CREATING A NON-TOXIC ALTERNATIVE CORRECTION FLUID FROM

EGGSHELLS

A Research Paper

Presented to

The Faculty of the

Shining Light Academy

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for Inquiries, Investigations, and

Immersion Subject

NATHANIEL Y. AVILA

May 2024

1
 ABSTRACT

Title of the Research: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS: INVENTING A CORRECTION

FLUID FROM EGGSHELLS

Author: NATHANIEL Y. AVILA

Grade: 12

Strand: STEM

Adviser: RHEINZ AGCAOILI

Date of Completion: May 2024

Ever since the advent of using pen as the main writing tool, it is inevitable to

make errors in writing. Resulting in the invention of correction fluids. Although there are

companies that provide these products, what if it is possible to make one using

inexpensive materials? Hence, the study’s main objective is to determine the efficacy and

functionality of an eggshell-based correction fluid with materials made from home. This

study is an experimental design type of quantitative research where data based from

observation were integrated to better understand and answer the research problems

through the use of the Visibility, Viscosity, Color, Texture, Odor, Time (VVCTOT)

Model. This present study thereby recommends to the next researcher to study what

components are missing in order to obtain the levels of viscosity, texture, and time of

drying that would make it closer to the properties of commercial fluids.

2
 APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate Investigatory research titled, “CREATING A NON-TOXIC

ALTERNATIVE CORRECTION FLUID FROM EGGSHELLS'', prepared and

submitted by Nathaniel Y. Avila in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) track, is hereby

recommended for written examination.

_______________________ MR. RHEINZ AGCAOILI

Date Research Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination

MRS. RICHELLE KRIZIA TUMANENG MS. RUBY SAVELLANO

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Inquiries,

Investigations and Immersion in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

(STEM) track.

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE 1
ABSTRACT 2
APPROVAL SHEET 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
LIST OF TABLES 5
LIST OF FIGURE 5

Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background of the Study 6
Literature Review 8
Theoretical Framework 12
Statement of the Problem 13
Significance of the Study 14
Definition of Terms 15

2 METHODOLOGY
Overview / Introduction
Research Design 16
Materials of the Study 17
General Procedure 19
Data Gathering Procedure 22

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Overview / Introduction
Results 26
Discussions 29

4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 30
Conclusions 31
Recommendations 32

5 REFERENCES

6 APPENDICES
Figures 34

4
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Table Reference - Properties 22

2 Table Results - Properties 26

LIST OF FIGURES

Table Page

1 Eggshell Preparation 19

2 Mixture Treatment 20

3 Treatment Application 21

5
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Correction fluids remain a staple in today's society, providing a quick and

efficient solution for fixing errors on paper. Despite the rise of digital editing tools,

correction fluids continue to be used in various settings. With advancements in

formulation and design, modern correction fluids offer improved performance, such as

faster drying times, smoother application, and better coverage. While digital options exist

for editing electronic documents, correction fluids remain the go-to choice for correcting

errors in handwritten or printed materials, highlighting their enduring utility and

convenience in contemporary society (Dekker M., 1992).

The invention of the correction fluid dates back to 1951 which was invented by

Nesmith Graha. Typewriters were common especially for someone like Nesmith who is a

secretary. Frustrated, she made an opaque, white fluid applied to a part of the text

containing errors. Once it dried, a white strip replaced what was previously an unsightly

mark on the page. It is typically packaged in small bottles. Before word processors

6
dominated the scene, every office simply needed to have a bottle lying around in case of

letter ‘emergencies’ (Medium, 2014).

One of the primary concerns is its chemical composition, often containing volatile

organic compounds (VOCs) and solvents like toluene and xylene. Prolonged exposure to

these substances, whether through inhalation of fumes or skin contact, can lead to

respiratory issues, skin irritation, and in severe cases, neurological damage. Accidental

ingestion of correction fluid can result in gastrointestinal distress, chemical burns, and

even organ damage. Its improper disposal can also contribute to environmental pollution,

affecting soil and water quality (BIC SDS, 2018).

Students are an example who use correction fluids the most. This study’s

objective is to make an eco-friendly, affordable, and safe product that can be produced

mainly from eggshells.

7
Literature Review

The studies and publications that are pertinent to the investigation were

specifically mentioned in this section. This chapter provides evidence that a correction

fluid can be made from materials that contain calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), such as

eggshells.

Eggshells (gallus gallus domesticus) are primarily composed of calcium

carbonate (about 94%). The 6% contains little amount of magnesium carbonate, calcium

phosphate, and protein. An eggshell is almost entirely made up of calcium (Ca), carbon

(C), and oxygen (O) combined. (Alameda et al. 2017). Paradoxically, despite the fact that

eggshells contain these elements, they are regarded as waste. According to a study about

eggshell waste generation in India, United States, and the United Kingdom, the waste

reaches an estimated amount of 100,000 tonnes per year. Other researchers have taken

advantage of these situations to come up with potential uses for eggshells, which will be

covered in this section.

A. CALCIUM CARBONATE NON-TOXIC NATURAL WHITE INK

STUDIES

According to a study conducted by Fan Zhaojing (樊兆晶), there are multiple

ways to manufacture a non-toxic correction fluid. The nontoxic correction fluid pen has

8
low cost of raw materials, can effectively reduce production cost, is little toxicity in the

raw materials, has no organic hydrocarbons with strong volatility, does no long-term and

chronic harm to liver, kidney and the like, and has strong covering power and good

coating performance (Zhaojing F., 2011). Substances such as p-Xylol, ethylene

dichloride, trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethane are able to destroy one’s body. In fact,

it is evident that adolescents abuse this correction fluid to feel “euphoria” (Greer, 1984).

The non-toxic ingredients included in all three "embodiments" are deionized water,

calcium carbonate, ether, and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. The ratios for the

answer, which adhere to the structure of the first sentence of this paragraph, are

15:9:25:4, 38:5:7:1, and 132:7:11:2. However, this is merely a hypothesis; it hasn't been

put to the test and is only a patent.

The primary ingredient in the correction fluid used by the researchers in a study

conducted at the Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan is calcium carbonate (CaCO₃).

But they made use of oyster shells. 50 grams of ground oyster shells, 5 grams of gewgaw,

20 milliliters of hot water, and 15 milliliters of acetone made up the solution (Santos,

2019).

An experiment at the Lal-Lo National High School once more employed calcium

carbonate (CaCO3). This time, rice flour and white chicken eggshells were the primary

ingredients. Additional tools are drops, measuring cups, a fine paintbrush for testing, a

steel strainer for filtering, and a blender for the eggshells. The researchers made three

treatments with different ratios of the liquidized rice flour (mixture of water and rice

9
flour) and eggshells. Treatment 1 contains 15 grams of pulverized eggshells and 15 ml of

the liquidized rice flour - 1:1 ratio (50% - 50%). Treatment 2 contains 22.5 grams of

pulverized eggshells and 7.5 ml of the liquidized rice flour - 3:1 ratio (75% - 25%).

Treatment 3 contains 7.5 grams of pulverized eggshells and 22.5 ml of liquidized rice

flour - 1:3 ratio (25% - 75%).

B. ALTERNATIVE CORRECTION FLUID TEST RESULTS

There was a noticeable difference between the oyster shell-based correction fluid

and the commercial version. Twelve of the thirty respondents said the experimental

product is highly viscous, while eleven said the commercialized fluid is somewhat

viscous. The experimental product took about two minutes and fifteen seconds to dry,

out of the total time allocated to both goods. The commercial one was completed in

around twenty-five seconds. Regarding smell, nine participants reported that the product

made from oyster shells has no smell. Twelve respondents gave the commercial product a

very negative vote. Regarding color, 19 participants indicated that the trial product was

moderately white. 22 indicated that the commercial product was exceedingly white

(Santos, 2019).

In the study of Agurilla, the alternate natural liquid eraser made from eggshells

and cornstarch demonstrated a high viscosity. The investigation revealed, perhaps

surprisingly, that it is comparable to a commercial one. When it comes to visibility, the

10
more eggshell that is applied, the more it will obscure a written word on paper; however,

too much eggshell will cause the eggshell to become brittle since it will not adhere to the

paper. In contrast, the more you add to the commercial product, the thicker and more of

the written words are covered. The commercial eraser smells unpleasant, but the eraser

made from eggshells has no smell at all. This study did not indicate the outcomes of each

product's color. The commercial product dries faster than the substitute natural product in

the given drying period.

C. MAIN DISTINCTIONS

In summary, the findings of these investigations appear to be comparable. that

while the substitute product is unquestionably successful, it is not superior to a

commercial offering. As a result, the two differ greatly from one another.

Theoretical Framework

Calcium carbonate

The natural alternative correction fluid utilized by Bañaga (2022) and Santos

(2019) is composed of distinct elements. Specifically, oyster and eggshells. The chemical

substance calcium carbonate is what these shells have in common. The appearance of

calcium carbonate is white, colorless crystals, and an odorless powder. It is also insoluble

in water. This is comparable to the substance used to produce common correction fluids.

A water-based tippex contains titanium dioxide which is white in pigment and is also

water insoluble (Xu Dong et al., 2018).

11
 Compression, impact, and piercing tests are used to evaluate the strength of

eggshells and oyster shells. Because of the hardness and tensile strength provided by its

principal component, calcium carbonate, (Cecilia et al., 2008) stated that impact and

puncture are the most effective ways to pulverize these two, therefore it can be utilized as

a replacement to sand in the construction of hollow blocks. As a result, employing both

of these resources helps to protect the environment in addition to cutting costs.

According to Santos (2019), the Turac National High School's research on oyster

shells as a substitute for chalk was successful. Only a "high possibility" of creating a

chalk out of it was mentioned by (Cayari et al., 2022).

Visibility, Viscosity, Texture, Color, Odor, and Time (VVTCOT) Model

The VVTCOT model is a blend of what the earlier studies utilized in a number of

studies concerning the usage of calcium carbonate as the ingredient for making a

correction fluid. As the pigment of calcium carbonate is white and insoluble to water

which is comparable to titanium oxide. Viscosity, visibility, texture, odor, and duration

make up the framework, according to Agurilla's study from 2022. In Santos' (2019) study,

by contrast, the texture is color, and it is nearly identical to that of the Agurilla. This

paradigm offers the researcher a plethora of options for producing their final product.

12
Statement of the Problem

This study was conducted to formulate a substance out of eggshells as a non-toxic

natural alternative correction fluid.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the materials needed to create an egg-shell based correction fluid?

2. What is the level of viscosity, visibility, color, odor, texture and allotted time to

dry of the eggshells to be an alternative non-toxic correction fluid?

3. What are the main distinctions between a commercial correction fluid and one

based on eggshells?

Significance of Study

The question of whether it is possible to create a correction fluid from eggshells

remains uncertain. That is why this study is conducted in order to benefit the following:

The Students. The main purpose of this study is to help them, as correction fluids

are quite important, particularly if they make mistakes when writing. Additionally, it

lessens the likelihood that pupils may consume the harmful toxins included in correction

fluids. Finally, a home-made, reasonably priced correction fluid made of eggshells is

available.

13
 The Family. After cooking, the eggshells could be transformed into a correction

fluid, making them usable instead of being thrown away. As such, individuals in the

household as well as the learners would be able to use them.

The Administration. Staff members who utilize correction fluid are also part of

the faculty. Writing letters and printing documents are two prime examples of this. They

would also gain from it by making their surroundings safer, more protected, and

environmentally friendly.

The Society: By utilizing eggshells, a natural waste product from the food

industry, in correction fluid production, we can reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals

and petroleum-based ingredients, thereby minimizing environmental impact and

pollution. Moreover, eggshell-based formulas have the potential to be biodegradable,

breaking down more easily and posing fewer health risks to both users and the

environment compared to traditional correction fluids containing harmful chemicals.

14
Definition of Terms

VVTCOT model - a structure where it follows the properties present in validating an

alternative correction fluid: visibility, viscosity, texture, color, odor, and time.

Titanium dioxide - an oxide of titanium that occurs in rutile, anatase, and ilmenite and is

used especially as a pigment in correction fluids.

Calcium carbonate - is a resonance-stabilized inorganic salt therapeutically used as a

food additive, a dietary supplement, an antacid, and a phosphate binder.

Visibility - the quality or state of being visible. A property in the model to observe the

visibility of the word covered by each treatment.

Viscosity - the internal friction of a moving fluid. This is to measure the “flow” of each

treatment when applied.

Euphoria - the experience (or affect) of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of

well-being and happiness. The after effects of inhaling commercial correction fluids

recreationally.

15
 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The experimental design of this study examines the relationship between the

independent variables (cornstarch, eggshells, etc.) and the dependent variables (viscosity,

dry time, etc.). Three different treatments with varied amounts of mixture used in the

experiment. Since every variable in this study will be quantitatively measured, the

observational method is the most suitable approach. This illustrates why this design is

appropriate by comparing each of the treatments.

Materials of the Study

The materials used in this study are the following: (numbered with pictures)

1. Measuring Cups 2. Eggshells 3. Rice Flour

16
4. Metal Spoon 5. Large Wooden Spoon 6. Bond Paper

7. Bowl 8. Weighing Scale 9. Distilled Water

17
 10. Blender 11. Ballpen

General Procedure

I. Resource Gathering and Preparation

A. Eggshells

1. Gather sufficient amount of eggshells

2. Cleaning and drying the eggshells

3. Pulverization of eggshells using a blender

B. Rice Flour

1. Prepare 22.5 grams of rice flour

2. Cook the rice flour on the pan

3. Mix it well using a wooden spoon

18
Figure 1: Gathering of Figure 2: Cleaning of eggshells Figure 3: Pulverization of
eggshells eggshells

Figure 4: 22.5 grams of rice Figure 5: Cooking and mixing

flour the rice flour

II. Mixture Treatment Preparation

A. Treatment 1

○ 1 tbsp. of pulverized eggshells (50%)

○ 15 mL of rice flour (50%)

B. Treatment 2

19
 ○ 1 ½ tbsp. of pulverized eggshells (75%)

○ 7.5 mL of rice flour (25%)

C. Treatment 3

○ ½ tbsp. of pulverized eggshells (25%)

○ 22.5mL of rice flour (75%)

Figure 6: Straining the pulverized Figure 7: Strained Figure 8: Measured distilled water
eggshells measured pulverized
eggshells

Figure 9: Three different treatments

20
III. Testing

1. Place the bond paper on a table.

2. Write random characters on spaces where the treatments would be applied.

3. Apply each treatment onto the paper.

4. Leave the treatments alloted time to dry.

5. Follow the VVTCOT model which means to observe each treatment’s

visibility, viscosity, texture, color, odor, and the time it took for it to dry.

6. Using a ballpen, write over each treatment.

Figure 10: Applied treatments to each Figure 11: Writing test to each treatment
word

21
Data Gathering Procedure

A. Estimated room temperature for equivalent drying time

Since this study will be conducted inside, the test scheduling can occur at any

time of day. This experiment requires room temperature because it regulates how long

each treatment takes to dry. These corrective fluids take longer to dry in hotter weather.

The researcher chose to set the temperature at 22°C based on this information.

B. Table reference for data gathering

1. Visibility

RANK DESCRIPTION DEFINITION

5 Very Unclear writing underneath

are completely covered by the product

4 Unclear writing underneath are slightly visible

3 Moderate writing is visible under a coat of the liquid

eraser

2 Visible writing is very visible under the layer of

the liquid eraser

1 Very Visible writings underneath are not covered at all

22
 2. Viscosity

RANK DESCRIPTION DEFINITION

5 Much Less Viscous Mark if product flows down light as

water

4 Less Viscous Mark if product flows down at average

speed

3 Moderate product trickles down steadily

2 Viscous product slowly trickles down

1 Very Viscous product trickles down heavily

3. Texture

RANK DESCRIPTION DEFINITION

5 Very Smooth product is flat and evened out

4 Smooth product has no bumps

3 Moderate product is neither rough nor smooth

2 Rough product is bumpy

23
1 Very Rough product is rugged

4. Color

RANK DESCRIPTION DEFINITION

5 Very White product has a very white and clean in color

4 White product has a white color

3 Moderate product has that slightly white in color

2 Bluish White product has a blend of blue and white color

1 Blue product is not totally white in color

5. Odor

RANK DESCRIPTION DEFINITION

3 Odorless product has no particular odor

2 Bad Odor product has a distinct unpleasant

smell

1 Very Bad Odor product has a very unpleasant

24
 smell

6. Time to dry

RANK DESCRIPTION DEFINITION

5 0s - 59s product has fully dried within 0s to 59s

4 1 min - 4 min 59s product has fully dried within 1 min to 4

minutes 59 seconds

3 5 min - 9 min 59s product has fully dried within 5 min to 9

minutes 59 seconds

2 10 min - 14 min 59s product has fully dried within 10 min to 14

minutes 59 seconds

1 15 mins and above product has fully dried within 15 min and over

The closer the results are to 6 the more it fits to be a correction fluid.

C. Test writing on each treatment

After the drying stage, each treatment will be written upon using a ballpen to test

each correction fluid’s usability. Once again, this study will follow the model as it

provides a good indication to the effectiveness of each product.

25
 CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This Chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data concerning the study.

Table 1.1 Properties of each applied treatments to the testing paper

Correction

Fluids

Properties Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3

(50-50) (75-25) (25-75)

Visibility 3 4 1

Viscosity 3 2 5

Texture 3 2 4

Color 3 4 1

Odor 3 3 3

Time 2 4 1

TOTAL 3.8 4.2 3.4

26
Results

When each treatment is applied to paper, the results in Table 1.1 demonstrate the

notable variations in each treatment's visibility. The word written on paper is covered by

Treatment 1, which is an equal mixture of both ingredients (rice flour and eggshells), but

it is ineffective. In contrast, Treatment 3 is easier to see since the liquid component

outweighs the solid ones.

The viscosity of each correction fluid yields different outcomes. This makes sense

because Treatment 2 has more eggshells than Treatments 1 and 3, which makes it more

viscous.

Treatment 1's texture falls in between smooth and rough. The abundance of

eggshells in Treatment 2 gives it a gritty feel. The majority of the water is present in

Treatment 3, which makes it smooth.

Treatment 2, which has more eggshells, is completely white in hue. The hue of

Treatment 3 faded to blue because the liquid overwhelmed the eggshells. Since the

mixture is essentially Treatments 2 and 3 mixed, Treatment 1 is quite whitish.

Before beginning the treatment mixture process, the eggshells were cleansed. The

majority of rice flours are unscented. The fact that all three treatments are odorless is the

result of combining these two factors.

27
 For the time of drying, Treatment 1 took approximately 10 minutes. Treatment 2

obtained the lowest time to dry with 2 minutes and 30 seconds. Meanwhile, Treatment 3

took 15 minutes to completely dry.

After waiting for each of the treatments to dry, the researcher tested each

product’s ability to be written over. Treatment 1 failed this part because the product

dispersed revealing the covered word. Treatment 3 also failed since it doesn’t cover the

word at all. Resulting in just writing over the word instead of writing over the treatment..

This test was only passed by Treatment 2, as writing over it presented no difficulties at

all. The characters were discernible.

Discussions

The study which is based on the model provided the level needed for each

treatment’s mixture to be quite similar to a correction fluid. Correction fluids are

chemically unsafe for humans and are also not eco-friendly. Eggshells and rice flour are

common in most households. Mixing pulverized eggshells and liquidized rice flour

proved that it is possible to make a correction fluid.

The results of the study on the use of pulverized eggshells mixed with the

liquidized rice flour showed that depending on the composition of each treatment and its

possibility to be written over will provide the minimum requirements for it to be a

correction fluid. It is evident in this study that the higher the amount of pulverized

28
eggshells are there, the more it would be fitting to be a correction fluid. This is evident in

Table 1.1 of Treatment 2 which pulverized eggshells made up ¾ of the whole mixture. Its

properties (a score of 4.2) have the closest similarities to a commercial one compared to

the two other treatments.

Preparing different volumes of pulverized eggshells and rice flour (15g: 15ml,

22.5g: 7.5ml, and 7.5g: 22.5ml) gave a suggestive result to consider that the amount of

each ingredient could have relevance with the visibility, viscosity, color, texture, odor,

time of drying, and the treatment’s outcome when written over.

29
 CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the

study guided through the research questions.

Summary

The researcher comes up with a non-toxic alternative product called an

“eggshell-based correction fluid” to primarily lessen the usage of unsafe chemicals in

producing white ink and to create an affordable substitute using household materials.

These findings imply that it is possible to produce a correction fluid from eggshells. With

this, we can develop a correction fluid that is both eco-friendly and safe for human usage.

The most suitable treatment is Treatment 2 since its characteristics are most like

those of a commercial correction fluid. Treatment 2 has a visibility of “very unclear”, a

color of “white”, an odor of “odorless”, and a drying duration of “3 minutes, 30

seconds”. Treatment 3 obtained the worst results because it only passed with its viscosity

of “much less viscous”, texture of “very smooth”, and odor of “odorless”. Additionally,

out of the three treatments, only Treatment 2 passed the writing test. The mixture of the

three treatments was used to determine the best fitting to be an alternative non-toxic

correction fluid; The more powdered eggshells are used, the more the lettering is covered,

the whiter it is, and the product takes less time to dry. As a result, the treatment is more

30
likely to be written over. On the other hand, using less pulverized eggshells results in less

viscosity and smoothness in the treatment. This leads to easier product application.

The properties that distincts Treatment 2 and a commercial fluid would be

viscosity, texture, and odor. Commercial correction fluids tend to have a viscosity

comparable to water (1 centipoise). Texture-wise, commercial correction fluids are very

smooth. In terms of odor, they have an unpleasant smell to avoid recreational abuse that

can induce the feeling of euphoria (Pointer, 1982).

Conclusion

The eggshell-based correction fluid potential as a non-toxic alternative correction

fluid was demonstrated in this study. The crushed eggshells have significant effects on

the treatment’s visibility, viscosity, texture, color, odor, time of complete drying, and

writing over it. The eggshells have shown no negative impacts on consumers.

Recommendation

This present study thereby recommends to the next researcher to study what

components are missing in order to obtain the levels of viscosity, texture, and time of

drying that would make it closer to the properties of commercial fluids.

31
 REFERENCES

Supermarket, O. S. (2018, April 24). History of the correction fluid - Office Supplies

Supermarket - Medium. Medium.

https://medium.com/@supermarketuk/history-of-the-correction-fluid-cc51f13340

7c

How correction fluid is made - material, making, used, processing, parts, steps, product,

machine. (n.d.). https://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Correction-Fluid.html

PubChem. (n.d.). Calcium carbonate. PubChem.

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Calcium-Carbonate#section=Experi

mental-Properties

Greer, J. E. (1984). Adolescent abuse of typewriter correction fluid. Southern Medical

Journal, 77(3), 297–298. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007611-198403000-00006

樊兆晶, & Individual. (2011, July 13). CN102876110A - Nontoxic correction fluid pen

- Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/CN102876110A/en

What are the ingredients needed to make correction fluid from eggshells? | 4 Answers

from Research papers. (n.d.). SciSpace - Question.

https://typeset.io/questions/what-are-the-ingredients-needed-to-make-correction-fl

uid-4hn7ym5qtc

Santos, T. (n.d.). Oyster Shells as Liquid Eraser 1. Scribd.

https://www.scribd.com/document/539714935/Oyster-Shells-as-Liquid-Eraser-1

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Bañaga, Samantha (n.d.). Eggshell and rice flour as an alternative natural liquid eraser -

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING AND - Studocu.

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/sti-college/art-appreciation/eggshell-and-r

ice-flour-as-an-alternative-natural-liquid-eraser/67555668

Flanagan, R. J., Ruprah, M., Meredith, T. J., & Ramsey, J. M. (1990). An introduction to

the clinical toxicology of volatile substances. Drug Safety, 5(5), 359–383.

https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199005050-00005

Last, First. (2024) What are egg shells made of?. Retrieved May 13, 2024, from

https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-are-egg-shells-made-of

BiC. (2024) PDF.js viewer. Retrieved May 13, 2024, from

https://www.oppictures.com/msds/BICWOFQD12WE_SDS.PDF

New Jersey Dept. of Health. (2024) PDF.js viewer. Retrieved May 13, 2024, from

https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1861.pdf

33
 APPENDICES

A. Materials and Equipment

1. Measuring Cups 2. Eggshells 3. Rice Flour

4. Metal Spoon 5. Large Wooden Spoon 6. Bond Paper

7. Bowl 8. Weighing Scale 9. Distilled Water

34
 B. Product Preparation

Figure 1: Gathering of Figure 2: Cleaning of eggshells Figure 3: Pulverization of

eggshells eggshells

Figure 4: 22.5 grams of rice Figure 5: Cooking and mixing

flour the rice flour

35
 C. Product Making

Figure 6: Straining the pulverized Figure 7: Strained measured Figure 8: Measured distilled water
eggshells pulverized eggshells

Figure 9: Three Different Treatments

36
C. Testing

Figure 10: Applied treatments to each Figure 11: Writing test to each treatment
word

37