# Sonometer >

It is device used to measure-velocity

-

of transverse mechanical wave in a stretched metal wire .

Principal-Based
1-
on resonance
of strings
.
= Rides

"
li
↑
-

# <

C2

! ----... be displaced
-

.........
............ free to
S

# - Clamp C is

Sonometer box
Clamp C is fixed
"
!!,
fg Frequency of vibration of
= a

known
tuning fork.
Small rider (a piece of paper) will jump and foll down
,
,

resonant
once
length I , become equal to one of the

lengths , l ,

Now G is displaced to obtain next resonant length 12 .

We know ,
12-1 ,
= wire
=> Xw = 2 (l2 -
l )
,
2

At resonance
,
frive =
fS

:
Vwave =
SwireXwire =
fs[z(lz-e )] .

Law
of Sonometer fu fS
=
· > = -
-

i) Law of length f,
&t if TRM const
>
-

are
,

=>
ii) Law Tension if & Lare const
of >
fsGV M
- .

iii) Lawmass- >

-s if L & Take const
&
Similarly more laws could be formulated. 142
 143
MELDE’S EXPERIMENT
In Melde's experiment, one end of the string is connected to the prong of an
electrically oscillated tuning fork. The other end of the string is connected to
hanging weights. The string passes over a smooth frictionless pulley. The
distance between tuning fork and pulley can be adjusted. There are two different
ways in which oscillations can be established in the string.

This is an experimental show of transverse stationary wave where unknown

frequency of tuning fork can be determined.

There are two arrangements here.

-

1). Transverse arrangement

• Oscillation of tuning fork arm is perpendicular to string
• To complete one oscillation of tuning fork
and string, both takes same time, so
their frequency is same. This has been
demonstrated in the diagram given here.

fs = fr =
=
If n = No
my loops then 1
.

, ,
= 4 *
2
l =
length of string
2). Longitudinal arrangement
Oscillation of tuning fork is parallel to the string

In time tuning fork completes 1 oscillation, string completes only half oscillation.
No
of loops
H = .

l= length of string.
Then , 1=
X · & #

N oscillation
of fort
>
-

Noscillation of string

~== fu
=
# Vibration
of Composite String-
Node

strings will
·
u
, i M2
Tension in

⑧
remain same .

12
*
" D

S, M siSz =
T =
Tz
 144
Frequency of string will
·
remain same
.

=
=
=
=>
(hRd2 are
integers)
122
If
you need minimum
frequency , then H, RU2,
the smallest
should
satisfy interes .

Note -
If joint of strings is an Anti-node
,
or

S Sy is Anti-mode then need to

or
,
you
write
(n -1)
,
and lor) (2-1) accordingly
, .

For ex-> Joint and S2 is anti-mode but S ,

,

is a node then
,

n
,-
> n
,
-

(42 (nz 1) n)
22
2)
< +
E
-
- -
-

Speed of
# Sound -

1) In solid
+=
2) In
liquids & >
V &, B Bulk Modulus
gases
-
=
=

-
=

3) In Air -
1) Newton's formula (Assumes air as
isothermal
I medium

=
.

v
 148
# Vibration of Air Column in Organ Pipe
1. Closed organ pipe has same results as string free at one end & fixed at other end.
2. Open organ pipe has same results as string fixed at both ends.

Note - Results for vibration of rods-

1. A rod clamped at one end is same as string fixed at one end.
2. A rod clamped in middle is same as vibration of open ends organ pipe.

# End correction in organ pipes

At open end of an organ pipe, the Anti-node is slightly outside of the pipe open end.

End correction depends on the radius (r) of mouth

of open end and is determined experimentally.
vs
x =
0 60.

---

With end correction the vibrating frequencies are - K

L
↑"
nv C
fopen =

2(2 + 0 . 68 + 0 .
65)

=>
fopen =
nv
-
n = 1 ,
2, 3
,
Y , .
-

2
(L+ 1 . 25)

Closedend
1 3 ,
5 1
,
=
n = -

,
, ,

+ 0 . 6)

# Quinck’s Tube
It consists of two U shaped metal tubes. Sound waves
with the help of tuning fork are produced at A which
travel through B & C and comes out at D where a >

e
sensitive flame is present.
Now the two waves coming through different paths 12
interfere constructively, then flame flares up. -

But if they interfere destructively, then flame

remains undisturbed.
Let constructive interference occurs for some value of L1 & L2.
Then ( L2-L1 ) = n X ... !
Now we pull tube C outward by distance x so as to attain next maxima.
Then ( L2 + 2x + L1 ) = (n+1) ... 2
X

Eqn.2 - Eqn.1 gives, 2x = X

If f= frequency, then speed of wave is , v = X f = 2xf

# Kundt’s Tube
This is an apparatus used to find velocity of sound in a gaseous medium or in different
materials. It consists of a glass tube as shown in figure one end of which is fitted with
piston B which is attached to a wooden handle H which can be moved inside and outside
the tube, and a rod M of the required material is fixed at clamp C in which the velocity of
sound is required, at one end or rod a disc A is fixed as shown below.

In the tube, air is filled at room temperature and a thin layer of lycopodium powder is put
along the length of the tube. It is a very fine powder particles which can be displaced by
the air particles also.

F
When rod M is gently rubbed with
a resin cloth or hit gently, it starts &

oscillating in fundamental mode as &

shown in figure.
In fundamental mode, the free ends
of the rod behave as antinodes and ↳
od
the clamped point C acts as a node,
frequency of which can be given as

Froa = =

tr
When these vibrations are transferred to the air column in the tube through the disc A, the
air column starts oscillating at the same frequency. Now the piston B is adjusted so that
the air column resonates with the vibrations of rod.
In resonance condition, the lycopodium powder sets itself in the form of heaps at the
position of nodes because at antinodes the air particles vibrate with maximum amplitude
and displace the powder to the adjacent nodes. We can measure the length between
successive heaps of powder with the help of a scale S attached to the tube.

In =

Fair Xair =
2 In

fair food=
airt
= >

=> Vair n
x
=

2
land

Vair
=neapx (solid
=>

149
# Resonance Tube
It is a closed organ pipe having air column of variable length. If the frequency of a tuning
fork is same as the frequency of vibration of air column in the tube then intensity of
sound becomes maximum.
This is said to be the condition of resonance. At this situation a loud note is produced
due to resonance.Let L1 & L2 are length of two consecutive resonances.
At resonance
,
ftook =
fair
Lite = X * *
Y ·
Tube
3x
>
-

Late =

↳ L =
-

=> x = 2((2
-

4) -
· =>

:
Vair = fair Xair
-
-

ffort * 2 (22 -4)

# Beats
Phenomenon of periodic variation of intensity of sound when two sound waves of
same amplitude and travelling in same direction with slightly different frequencies
interfere, is called beats.
Y A sin w
(t z)
-

=
(+ x axis)
,
,
Same direction

Yz = A sin
w2(t -) - Same Amplitude .

Ynet =
y +
], A[sinw (t -) sinWale -)
-

.
=
. +

(W (t-2) walt-)
cos((e-)-wE
=>
Ynet
+
= Ax2 sin .

=> Ynet 2Asin

Ww(e-() (w -wix6
=
cos ,

Let W + W2
(Aug ()
,
,
= W .

w
,
-

W2
I Wa
=
Angular frequency ,
with which
2
amplitude oscillates .

150