MIXTURES

By Dr Vipan Goyal
 HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE
• A homogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components that
make up the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the
mixture. The composition of the mixture is the same throughout.
 Sugar water
 Salt water
 Vodka
 vinegar
 HETROGENOUS MIXTURE
• A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components of
the mixture are not uniform or have localized regions with different
properties.
• Different samples from the mixture are not identical to each other.
• There are always two or more phases in a heterogeneous mixture,
where you can identify a region with properties that are distinct
from those of another region, even if they are the same state of
matter (e.g., liquid, solid).
 SOLUTION
• TRUE SOLUTION (less than 10^-9 or 10^-7)
• True Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
in which substance dissolved (solute) in solvent has the particle size
of less than 10-9 m or 1 nm.
• Simple solution of sugar in water is an example of true solution.
• Particles of true solution cannot be filtered through filter paper and
are not visible to naked eye.
• Particles do not settle down
 COLLOIDS
• Can' see with naked eye , between 1nm to 100nm
• A colloid is a homogeneous solution with intermediate particle size
between a solution and a suspension.
• Colloid particles may be seen in a beam of light such as dust in air in
a "shaft" of sunlight (called tyndall effect). Milk, fog and smoke are
examples of colloids.
• It can’t be filtered through filter paper as the size of pores are large
while it can be filtered through parchment paper or animal
membrane as the size of pores are smaller than filter paper.
 SUSPENSION
• MORE THAN 100nm
• Heterogeneous mixture in which particle size of one or more
components is greater than 1000nm or greater than 10-5 cm.
• Example- Mud dissolved in water
• Particles of suspension are big enough to be seen with naked eye.
 Brownian movement
• Brownian movement or motion, zigzag, irregular motion exhibited
by minute particles of matter when suspended in a fluid.
 Electrophoresis
• The movement of colloidal particles
under the action of electric field is
known as electrophoresis.
• If the colloidal particles move
towards the positive electrode
(anode) they carry negative charge.
On the other hand if the sol particles
migrate towards negative electrode
(cathode), they are positively
charged.
 Dialysis

• The process of separating the particles of colloids from those

crystalloids of mixture through animal membrane or
parchment membrane is known as Dialysis.
• It is the process of purification of colloidal solution.
 Coagulation ( Flocculation)
• The colloidal particles are either positively or negatively charged
particles.
• When an electrolyte is added to colloidal solution, the particles of
the colloidal solution take up the oppositively charged ion of the
added electrolyte and get neutralised.
• The ion responsible for the neutralisation of charge on colloidal
particles is called the coagulating ion or flocculation ion and this
process is called coagulation.
Characteristics of Different Solutions
 EMULSION/ COLLOIDS
• An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally
immiscible
• It contains two phases, dispersed phase and dispersion medium or
continuous medium, in which both phase are in liquid state.
• Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of
matter called colloids.
 Effects of temperature and pressure on
solubility of gases and solid in liquids
• TEMPERATURE
 Solubility of solids in liquids are directly proportional to temperature
 Gases are indirectly proportional to temperature. As on increasing
temperature, solubility of gases in liquids decreases.
• PRESSURE
 Solubility of solids in liquids does not have any effect of pressure
 Solubility of gases in liquids is directly proportional to the pressure
applied on the gases and liquids mixture. As on increasing pressure,
solubility of the gases in liquids increases.
 SUBLIMATION
• SUBLIMATION
 It is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the
gas phase and viceversa, without passing through the
intermediate liquid phase. Ex:- ammonium chloride (NH4Cl),
Camphor, Iodine, Naphthalene and Anthracene.
 CENTRIFUGATION
• CENTRIFUGATION
 Centrifugation is a technique which involves the application of
centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according
to their size, shape, density, viscosity of the medium and rotor
speed.
 Ex:- centrifugal separator – used in dairy industry for checking
the amount of fat in milk or any kind of adulteration by
measuring the amount of fat produced by it.
 CHROMATOGRAPHY
• A technique for the separation of mixture by passing it in solution
or suspension through a medium in which the components move at
different rates.
• PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CHLOROPHYLL
 DISTILLATION

It is the process of separating the components or substances

from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and
condensation and then collecting the resultant hot vapors.
 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
• Fractional is the separation of
a mixture into its component
parts, or fractions. Chemical
compounds are separated by
heating them to a
temperature at which one or
more fractions of the mixture
will vaporize.
 CRYSTALLIZATION
• It is the technique based on the principle of solubility: compounds
(solute) tends to be more soluble in hot liquids (solvents) than they
are in cold liquids.
• If saturated hot solution is allowed to cool, the solute is no longer
soluble in solvent and gets separate out, in the form of crystals.
 SEDIMENTATION PROCESS
• Sedimentation is the process of allowing particles in suspension in
water to settle out of the suspension under the effect of gravity.
• The particles that settle out from the suspension become sediment,
and in water treatment is known as sludge.
• The clear liquid at top can be gently transferred into another beaker
and this process is known as decantation.
 MATTER
• In general it exists in 3 states i.e.,
• Solid
• liquid
• gas.
• Now-a-days there is a discussion on two more states of matter i.e.,
Plasma (Ionised gases containing super energetic and super excited
particles and Bose-Einstein condensates or BEC (a gas at super low
temperatures with extremely low density)
 BOILING POINT
• Boiling point is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the
external pressure.
 Boiling point of water is 100°C.
 Phase changes from liquid to gas.
 It gets affected by change in external pressure.
 The boiling point increases in the presence of impurities. That's why boiling
point of sea water is more than the boiling point of pure water (as the
former contains impurity).
 • It usually decreases at high altitudes, that's why at high altitudes, the
boiling point of water is less than 100°C and more time is required to cook a
food.
 MELTING POINT
• Melting point is the temperature at which solid and liquid phases of
a substance are in equilibrium i.e. The constant temperature at
which a solid becomes liquid upon absorbing heat under normal
pressure.
 For ice, the melting point is 0°C or 273K.
 It decrease in the presence of impurity
 Phase changes from solid to liquid.
 Does not get affected by change in external pressure.
 Freezing Point
• The constant temperature at which a liquid changes into a
solid by giving out heat energy is called freezing point of that
liquid.

• Freezing point of water is 0 degree Centigrade.

 Evaporation
• The process of conversion of a liquid into its vapours at room
temperature is called Evaporation.
• It causes cooling.
• Example : Evaporation of sea water in summer from ponds,
wells and lakes.
• Preparation of common salt from sea water by evaporation of
water.
 Vapour Pressure
• The pressure exerted by the vapours of liquid in equilibrium with
liquid at a given temperature is called vapour pressure.
• It depends upon a) its nature B) Temperature
• Higher the vapor pressure of a particular liquid lesser will be the
magnitude of intermolecular forces present in the molecules.
• Vapor pressure of liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
Thank You