomical Terms 807

Appendix B Useful Combining Forms 809

xii Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

Appendix C Muscles of Respiration 813

Thoracic Muscles of Inspiration 813

Primary Inspiratory Muscle 813
Accessory Thoracic Muscles of Inspiration 813
Erector Spinae (Sacrospinal Muscles) 814
Accessory Muscles of Neck 816
Muscles of Upper Arm and Shoulder 817
Thoracic Muscles of Expiration 818
Posterior Thoracic Muscles 819
Abdominal Muscles of Expiration 819
Anterolateral Abdominal Muscles 819
Posterior Abdominal Muscles 820
Muscles of Upper Limb 820

Appendix D Muscles of Phonation 821

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles 821

Extrinsic Laryngeal, Infrahyoid, and Suprahyoid Muscles 823
Hyoid and Laryngeal Elevators 823
Hyoid and Laryngeal Depressors 824

Appendix E Muscles of Face, Soft Palate, and Pharynx 825

Muscles of the Face 825

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles 827
Extrinsic Tongue Muscles 828
Mandibular Elevators and Depressors 829
Muscles of the Velum 830
Muscles of the Pharynx 831

Appendix F Sensors 833

General Classes 833

Specific Types 833
Classes of Sensation 833

Appendix G Cranial Nerves 835

Classes of Cranial Nerves 835

Cranial Nerves and Sources 835

Glossary 839
Index 889
 Preface

A
natomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing, Sixth Edition,
provides a sequential tour of the anatomy and physiology associated
with speech, language, and hearing. We aspire to keep the content alive
for students of today by providing not only basic anatomy and physiology,
but also by forging the relationship between the structures and functions and
the dysfunction that occurs when the systems fail. We know that students in
audiology and speech-language pathology have their future clients in mind
as they read this content, and we hope that by integrating information about
pathology we can bring anatomy to life and to relevancy for you.
We have designed this text and the support materials to serve the upper
division undergraduate or graduate student in the fields of speech-language
pathology and audiology, and hope that it can serve you as a reference for
your professional life as well. We aspire for it to be a learning tool and resource
for both the developing and the accomplished clinician. We, the authors of
this text, are first and foremost teachers ourselves. We are committed to the
students within our professions and to the instructors who have made it their
life work to teach them. Learning is a lifelong process, and our goal is to give
instructors the tools to start students on that lifelong professional path and to
inspire learning throughout your life. We know that learning is not a spectator
sport because we continue to engage ourselves as learners. Our goal is to make
the text and its ancillary materials as useful to 21st-century students as possible.
This new edition not only provides students with great interactive study tools
in the revised and renamed ANAQUEST study software, but also makes avail-
able a wealth of student and instructor resources to facilitate learning. We want
you to be the best clinician and scientist you can be and sincerely hope that
these materials move you along the path of your chosen career.

Organization

The text is organized around the five “classic” systems of speech and hearing:
the respiratory, phonatory, articulatory/resonatory, nervous, and auditory
systems. The respiratory system (involving the lungs) provides the “energy
source” for speech, whereas the phonatory system (involving the larynx)
provides voicing. The articulatory/resonatory system modifies the acoustic
source provided by voicing (or other gestures) to produce the sounds we
acknowledge as speech. The articulatory system is responsible for the masti-
cation (chewing) and deglutition (swallowing) function, an increasingly
important area within the field of speech-language pathology. The nervous
system lets us control musculature, receive information, and make sense
xiii
xiv Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing

of the information. Finally, the auditory mechanism processes speech and

nonspeech acoustic signals received by the listener who is trying to make
sense of her or his world.
There are few areas of study where the potential for overwhelming detail
is greater than in the disciplines of anatomy and physiology. Our desire with
this text and the accompanying software lessons is to provide a stable founda-
tion upon which detail may be learned. In the text, we provide you with an
introductory section that sets the stage for the detail to follow, and we bring
you back to a more global picture with summaries. We have also provided
derivations of words to help you remember technical terms.

New to the Sixth Edition

This new edition of Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing,
Sixth Edition includes many exciting enhancements:

• Revised and updated physiology of swallowing includes discussion of

orofacial-myofunctional disorders and other swallowing dysfunction
arising from physical etiologies.
• An introduction to the effects of pathology on communication is
included within each of the physical systems of communication.
• Many new photographs of specimens have been added, with a focus
on a clear and accurate understanding of the classical framework of
the speech, language, and hearing systems.
• Clinical Notes boxes link anatomy and physiology with disorders seen
by speech-language pathologists and audiologists to provide real-
world applications for students.
• The ANAQUEST study software is Internet-based and accessible
on the PluralPlus companion website that comes with the text.
ANAQUEST provides on-the-go learning, with animation lessons,
simulations, and updates to content. The software now includes a set
of video lab experiences narrated by new contributor Katrina Rhett,
an anatomist and lecturer in the Department of Biological Sciences
at Idaho State University. We have added three-dimensional views
with animations that explore the important processes of hearing,
phonation, respiration, swallowing, and more.

See the beginning of the The PluralPlus companion website is divided into two areas: one housing
textbook for instructions on materials for the instructor and the other just for students.
how to access the PluralPlus
companion website.

For the Instructor

The PluralPlus companion website contains a variety of tools to help instruc-

tors successfully prepare lectures and teach within this subject area. This
comprehensive package provides something for all instructors, from those
 xv
Preface

teaching anatomy and physiology for the first time to seasoned instructors
who want something new. The following materials have been made available
just for instructors:

• An Instructor’s Manual containing materials and suggested activities

for the lecture and lab guides to facilitate learning outside of the
classroom.
• A test bank with approximately 1,000 questions and answers, for use
in instructor-created quizzes and tests.
• PowerPoint lecture slides for each chapter to use as in-class lecture
material and as handouts for students.
• A version of the ANAQUEST study software created for upload to a
Learning Management System (LMS).

For the Student

ANAQUEST study software comes with purchase of the textbook and can
be accessed on the PluralPlus companion website. ANAQUEST software
is your true partner in learning. The available labs give you the opportu-
nity to examine structures and functions of the speech mechanism in an
interactive digital environment. The ANAQUEST software is keyed to the
text, reinforcing identification of the structures presented during lecture, but
more importantly illustrating the function of those structures. An icon in the
margin of the text indicates that you’ll find related lessons and video labs in
ANAQUEST, where you can examine speech physiology through the inter-
active manipulation of the structures under study, and learn the relationship
of the body parts and how they function together. See the beginning of the
textbook for the website URL and your access code.
J. Anthony Seikel
David G. Drumright
Daniel J. Hudock
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 New-York, 6 décembre.

Toujours ici en expectative. J’ai déjà vu la plus grande partie des

monuments, établissements publics et privés de New-York et
recueilli une foule de renseignements sur toutes choses ; mais je n’ai
ni le temps ni le désir de décrire une cité tant de fois décrite.
Je dirai seulement quelques mots du monde américain, sur
lequel, soit dit en passant, on a généralement des idées assez
fausses chez nous, et que le grand succès de l’Oncle Sam de
Victorien Sardou a été loin de redresser.
Le moment actuel est la pleine saison des bals, soirées,
réunions, réceptions, et tout autant, sinon plus qu’à Paris, l’hiver à
New-York est mondain à l’extrême. Mais ici n’est pas mondain qui
veut.
Nous nous imaginons volontiers que, dans cette société ultra-
démocratique par ses principes avoués, ce qu’on nomme en France
« le monde » est un mélange confus de tout ce qui a de l’argent ou
une situation, que les salons sont des caravansérails, où l’on entre
et d’où l’on sort à son gré, que chacun se meut à la seule règle de
sa fantaisie, ainsi que la foule sur une place publique un jour de fête.
Jamais préjugé ne fut aussi peu fondé, car, plus que dans tout
autre pays, les castes aux États-Unis sont tranchées, les détails des
origines de chaque famille étudiés et commentés, et nulle part,
j’entends au point de vue des relations, les nuances ne sont plus
sensibles et la fusion des groupes difficile, lors même que la
puissance incontestable du « dieu dollar » veut établir l’égalité
sociale entre les gens « comme il faut » et ceux qui ne le sont pas.
Le critérium le plus important de ces degrés d’aristocratie
mondaine est l’ancienneté des familles. On tient compte,
assurément, des traditions qui s’y sont perpétuées ou éteintes, du
rôle que ses membres ont joué, des situations qu’ils ont occupées ;
mais, en principe, les descendants des signataires de la déclaration
d’indépendance sont du « grand monde », comme diraient nos
bourgeois, et les descendants d’un émigré de la veille, s’il ne s’est
allié à l’une de ces familles qui prennent rang au-dessus des autres,
ne sont pas du monde du tout.
En un mot, politiquement et civilement, tous les Américains sont
égaux, mais socialement ils ne le sont pas ; aussi faut-il le tremplin
de bien des millions pour franchir les barrières qui marquent les
différents niveaux de castes très jalouses de leurs théoriques
privilèges.
On s’est beaucoup émerveillé chez nous, — et beaucoup amusé,
— des coutumes américaines qui permettent tant de liberté aux
jeunes gens des deux sexes dans leurs rapports mutuels. Cette
liberté, assure-t-on ici, ne dépasse jamais les bornes de la plus
stricte convenance. « Jamais » est probablement beaucoup dire, les
exemples cependant ne prouvent rien, étant susceptibles de
confirmer les exceptions aussi bien que les règles, suivant la
manière dont on les choisit. Il est certain qu’à New-York, comme
dans toute l’Amérique, une jeune fille peut sortir seule, aller d’un
bout de la ville à l’autre, sans qu’un regard impertinent, une parole
offensante la fasse rougir.
C’est affaire d’habitude. Au Japon, les Européens se plaisent à
aller dans les bains publics regarder les dames qui se baignent
toutes nues ; ils en rient à gorge déployée, et pendant ce temps-là
les Japonais et les Japonaises rient d’aussi bon cœur de notre
étonnement, parce qu’ils ne le comprennent pas et qu’ils le trouvent
ridicule.
Les coutumes sociales, dans tous les pays, sont basées sur un
certain nombre de « telle chose ne se fait pas », qui deviennent bien
vite pour tout le monde, et à tous les degrés, la loi et les prophètes.
A New-York, on rencontre à chaque instant des jeunes femmes et
des jeunes filles seules, occupées à faire des emplettes ou des
visites ; on trouve cela tout naturel parce qu’on y est habitué, et on
se garde de les importuner parce que « cela ne se fait pas. » Et c’est
la meilleure des raisons. Cette liberté, qui nous semble
extraordinaire, a pour conséquences des usages bien éloignés des
nôtres. Telles sont les soirées données ailleurs que chez soi : les
maisons américaines étant petites et le nombre des amis étant
parfois considérable, si on a cependant assez de fortune pour
pouvoir donner un bal, on invite son monde chez Delmonico, — le
Bignon de New-York ; — on y trouve un superbe appartement,
musique, souper, service, une entrée privée où, pour ce jour-là, vos
amis seuls ont accès. Quand on a bien dansé, causé et flirté, chacun
prend sa voiture, la maîtresse de la maison comme les autres, et on
rentre tranquillement chez soi.
Votre cercle de relations est-il très étendu, vous faites mieux
encore : la jeunesse seule est invitée ; les papas et les mamans,
débarrassés de l’insupportable corvée qu’ils font en France avec tant
de résignation, restent paisiblement au logis ; mademoiselle va au
bal avec son frère, si elle en a un ; sinon, une femme de chambre
l’accompagne jusqu’au vestiaire et elle trouve toujours là quelque
jeune femme de ses amies avec laquelle elle fait son entrée.
La saison des bals commence après le jour du « Thanks giving »,
qui est ordinairement le dernier jeudi du mois de novembre. L’ancien
usage, encore très suivi, veut qu’en ce jour chaque famille se
réunisse au complet, après avoir rendu grâce à Dieu pour les
bonnes récoltes et les bienfaits reçus pendant l’année. Alors se
succèdent les réceptions d’après-midi, les grands dîners et les bals,
et cela dure jusqu’au carême.
Un trait assez remarquable de la société de New-York est la
coutume des soirées « par abonnement. » Des invitations anonymes,
au moins dans la forme, sont adressées portant les mystiques
initiales F. C. D. C. (Family Circle Dancing Class), et la famille qui les
reçoit souscrit ou ne souscrit pas à quatre réunions dansantes, dans
lesquelles on est sûr de ne trouver que des gens du meilleur monde.
Un autre jour, c’est le Common sense qui envoie des cartes : encore
un bal par souscription. Quelquefois, c’est une réunion de skating,
toujours organisée d’après le même système.
Cela est bizarre, j’en conviens ; mais le premier résultat de ces
habitudes est d’amener les jeunes gens à aller davantage dans le
monde, de s’y faire plus facilement connaître et apprécier, de s’y
créer plus jeunes des relations et d’y tenir déjà une place à un âge
où nous ne les comptons pour rien, ce qui les ennuie et par
conséquent les éloigne.
Parmi les plus célèbres bals fondés à New-York, on cite ceux des
« Patriarches ». Ce sont trente pères de famille qui souscrivent une
certaine somme et ont chacun la disposition de sept billets à
distribuer entre leurs amis. Les bals des Patriarches sont donnés
chez Delmonico ; ce sont les plus élégants et les plus recherchés. Il
y en a trois par saison.
Inutile de parler des modes. On ne connaît ici que les nôtres. Les
belles Américaines y ajoutent un caractère de hardiesse fantaisiste,
qui fait de leurs toilettes des chefs-d’œuvre de grâce, quand une
mauvaise inspiration ne les amène pas au ridicule.
La vie des clubs à New-York est à peu près la même que dans
les grandes villes européennes. Le plus beau de tous est le Union
Club ; c’est le rendez-vous des fashionables et des knickerbockers,
fils des premiers colons de la ville, très fiers des droits qu’ils ont sur
le sol natal, et grands gastronomes, à en juger par la respectable
réputation culinaire du Union Club. Le Loyal League est un club
presque exclusivement politique, hanté par l’élément républicain, en
opposition avec le Manhattan, club des démocrates. Il faut citer
aussi le Century, qui a beaucoup d’analogie avec notre cercle des
Mirlitons ; c’est une réunion purement littéraire et artistique, dans
laquelle l’admission est fort difficile. J’en passe un grand nombre
plus ou moins importants, mais qui ne viennent qu’en seconde ligne
après ceux-ci.
La saison des bals est aussi celle des expositions ; j’en ai vu une
ces jours-ci dans laquelle les noms de Dupré, de Jacques, de Vibert,
de Bouguereau, de Cot tenaient la première place, et dont le produit
était destiné à subventionner une école d’art décoratif, qui, fondée
depuis deux ans seulement, paraît avoir donné d’assez beaux
résultats.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 A bord du Labrador, 10 janvier 1879.

Nos craintes se sont, hélas ! réalisées. Notre voyage est

interrompu, et cette belle expédition, si intéressante et si heureuse
jusqu’à ce jour, ne se continue pas. La Junon, toujours à Panama,
alors que nous la croyions en route pour San-Francisco, où nous
devions l’y rejoindre, vient d’être rendue à ses propriétaires. Elle va
refaire, sans nous, le chemin que nos jeunes enthousiasmes avaient
tant égayé.
Les compagnons du tour du monde sont déjà dispersés ;
quelques-uns ont continué leur voyage par les voies ordinaires ;
d’autres ont déjà regagné la France, où le Labrador me ramène en
ce moment.
La Société des voyages d’études a été gravement atteinte par les
manœuvres de la compagnie à laquelle elle avait affrété la Junon.
Notre expédition avait été cependant organisée par des hommes de
haute valeur et d’une honorabilité indiscutable ; dans tous les pays
que nous avons traversés, elle avait recueilli les plus sincères et les
plus vifs témoignages de sympathie ; mais partout des annonces
ambiguës, insérées par les armateurs dans les journaux locaux, des
bruits malveillants répandus, des demandes d’arrêt du navire
expédiées en réponse aux protestations de la Société, devaient lui
porter un grand préjudice. Le dommage ne tarda pas à se traduire
par des pertes d’argent ; car, même dans les ports où le mouvement
commercial était le plus actif, la Junon ne put prendre de fret.
Nous l’avons vue, à Montevideo, par exemple, venant de se voir
retirer un chargement promis, obligée d’acheter des pierres pour
lester le navire, et perdant par cela même, avec les recettes
légitimement espérées, le crédit auquel elle avait droit.
Quand nous atteignîmes Panama, cette situation était devenue
trop grave pour pouvoir se prolonger. La Société des voyages, à
découvert d’une somme de plus de 200,000 francs remise aux
armateurs, se résolut à leur rendre le navire, en les déclarant
responsables des conséquences.
Quels motifs ont pu dicter la conduite des propriétaires de la
Junon ? N’y aurait-il donc là qu’un esprit de mercantilisme exagéré,
une appréciation étroite et fausse des éléments matériels et moraux
de l’entreprise ?… Il nous est impossible de trouver d’autres raisons.
Quelles qu’elles soient, il est triste de penser que c’est seulement de
notre pays que sont survenus les obstacles.
J’ai ici le droit et le devoir de constater les efforts loyaux et
énergiques de notre commandant pour faire cesser une persécution
à laquelle il n’a jamais fourni aucun prétexte et qui a commencé
avec le voyage lui-même. Je dois également rendre hommage à ses
solides qualités de marin, à celles du personnel qu’il avait choisi.
Nous leur devons d’avoir fait 5,000 lieues dans les parages les plus
variés, parfois les plus difficiles, sans une avarie, sans un accident et
sans perdre un seul homme.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Donc, lecteur, pardonnez-moi si je manque à ma promesse. Je
m’étais engagé à vous faire faire le tour du monde. Hélas ! nous n’en
avons fait qu’un peu plus du tiers, et parmi mes voyages à travers
trois autres continents, c’est le premier où il m’arrive de ne point
atteindre le port… Infidèle Junon !
En ce moment, le magnifique Labrador roule et bondit sur les
vagues du fougueux Atlantique. Sa mâture « chante » sous les
efforts de la tempête ; son large pont est balayé par les eaux, des
stalactites de glace pendent à tous les agrès, et de violentes rafales
de neige ajoutent encore à la difficulté des manœuvres… Mais, bah !
nous en avons vu bien d’autres.

Encore huit jours de patience et nous allons revoir la patrie, nos

familles, nos amis. — C’est égal, je n’en reviens pas encore… d’en
revenir sitôt !
 TABLE

Pages
De Marseille à Gibraltar 1
Gibraltar 17
Les îles Madère 29
De Madère à Rio-de-Janeiro 49
Rio-de-Janeiro 85
Rio-de-Janeiro. (Suite.) 107
Montevideo 133
Buenos-Ayres 159
Le détroit de Magellan 189
Les canaux latéraux des côtes de la Patagonie 215
Au Chili. Valparaiso et Santiago 239
Au Pérou. Le Callao et Lima 275
Au Pérou. Le Callao et Lima. (Suite.) 299
Panama 321
New-York 341

Paris. — Imp. Ve P. Larousse et Cie, rue Montparnasse, 19.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BORD DE LA
JUNON ***

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