The slope of the rate of the change the displacement

𝑦 with respec to the change of the time 𝑡 is:

Δ𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
Δ𝑥
When Δ𝑥 tends to zero, the factor will be go to a
number 𝑣 - velocity - shows how faster the rocket
moves with respect to 𝑡.

Let continue with the motion of the rocket is

“smooth”. If Δ𝑥 → 0, we observe that
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐴1 → 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑1 → 𝑑.
The slope of the curve is exactly the slope of the
tangent 𝑑 to the curve at 𝑥.
The number is larger, the rocket move faster.
Positive of the slope for upward motion while
nagative for downward motion.

Definition: let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the differential For example:

𝑦′(𝑥) represents rate of the change 𝑓(𝑥) with respect 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 1
to changes in the independent variable 𝑥. One has
𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 ′ = 𝑙𝑖𝑚Δ𝑥→0
𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Δ𝑥 (2(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)2 + 1) − (2𝑥 2 + 1)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚Δ𝑥→0
It is called derivative of 𝑦 at 𝑥 which is equal to the Δ𝑥
(2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥Δ𝑥 + Δ𝑥 2 + 1) − (2𝑥 2 + 1)
slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥. = 𝑙𝑖𝑚Δ𝑥→0
Δ𝑥
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚Δ𝑥→0 (4𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = 4𝑥.

A number of properties of the derivative: Very special forms:

(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)′ = 𝑎 (𝑒 𝑥 )′ = 𝑒 𝑥 , (𝑎 𝑥 )′ = 𝑎 𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑎
(𝑦 + 𝑧)′ = 𝑦 ′ + 𝑧′ 1
(𝐼𝑛𝑥)′ = , 𝑥>0
(𝑦𝑧)′ = 𝑦 ′ 𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧′ 𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)′ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ′ 1
(√𝑥) =
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2√𝑥
Chain rule: if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)), then ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥).
Additional rules:

𝑑
(𝑐) = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐−𝑐 0−0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim = lim = lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Chain rule in Leibniz’s notation, if 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) and 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable functions then
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Exercises: find 𝑦 ′ if
𝑦 = 4𝑥 4 + 10𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1
𝑦 = (2𝑥 3 + 5)(2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 1
𝑦=
𝑥−2
2𝑥 + 1
𝑦=
−4𝑥 + 3
Look at the problems 1-22 and 25-44, try to solve any problems that you think you can do.
 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ − 1
lim =1 lim =0
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ

Remind that (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥))′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)′ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, we conclude that

1 1
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)′ = (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)′ = −
cos2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
Put it as exercise
Using the chain rule, it yields that
𝑑
[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝑛𝑔(𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Examples
Figure 1https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/3-3-differentiation-rules

Exercise:
Find a tangent line of a curve
Standard form of equation of line is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0. Here 𝑎, 𝑏 are the coefficients and 𝑐 is the constant term.
There are two basis different forms used to find and represent the equation of a line as below
Point slope form: suppose the line passes through a given point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and the slope of the line is 𝑚. Hence of
the equation of the line is as follows
(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Two points form of equation of line: assume the line passes through the two points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ). Then
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Figure 2https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/3-3-differentiation-rules

1) Find the equation of the line tangent to the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 11 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2.

2) Determine the value of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 1 has a horizontal tangent line (i.e.,
𝑓′(𝑥) = 0).
3) Find the value of 𝑥 for which the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 has a tangent line parallel to the line
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3.
Derivative as a function
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
Recall the derivative of a function 𝑓 at a fixed number 𝑎: 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = lim . Now we replace 𝑎 by 𝑥 and
ℎ→0 ℎ
let 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑦
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥)
f ′ (x) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
For any 𝑥 where the 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡, we assign to 𝑥 the number 𝑓 ′ (𝑥). So, we can regard 𝑓 ′ as a new
function, called the derivative of 𝑓.
Definition: A function 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑎 if 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) exists. It is differentiable on an open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if it is
differentiable at very number in the interval.
Differentiability Implies Continuity
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function and 𝑎 be in its domain. If 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at 𝑎, then 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑎.
Proof: Stewart 7E.
We have just proven that differentiability implies continuity, but its converse is not true. Let consider
some examples where the functions are continuous, but they are not differentiable.
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|
This function is continuous but not
differentiable at zero.
|𝑥| − 0 |𝑥|
lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 − 0 𝑥→0 𝑥

The limit does not exist since

|𝑥| |𝑥|
lim− = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim+ = 1.
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

3
𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
3
√𝑥 − 0 1
lim = lim 3 = +∞
𝑥→0 𝑥 − 0 𝑥→0 √𝑥 4
So 𝑓 ′ (0) does not exist.
 1
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 0 1
lim = lim𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑥→0 𝑥−0 𝑥
𝑥→0

Higher-order derivative
The derivative of a function is a function, so we can find the derivative of a derivative. For example, the
derivative of a position function is the rate of change of position, or velocity. The derivative of velocity is the
rate of change of velocity, that is acceleration. The new function obtained by differentiating the derivative is
called the second derivative. Furthermore, we can continue to take derivatives to obtain the third derivative,
fourth derivative, and so on. Collectively, these are referred to as higher-order derivatives.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the set of higher-order derivative given by
′
𝒚′′ (𝒙) = (𝒚′ (𝒙))
′
𝒚′′′ (𝒙) = (𝒚′′ (𝒙))
′
𝒚(𝒏) = (𝒚(𝒏−𝟏) (𝒙))

For 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 3𝑥, find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥), 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (4) (𝑥).
Inverse differentiation
Considering a function that is both invertible and differentiable, it seems reasonable that its inverse is also
differentiable.

Inverse function theorem: let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function that is both invertible and differentiable, and 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (x) be
the inverse of function 𝑓(𝑥). For all 𝑥 satisfying 𝑓 ′ (𝑓 1 (𝑥)) ≠ 0,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
= (𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = (𝑓 −1 )′ (𝑥) = ′ −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 (𝑓 (𝑥))
Checkpoint: use the inverse function theorem to find the derivative of
𝑔(𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 1
𝑔(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 2
1
𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥+2
5
𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥
Compare the result obtained by differentiating 𝑔(𝑥) directly.
Special forms:

Find the derivative of

𝑓(𝑥) = tan−1(𝑥 2 )
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 sin−1 𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = cos −1 (3𝑥 − 1)

𝑗(𝑥) = cos −1 √𝑥
Implicit differentiation

If the dependent variable y is a function of the independent variable x, we express y in terms of x. If this is the
case, we say that y is an explicit function of x. For instance, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1. However, if the relationship is not
expressed entirely in terms of x, for instance, consider the equation
x 2 + y 2 = 25
This is not a function at all since the dependence of 𝑦 on 𝑥 is not unique. However, this equation raises many
functions implicitly

𝑦 = √25 − 𝑥 2

𝑦 = −√25 − 𝑥 2

√25 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 − 5 < 𝑥 < 0

𝑦={
−√25 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑥 < 5

If we want to find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at the point (3,4), we could
evaluate the derivative of the function 𝑦 = √25 − 𝑥 2 at 𝑥 = 3.
If we want the slope of the tangent line to the graph 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at (3, −4), we could use the derivative of
𝑦 = −√25 − 𝑥 2 . However, it is not always easy to solve for a function defined implicitly by an equation.
Fortunately, the technique of implicit differentiation allows us to find the derivative of an implicitly defined
function without ever solving for the function explicitly.
Problem-Solving Strategy: Implicit Differentiation
1) Take the derivative of both sides of the equation.
𝑑𝑦
2) Rewrite the equation so that all terms containing 𝑑𝑥 are on the left and others are on the right
𝑑𝑦
3) Factor out 𝑑𝑥 on the left
𝑑𝑦
4) Solve for 𝑑𝑥 by dividing both sides of the equation by appropriate algebraic expression.
𝑑𝑦
Example: Assuming that 𝑦 is defined implicitly by the equation x 2 + y 2 = 25, find 𝑑𝑥 .

1) Take the derivative of both sides of the equation.

 𝑑 2 𝑑
(x + y 2 ) = (25)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2) Rewrite the equation so that all terms containing 𝑑𝑥 are on the left and others are on the right
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
3) Factor out 𝑑𝑥 on the left
𝑑𝑦
4) Solve for 𝑑𝑥 by dividing both sides of the equation by appropriate algebraic expression.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
Assuming that 𝑦 is defined implicitly by the equation 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3, find 𝑑𝑥
1) Take the derivative of both sides of the equation.
𝑑 3 𝑑
(𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦) = (4𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦) + =4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + =4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + =4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
2) Rewrite the equation so that all terms containing 𝑑𝑥 are on the left and others are on the right
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + = 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3) Factor out 𝑑𝑥 on the left
𝑑𝑦 3
(𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1) = 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
4) Solve for 𝑑𝑥 by dividing both sides of the equation by appropriate algebraic expression.
𝑑𝑦 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
=− 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑦
For the following exercises, use implicit differentiation to find 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2 − 𝑦2 = 4
𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑦 2 + 2
𝑥
−𝑥𝑦 − 2 =
7
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at the point (3,4).
Solution: we already find out that
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
Consequently, the slope of the tangent line is

𝑑𝑦 3 3
|(3,−4) = − =
𝑑𝑥 −4 4
3
Using the point (3, −4) and the slope 4, we obtain the equation
3 25
𝑦= 𝑥−
4 4
3 3
Find the equation of the line tangent to the graph of 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 0, at the point (2 , 2)
𝑑𝑦
Firstly, we must find 𝑑𝑥

1) Take the derivative of both sides of the

equation.
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦 3 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2) Rewrite the equation so that all terms
𝑑𝑦
containing 𝑑𝑥 are on the left and others are on
the right
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3𝑦 2− 3𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3) Factor out 𝑑𝑥 on the left
𝑑𝑦
(3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥) = 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4) Solve for 𝑑𝑥 by dividing both sides of the equation by appropriate algebraic expression.
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2
= =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 𝑦 2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3 3
Secondly, computing 𝑑𝑥 at the given point (2 , 2)

3 3
𝑑𝑦 − (2)2
| 33 = 2 = −1
𝑑𝑥 (2,2) 3 2 3
(2) − 2

Finally, substitute into the point-slope equation of the line

to obtain
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 3