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 INTRODUCTORY
CHEMISTRY

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 INTRODUCTORY
CHEMISTRY
CONCEPTS AND
CRITICAL THINKING

EIGHTH EDITION

Charles H. Corwin
American River College

330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Corwin, Charles H.

Title: Introductory chemistry: concepts and critical thinking / Charles H. Corwin, American
River College.
Description: Eighth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Pearson Education, 2016. |Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016039699 | ISBN 9780134421377 | ISBN 013442137X
Subjects: LCSH: Chemistry—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QD33.2 .C67 2016 | DDC 540–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039699

ISBN 10: 0-134-42137-X; ISBN 13: 978-0-134-42137-7 (Student Edition)

ISBN 10: 0-134-54974-0; ISBN 13: 978-0-134-54974-3 (Books à la Carte)

1 16

www.pearsonhighered.com

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 Brief Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

1 Introduction to Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . 1
Prerequisite Science Skills. . . . . . . . . . 11
2 The Metric System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Matter and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4 Models of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5 The Periodic Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6 Language of Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7 Chemical Reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8 The Mole Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
9 Chemical Equation Calculations. . . . . 254
10 Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
11 Liquids and Solids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
12 Chemical Bonding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
13 Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
14 Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
15 Advanced Problem Solving. . . . . . . . . 447
16 Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
17 Oxidation and Reduction . . . . . . . . . . 500
18 Nuclear Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
19 Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
20 Biochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1

Photo Credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

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 About the Author

Charles H. Corwin has instructed more than 10,000

students in both lecture and laboratory of introductory and general
chemistry. He acknowledges the diversity of basic chemistry
students and employs a variety of classroom pedagogies based on
Bloom’s taxonomy, Myers-Briggs inventory, critical thinking, and
algorithmic versus conceptual heuristics. His teaching strategies
include learning by objective, collaborative group learning, web-
based assignments, chemical demonstrations, and multimedia
presentations.
The author was awarded degrees from San Jose State
University, where he was a member of Tau Delta Phi honor society.
He did graduate research at Stanford Research Institute on dialysis
membranes, and attended the University of Akron, Institute of
Polymer Science. He spent a sabbatical with the chemical education
group at Purdue University studying a constructivist approach to
cognitive development based on the work of Jean Piaget. Previously,
he was visiting professor at Grand Valley State University on an
NSF grant, and participated in a self-paced, mastery-learning study.
He is currently interested in developing a hybrid online chemistry
course with a laboratory component.
Professor Corwin has been recognized as instructor of the year
at American River College, and has received a teaching award
from Purdue University. In addition, he has been faculty mentor,
department chair, academic senate representative, served on the
ACS Examinations Committee and the California Chemistry
Diagnostic Test Committee, has given numerous presentations to
secondary schools and 2YC3, judged science projects at California
state fairs, and for two decades was the examiner for the greater
Sacramento region chemistry contest.

vi

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 To the Student

A Personal Note I have been with you in lecture and answered your
questions. I have been with you in lab and given you encouragement. Perhaps I have
not spoken to you personally, but I have had countless conversations with students
who are trying to juggle college life, financial aid, employment hours, relationship
issues, test anxiety, and stress in general. If you are a first-time student, or a reentry
student, my advice is to maintain regular student and instructor contacts, and
network with others who can help guide you toward your goals.
Introductory chemistry is a subject that builds systematically and culminates in a
knowledge base for the physical sciences, life sciences, health sciences, and beyond.
Therefore, it is essential that you set aside time each day to study chemistry, and
avoid last-minute cramming for exams. On days when you lack motivation, open the
textbook to the attractive art that illustrates the topic you are studying; or, go online
to the textbook website and view one of the presentations in MasteringChemistry®.
The completion of a basic chemistry course begins to open doors to a reward-
ing career. A rewarding career is a source of personal satisfaction that spreads to all
aspects of your life and helps you avoid making poor life choices. I know you can be
successful in your chemistry class. I have seen others like you with different expres-
sions on their faces at the end of the semester. It is a look of confidence after accept-
ing the challenge, doing their best, and knowing they are better prepared for what
lies ahead.

vii

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 Contents

About the Author vi

To the Student vii
Preface xvii
Resources in Print and Online xxxi

1 Introduction to Chemistry 1
Element 1: Hydrogen

1.1 Evolution of Chemistry 2

1.2 Modern Chemistry 3
A CLOSER LOOK Watch Your Salt Intake! 4
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION A Student Success Story 5
1.3 Learning Chemistry 6
Helpful Hint Studying Chemistry 8
Chapter Summary 8 • Key Terms 9 • Exercises 9 • Chapter 1 Self-Test 10

Prerequisite Science Skills 11

PSS.1 Measurements 11
PSS.2 Significant Digits 14
PSS.3 Rounding Off Nonsignificant Digits 16
PSS.4 Adding and Subtracting Measurements 17
Helpful Hint Significant Digits 18
PSS.5 Multiplying and Dividing Measurements 18
PSS.6 Exponential Numbers 19
PSS.7 Scientific Notation 21
A CLOSER LOOK Calculators 23
Chapter Summary 24 • Problem-Solving Organizer 24 • Key Terms 25
2 Exercises 25 • PSS Self-Test 28
E = mc

2 The Metric System 29

Element 2: Helium

2.1 Basic Units and Symbols 29

2.2 Metric Conversion Factors 32
Helpful Hint Unit Equations 33
2.3 Metric–Metric Conversions 34
2.4 Metric–English Conversions 36
A CLOSER LOOK Metric Labels 38
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Olympics 39
2.5 The Percent Concept 40
2.6 Volume by Calculation 43

viii

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 Contents  ix

2.7 Volume by Displacement 46

2.8 The Density Concept 47
A CLOSER LOOK Lower Gasoline Bills 48
2.9 Temperature 51
2.10 The Heat Concept 54
Chapter Summary 57 • Problem–Solving Organizer 59 • Key Terms 60
Exercises 60 • Chapter 2 Self-Test 63

3 Matter and Energy 64

Element 3: Lithium

3.1 Physical States of Matter 64

3.2 Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 67
Helpful Hint Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Matter 67
A CLOSER LOOK 18K Gold 68
3.3 Names and Symbols of the Elements 70
A CLOSER LOOK Aluminum or Aluminium? 71
3.4 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semimetals 72
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Elements 104 and Beyond 75
3.5 Compounds and Chemical Formulas 78
3.6 Physical and Chemical Properties 81
3.7 Physical and Chemical Changes 84
3.8 Conservation of Mass 85
3.9 Potential and Kinetic Energy 86
3.10 Conservation of Energy 88
Chapter Summary 91 • Key Terms 93 • Exercises 94 • Chapter 3 Self-Test 97

4 Models of the Atom 99

Element 4: Beryllium

4.1 Dalton Model of the Atom 99

FEATURED SCIENTIST John Dalton 100
4.2 Thomson Model of the Atom 101
4.3 Rutherford Model of the Atom 101
4.4 Atomic Notation 103
4.5 Atomic Mass 107
4.6 The Wave Nature of Light 110
A CLOSER LOOK “Nuking” Food in a Microwave Oven 112
4.7 The Quantum Concept 113
4.8 Bohr Model of the Atom 114
A CLOSER LOOK Neon Lights 117
4.9 Energy Levels and Sublevels 118
4.10 Electron Configuration 119
4.11 Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 121
Helpful Hint Bohr Model vs. Quantum Mechanics 122
Chapter Summary 124 • Key Terms 126 • Exercises 126 • Chapter 4 Self-Test 129

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 x Contents

5 The Periodic Table 131

Element 5: Boron

5.1 Classification of Elements 132

FEATURED SCIENTIST Dmitri Mendeleev 133
5.2 The Periodic Law Concept 134
5.3 Groups and Periods of Elements 135
A CLOSER LOOK IUPAC Group Numbers 138
5.4 Periodic Trends 139
A CLOSER LOOK Pencil Lead 141
5.5 Properties of Elements 141
5.6 Blocks of Elements 143
Helpful Hint Predicting Chemical Formulas 144
5.7 Valence Electrons 145
5.8 Electron Dot Formulas 147
5.9 Ionization Energy 148
5.10 Ionic Charges 150
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Evolution of Chemical Elements 153
Chapter Summary 154 • Key Terms 155 • Exercises 156 • Chapter 5 Self-Test 160

6 Language of Chemistry 161

Element 6: Carbon

6.1 Classification of Compounds 161

FEATURED SCIENTIST Antoine and Marie-Anne Lavoisier 165
6.2 Monoatomic Ions 165
6.3 Polyatomic Ions 169
6.4 Writing Chemical Formulas 170
A CLOSER LOOK Nutritional Potassium 172
6.5 Binary Ionic Compounds 173
6.6 Ternary Ionic Compounds 175
6.7 Latin System of Nomenclature 178
6.8 Binary Molecular Compounds 179
Helpful Hint 179
6.9 Binary Acids 181
6.10 Ternary Oxyacids 182
Chapter Summary 183 • Nomenclature Organizer 184 • Key Terms 185
Exercises 186 • Chapter 6 Self-Test 189

7 Chemical Reactions 191

Element 7: Nitrogen

7.1 Evidence of Chemical Reactions 192

A CLOSER LOOK Nitrogen in Tires 192
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Fireworks 194
7.2 Writing Chemical Equations 194
Helpful Hint Diatomic Molecules 195
7.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 196
7.4 Classifying Chemical Reactions 200

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 Contents  xi

7.5 Combination Reactions 202

7.6 Decomposition Reactions 205
Helpful Hint Activity Series 208
7.7 The Activity Series Concept 208
Helpful Hint Active Metals 209
7.8 Single-Replacement Reactions 210
7.9 Solubility Rules 212
7.10 Double-Replacement Reactions 213
7.11 Neutralization Reactions 214
A CLOSER LOOK Household Chemicals 215
Chapter Summary 216 • Key Terms 219 • Exercises 219 • Chapter 7 Self-Test 223

8 The Mole Concept 225

Element 8: Oxygen

CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Analogies for Avogadro’s Number 226

8.1 Avogadro’s Number 226
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Ozone Hole 227
8.2 Mole Calculations I 228
8.3 Molar Mass 231
8.4 Mole Calculations II 233
8.5 Molar Volume 235
Helpful Hint The Mole 238
8.6 Mole Calculations III 238
8.7 Percent Composition 240
8.8 Empirical Formula 242
8.9 Molecular Formula 244
A CLOSER LOOK Avogadro’s Number 246
Chapter Summary 246 • Problem-Solving Organizer 248 • Key Terms 249
Exercises 249 • Chapter 8 Self-Test 253

9 Chemical Equation Calculations 254

Element 9: Fluorine

9.1 Interpreting a Chemical Equation 254

A CLOSER LOOK Water Fluoridation 255
9.2 Mole–Mole Relationships 257
9.3 Types of Stoichiometry Problems 259
A CLOSER LOOK Iron versus Steel 259
Helpful Hint Stoichiometry 260
9.4 Mass–Mass Problems 261
9.5 Mass–Volume Problems 263
9.6 Volume–Volume Problems 266
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Manufacturing Ammonia 268
9.7 Limiting Reactant Concept 269
9.8 Limiting Reactant Problems 272
9.9 Percent Yield 276
Chapter Summary 277 • Problem-Solving Organizer 278 • Key Terms 279
Exercises 279 • Chapter 9 Self-Test 283

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 xii Contents

10 Gases 285
Element 10: Neon

10.1 Properties of Gases 285

10.2 Atmospheric Pressure 286
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION The Greenhouse Effect 287
10.3 Variables Affecting Gas Pressure 289
10.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure–Volume Relationships 291
FEATURED SCIENTIST Robert Boyle 294
10.5 Charles’s Law: Volume–Temperature Relationships 294
10.6 Gay-Lussac’s Law: Pressure–Temperature Relationships 297
10.7 Combined Gas Law 299
Helpful Hint Gas Law Calculations 299
10.8 The Vapor Pressure Concept 301
10.9 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 302
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Top 10 Industrial Chemicals 306
10.10 Ideal Gas Behavior 306
10.11 Ideal Gas Law 308
A CLOSER LOOK Conceptualizing Gases 309
Chapter Summary 311 • Problem-Solving Organizer 312 • Key Terms 313
Exercises 314 • Chapter 10 Self-Test 317

11 Liquids and Solids 319

Element 11: Sodium

11.1 Properties of Liquids 320

A CLOSER LOOK Soda Ash 320
11.2 The Intermolecular Bond Concept 321
Helpful Hint Covalent Bonds vs. Intermolecular Bonds 322
11.3 Vapor Pressure, Boiling Point, Viscosity, and Surface Tension 322
11.4 Properties of Solids 326
11.5 Crystalline Solids 327
11.6 Changes of Physical State 329
11.7 Structure of Water 331
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Water Purification 332
11.8 Physical Properties of Water 332
11.9 Chemical Properties of Water 335
11.10 Hydrates 336
A CLOSER LOOK Bottled Water 339
Chapter Summary 340 • Key Terms 342 • Exercises 343 • Chapter 11 Self-Test 346

12 Chemical Bonding 348

Element 12: Magnesium

12.1 The Chemical Bond Concept 349

12.2 Ionic Bonds 350
12.3 Covalent Bonds 354

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 Contents  xiii

A CLOSER LOOKEpsom Salts 356

12.4 Electron Dot Formulas of Molecules 356
Helpful Hint Octet Rule Violations 360
12.5 Electron Dot Formulas of Polyatomic Ions 361
12.6 Polar Covalent Bonds 364
FEATURED SCIENTIST Linus Pauling 366
12.7 Nonpolar Covalent Bonds 368
12.8 Coordinate Covalent Bonds 369
12.9 Hydrogen Bonds 370
12.10 Shapes of Molecules 370
A CLOSER LOOK Diamond versus Graphite 373
Chapter Summary 374 • Key Terms 376 • Exercises 377 • Chapter 12 Self-Test 380

13 Solutions 382
Element 13: Aluminum

13.1 Gases in Solution 383

A CLOSER LOOK Deep-Sea Diving 384
13.2 Liquids in Solution 385
13.3 Solids in Solution 387
Helpful Hint Predicting Solubility 387
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Colloids 388
13.4 The Dissolving Process 389
13.5 Rate of Dissolving 390
13.6 Solubility and Temperature 391
13.7 Unsaturated, Saturated, and Supersaturated Solutions 392
13.8 Mass/Mass Percent Concentration 394
13.9 Molar Concentration 397
13.10 Dilution of a Solution 398
13.11 Solution Stoichiometry 400
Chapter Summary 401 • Problem-Solving Organizer 403 • Key Terms 404
Exercises 404 • Chapter 13 Self-Test 408

14 Acids and Bases 410

Element 14: Silicon

14.1 Properties of Acids and Bases 410

14.2 Arrhenius Acids and Bases 413
A CLOSER LOOK Ammonia Solution 415
14.3 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 417
FEATURED SCIENTIST Svante Arrhenius 417
Helpful Hint Acids and Bases 418
14.4 Acid–Base Indicators 418
14.5 Acid–Base Titrations 419
14.6 Acid–Base Standardization 422
14.7 Ionization of Water 425
14.8 The pH Concept 427
14.9 Advanced pH Calculations 429

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 xiv Contents

A CLOSER LOOK Acid Rain 432

14.10 Strong and Weak Electrolytes 433
14.11 Net Ionic Equations 435
Chapter Summary 438 • Problem-Solving Organizer 440 • Key Terms 441
Exercises 441 • Chapter 14 Self-Test 445

15 Advanced Problem Solving 447

Element 15: Phosphorus

15.1 Advanced Problem-Solving Strategies 448

Helpful Hint Problem Solving Methods 450
15.2 Concept Maps—Mole Relationships 451
15.3 Concept Maps—Stoichiometry 453
15.4 Multiple-Reaction Stoichiometry 455
15.5 Advanced Problem-Solving Examples 457
A CLOSER LOOK The International System of Units 462
Chapter Summary 463 • Key Terms 464 • Exercises 464 • Chapter 15 Self-Test 468

16 Chemical Equilibrium 470

Element 16: Sulfur

16.1 Collision Theory 471

16.2 Energy Profiles of Chemical Reactions 473
16.3 The Chemical Equilibrium Concept 477
16.4 General Equilibrium Constant, Keq 479
A CLOSER LOOK Nanotechnology 479
Helpful Hint Equilibrium Constants 479
16.5 Equilibria Shifts for Gases 483
16.6 Ionization Equilibrium Constant, Ki 487
16.7 Equilibria Shifts for Weak Acids and Bases 488
16.8 Solubility Product Equilibrium Constant, Ksp 490
16.9 Equilibria Shifts for Slightly Soluble Compounds 492
Chapter Summary 493 • Key Terms 495 • Exercises 496 • Chapter 16 Self-Test 498

17 Oxidation and Reduction 500

Element 17: Chlorine

17.1 Oxidation Numbers 501

17.2 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 506
17.3 Balancing Redox Equations: Oxidation Number Method 509
Helpful Hint Balance Mass and Charge 512
17.4 Balancing Redox Equations: Half-Reaction Method 513
Helpful Hint Balancing Redox Equations 513
Helpful Hint Balancing Half-Reactions 514
17.5 Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions 517
17.6 Voltaic Cells 519
17.7 Electrolytic Cells 522
A CLOSER LOOK Hybrid Vehicles 524
Chapter Summary 525 • Key Terms 526 • Exercises 527 • Chapter 17 Self-Test 529

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 Contents  xv

18 Nuclear Chemistry 531

Element 18: Argon

18.1 Natural Radioactivity 531

18.2 Nuclear Equations 532
18.3 Radioactive Decay Series 536
18.4 Radioactive Half-Life 538
18.5 Applications of Radionuclides 540
A CLOSER LOOK Nuclear Medicine 542
18.6 Induced Radioactivity 542
18.7 Nuclear Fission 544
A CLOSER LOOK Heavy Water 546
18.8 Nuclear Fusion 547
Helpful Hint Nuclear Fission vs. Nuclear Fusion 547
Chapter Summary 548 • Key Terms 549 • Exercises 550 • Chapter 18 Self-Test 552

19 Organic Chemistry 554

Element 19: Potassium

19.1 Hydrocarbons 554

Helpful Hint IUPAC vs. “Common Names” 556
19.2 Alkanes 556
19.3 Alkenes and Alkynes 560
19.4 Arenes 564
Helpful Hint Alkyl (R) vs. Aryl (Ar) Groups 566
Helpful Hint Multiple Functional Groups 566
19.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 566
19.6 Organic Halides 568
19.7 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 570
19.8 Amines 572
19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones 573
19.10 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides 575
A CLOSER LOOK Toxic Nail Polish 578
Chapter Summary 579 • Key Terms 581 • Exercises 582 • Chapter 19 Self-Test 585

20 Biochemistry 586
Element 20: Calcium

20.1 Biological Compounds 587

Helpful Hint Biomolecules 588
20.2 Proteins 589
20.3 Enzymes 594
20.4 Carbohydrates 595
20.5 Lipids 598
CHEMISTRY CONNECTION Vitamins 602

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 xvi Contents

20.6 Nucleic Acids 603

A CLOSER LOOK Left- and Right-Handed Molecules 606
Chapter Summary 607 • Key Terms 608 • Exercises 609 • Chapter 20 Self-Test 611

Appendices
A Weights and Measures A-1
B Physical Constants A-2
C Activity Series for Metals A-3
D Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds A-4
E Vapor Pressure of Water A-5
F Properties of Water A-6
G Answers to Concept Exercises A-7
H Answers to Key Term Exercies A-13
I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-15
J Answers to Chapter Self-Tests A-30

Glossary G-1
Photo Credits C-1
Index I-1

A01_CORW1377_08_SE_FM.indd 16 11/16/16 7:21 AM

 Close the learning loop with
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 —— Council, No. ——,
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to be held in ——, on the 3d Monday in November next. And by
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—— —— President of
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—— —— Secretary.

FORM OF NOTICE

From the Subordinate Council to the State Council, whenever any

Member of a Subordinate Council is expelled.

—— Council, No. ——,

—— county of ——, N. C.

To the President of the State Council of North Carolina:

Sir:—This is to inform you that at a meeting of this council, held on
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patriotic and good men, and (if expelled for violating his obligation)
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of age, and is by livelihood a ——.
 Duly certified, this the —— day of —— 185—, and in the —— year of
our national independence.

—— —— President of
—— Council, No. ——.

—— Secretary.

First Degree Council.

To be admitted to membership in this order, the applicant shall be

—
1st. Proposed and found acceptable.
2nd. Introduced and examined under the guarantee of secrecy.
3rd. Placed under the obligation which the order imposes.
4th. Required to enrol his name and place of residence.
5th. Instructed in the forms and usages and ceremonies of the
order.
6th. Solemnly charged as to the objects to be obtained, and his
duties.
[A recommendation of a candidate to this order shall be received
only from a brother of approved integrity. It shall be accompanied by
minute particulars as to name, age, calling, and residence, and by an
explicit voucher for his qualifications, and a personal pledge for his
fidelity. These particulars shall be recorded by the secretary in a book
kept for that purpose. The recommendation may be referred, and the
ballot taken at such time and in such a manner as the state council
may prescribe; but no communication shall be made to the candidate
until the ballot has been declared in his favor. Candidates shall be
received in the ante-room by the marshal and secretary.]

OUTSIDE.

Marshal.—Do you believe in a Supreme Being, the Creator and

Preserver of the universe?
 Ans.—I do.
Marshal.—Before proceeding further, we require a solemn
obligation of secrecy and truth. If you will take such an obligation,
you will lay your right hand upon the Holy Bible and cross.
(When it is known that the applicant is a Protestant, the cross may
be omitted, or affirmation may be allowed.)

OBLIGATION.

You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that you will never reveal
anything said or done in this room, the names of any persons
present, nor the existence of this society, whether found worthy to
proceed or not, and that all your declarations shall be true, so help
you God?
Ans.—“I do.”
Marshal.—Where were you born?
Marshal.—Where is your permanent residence?
(If born out of the jurisdiction of the United States, the answer
shall be written, the candidate dismissed with an admonition of
secrecy, and the brother vouching for him suspended from all the
privileges of the order, unless upon satisfactory proof that he has
been misinformed.)
Marshal.—Are you twenty-one years of age?
Ans.—“I am.”
Marshal.—Were you born of Protestant parents, or were you
reared under Protestant influence?
Ans.—“Yes.”
Marshal.—If married, is your wife a Roman Catholic?
(“No” or “Yes”—the answer to be valued as the Constitution of the
State Council shall provide.)
Marshal.—Are you willing to use your influence and vote only for
native-born American citizens for all offices of honor, trust, or profit
in the gift of the people, to the exclusion of all foreigners and aliens,
and Roman Catholics in particular, and without regard to party
predilections?
 Ans.—“I am.”

INSIDE.

(The marshal shall then repair to the council in session, and

present the written list of names, vouchers, and answers to the
president, who shall cause them to be read aloud, and a vote of the
council to be taken on each name, in such manner as prescribed by
its by-laws. If doubts arise in the ante-room, they shall be referred to
the council. If a candidate be dismissed, he shall be admonished to
secrecy. The candidates declared elected shall be conducted to seats
within the council, apart from the brethren. When all are present the
president by one blow of the gavel, shall call to order and say:)
President.—Brother marshal, introduce the candidates to the vice-
president.
Marshal.—Worthy Vice-President, I present to you these
candidates, who have duly answered all questions.
Vice-President, rising in his place.—Gentlemen, it is my office to
welcome you as friends. When you shall have assumed the patriotic
vow by which we are all bound, we will embrace you as brothers. I
am authorized to declare that our obligations enjoin nothing which is
inconsistent with the duty which every good man owes to his Creator,
his country, his family, or himself. We do not compel you, against
your convictions, to act with us in our good work; but should you at
any time wish to withdraw, it will be our duty to grant you a
dismissal in good faith. If satisfied with this assurance, you will rise
upon your feet (pausing till they do so), place the left hand upon the
breast, and raise the right hand towards heaven.
(The brethren to remain seated till called up.)

OBLIGATION.

In the presence of Almighty God and these witnesses, you do

solemnly promise and swear, that you will never betray any of the
secrets of this society, nor communicate them even to proper
candidates, except within a lawful council of the order; that you
never will permit any of the secrets of this society to be written, or in
any other manner made legible, except for the purpose of official
instruction; that you will not vote, nor give your influence for any
man for any office in the gift of the people, unless he be an American
born citizen, in favor of Americans ruling America, nor if he be a
Roman Catholic; that you will in all political matters, so far as this
order is concerned, comply with the will of the majority, though it
may conflict with your personal preference, so long as it does not
conflict with the Constitution of the United States of America, or that
of the state in which you reside; that you will not, under any
circumstances whatever, knowingly recommend an unworthy person
for initiation, nor suffer it to be done, if in your power to prevent it;
that you will not, under any circumstances, expose the name of any
member of this order, nor reveal the existence of such an association;
that you will answer an imperative notice issued by the proper
authority; obey the command of the state council, president, or his
deputy, while assembled by such notice, and respond to the claim of
a sign or cry of the order, unless it be physically impossible; and that
you will acknowledge the State Council of —— as the legislative head,
the ruling authority, and the supreme tribunal of the order in the
state of ——, acting under the jurisdiction of the National Council of
the United States of North America.
Binding yourself in the penalty of excommunication from the
order, the forfeiture of all intercourse with its members, and being
denounced in all the societies of the same, as a wilful traitor to your
God and your country.
(The president shall call up every person present, by three blows of
the gavel, when the candidates shall all repeat after the vice-
president in concert:)
All this I voluntarily and sincerely promise, with a full
understanding of the solemn sanctions and penalties.
Vice-President.—You have now taken solemn oaths, and made as
sacred promises as man can make, that you will keep all our secrets
inviolate; and we wish you distinctly to understand that he that takes
these oaths and makes these promises, and then violates them,
leaves the foul, the deep and blighting stain of perjury resting on his
soul.
 President.—(Having seated all by one blow of the gavel.)—Brother
Instructor, these new brothers having complied with the demand of
the order, are entitled to the secrets and privileges of the same. You
will, therefore, invest them with everything appertaining to the first
degree.
Instructor.—Brothers: the practices and proceedings in our order
are as follows:
We have pass-words necessary to be used to obtain admission to
our councils; forms for our conduct while there; means of
recognizing each other when abroad; means of mutual protection;
and methods for giving notices to members.
At the outer door you will[4] (make any ordinary alarm to attract
the attention of the outside sentinel).
When the wicket is opened you will pronounce the (words—what’s
the pass), in a whisper. The outside sentinel will reply (Give it), when
you will give the term pass-word and be admitted to the ante-room.
You will then proceed to the inner door and give (one rap). When the
wicket is opened, give your name, the number of, and location of
your council, the explanation of the term pass, and the degree pass-
word.
If these be found correct, you will be admitted; if not, your name
will be reported to the vice president, and must be properly vouched
for before you can gain admission to the council. You will then
proceed to the centre of the room and address the (President) with
the countersign, which is performed thus (placing the right hand
diagonally across the mouth). When this salutation is recognized,
you will quietly take your seat.
This sign is peculiar to this degree, and is never to be used outside
the council room, nor during the conferring of this degree. When
retiring, you will address the (Vice-President) in the same manner,
and also give the degree pass-word to the inside sentinel.
The “term pass-word” is (We are).
(The pass-word and explanation is to be established by each State
Council for its respective subordinates.)
The “explanation” of the “term pass,” to be used at the inner door,
is (our country’s hope).
The “degree pass-word” is (Native).
 The “traveling pass-word” is (The memory of our pilgrim fathers).
(This word is changed annually by the President of the National
Council of the United States, and is to be made and used only when
the brother is traveling beyond the jurisdiction of his own state,
district, or territory. It and all other pass-words must be
communicated in a whisper, and no brother is entitled to
communicate them to another, without authority from the presiding
officer.)
“The sign of recognition” is (grasping the right lappel of the coat
with the right hand, the fore finger being extended inwards).
The “answer” is given by (a similar action with the left hand).
The “grip” is given by (an ordinary shake of the hand).
The person challenging shall (then draw the fore finger along the
palm of the hand). The answer will be given by (a similar action
forming a link by hooking together the ends of the fore finger);
when the following conversation ensues—the challenging party first
saying (is that yours?). The answer, (it is). Then the response (how
did you get it?), followed by the rejoinder (it is my birthright).
Public notice for a meeting is given by means of a (piece of white
paper the shape of a heart).
(In cities[5] the *** of the *** where the meeting is to be held, will
be written legibly upon the notice; and upon the election day said ***
will denote the *** where your presence is needed. This notice will
never be passed, but will be *** or thrown upon the sidewalk with
a *** in the centre.)
If information is wanting of the object of the gathering, or of the
place, &c., the inquirer will ask of an undoubted brother (where’s
when?) The brother will give the information if possessed of it; if not
it will be yours and his duty to continue the inquiry, and thus
disseminate the call throughout the brotherhood.
If the color of the paper (be red), it will denote actual trouble,
which requires that you come prepared to meet it.
The “cry of distress”—to be used only in time of danger, or where
the American interest requires an immediate assemblage of the
brethren—is (oh, oh, oh). The response is (hio, hio, h-i-o).
 The “sign of caution”—to be given when a brother is speaking
unguardedly before a stranger—is (drawing the fore finger and
thumb together across the eyes, the rest of the hand being closed),
which signifies “keep dark.”
Brothers, you are now initiated into and made acquainted with the
work and organization of a council of this degree of the order; and
the marshal will present you to the worthy president for admonition.
President.—It has no doubt, been long apparent to you, brothers,
that foreign influence and Roman Catholicism have been making
steady and alarming progress in our country. You cannot have failed
to observe the significant transition of the foreigner and Romanist
from a character quiet, retiring, and even abject, to one bold,
threatening, turbulent, and despotic in its appearance and
assumptions. You must have become alarmed at the systematic and
rapidly augmenting power of these dangerous and unnatural
elements of our national condition. So it is, brothers, with others
beside yourselves in every state of the Union. A sense of danger has
struck the great heart of the nation. In every city, town, and hamlet,
the danger has been seen and the alarm sounded. And hence true
men have devised this order as a means of disseminating patriotic
principles, of keeping alive the fire of national virtue, of fostering the
national intelligence, and of advancing America and the American
interest on the one side, and on the other of checking the strides of
the foreigner or alien, or thwarting the machinations and subverting
the deadly plans of the papist and Jesuit.
Note.—The President shall impress upon the initiates the
importance of secrecy, the manner of proceeding in recommending
candidates for initiation, and the responsibility of the duties which
they have assumed.

Second Degree Council.

Marshal.—Worthy President: These brothers have been duly

elected to the second degree of this order. I present them to you for
obligation.
President.—Brothers: You will place your left hand upon your right
breast, and extend your right hand towards the flag of our country,
preparatory to obligation. (Each council room should have a neat
American flag festooned over the platform of the President.)

OBLIGATION.

You, and each of you, of your own free will and accord, in the
presence of Almighty God and these witnesses, your left hand resting
upon your right breast, and your right hand extended to the flag of
your country, do solemnly and sincerely swear, that you will not
under any circumstances disclose in any manner, nor suffer it to be
done by others, if in your power to prevent it, the name, signs, pass-
words, or other secrets of this degree, except in open council for the
purpose of instruction; that you will in all things conform to all the
rules and regulations of this order, and to the constitution and by-
laws of this or any other council to which you may be attached, so
long as they do not conflict with the Constitution of the United
States, nor that of the State in which you reside; that you will under
all circumstances, if in your power so to do, attend to all regular signs
or summons that may be thrown or sent to you by a brother of this or
any other degree of this order; that you will support in all political
matters, for all political offices, members of this order in preference
to other persons; that if it may be done legally, you will, when elected
or appointed to any official station conferring on you the power to do
so remove all foreigners, aliens, or Roman Catholics from office or
place, and that you will in no case appoint such to any office or place
in your gift. You do also promise and swear that this and all other
obligations which you have previously taken in this order shall ever
be kept through life sacred and inviolate. All this you promise and
declare, as Americans, to sustain and abide by, without any
hesitation or mental reservation whatever. So help you God and keep
you steadfast.
(Each will answer “I do.”)
President.—Brother Marshal, you will now present the brothers to
the instructor for instructions in the second degree of the order.
Marshal.—Brother Instructor, by direction of our worthy
president, I present these brothers before you that you may instruct
them in the secrets and mysteries of the second degree of the order.
 Instructor.—Brothers, in this degree we have an entering sign and
a countersign. At the outer door proceed (as in the first degree). At
the inner door you will make (two raps), and proceed as in the first
degree, giving the second degree pass-word, which is American,
instead of that of the first degree. If found to be correct, you will then
be admitted, and proceed (to the centre of the room), giving the
countersign, which is made thus (extending the right arm to the
national flag over the president, the palm of the hand being
upwards).
The sign of recognition in this degree is the same as in the first
degree, with the addition of (the middle finger), and the response to
be made in a (similar manner).
Marshal, you will now present the brothers to the worthy president
for admonition.
Marshal.—Worthy President, I now present these candidates to
you for admonition.
President.—Brothers, you are now duly initiated into the second
degree of this order. Renewing the congratulations which we
extended to you upon your admission to the first degree, we
admonish you by every tie that may nerve patriots, to aid us in our
efforts to restore the political institutions of our country to their
original purity. Begin with the youth of our land. Instil into their
minds the lessons of our country’s history—the glorious battles and
the brilliant deeds of patriotism of our fathers, through which we
received the inestimable blessings of civil and religious liberty. Point
them to the example of the sages and the statesmen who founded our
government. Implant in their bosoms an ardent love for the Union.
Above all else, keep alive in their bosoms the memory, the maxims,
and the deathless example of our illustrious Washington.
Brothers, recalling to your minds the solemn obligations which
you have severally taken in this and the first degree, I now
pronounce you entitled to all the privileges of membership in this the
second degree of our order.

Third Degree Council.

 Marshal.—Worthy President, these brothers having been duly
elected to the third degree of this order, I present them before you
for obligation.
President.—Brothers, you will place yourselves in a circle around
me, each one crossing your arms upon your breasts, and grasping
firmly each other’s hands, holding the right hand of the brother on
the right and the left hand of the brother on the left, so as to form a
circle, symbolical of the links of an unbroken chain, and of a ring
which has no end.
Note.—This degree is to be conferred with the national flag
elevated in the centre of the circle, by the side of the president or
instructor, and not on less than five at any one time, in order to give
it solemnity, and also for the formation of the circle—except in the
first instance of conferring it on the officers of the state and
subordinate councils, that they may be empowered to progress with
the work.
The obligation and charge in this degree may be given by the
president or instructor, as the president may prefer.

OBLIGATION.

You, and each of you, of your own free will and accord, in the
presence of Almighty God and these witnesses, with your hands
joined in token of that fraternal affection which should ever bind
together the States of this Union—forming a ring, in token of your
determination that, so far as your efforts can avail, this Union shall
have no end—do solemnly and sincerely swear [or affirm] that you
will not under any circumstances disclose in any manner, nor suffer
it to be done by others if in your power to prevent it, the name, signs,
pass-words, or other secrets of this degree, except to those to whom
you may prove on trial to be brothers of the same degree, or in open
council, for the purpose of instruction; that you do hereby solemnly
declare your devotion to the Union of these States; that in the
discharge of your duties as American citizens, you will uphold,
maintain, and defend it; that you will discourage and discountenance
any and every attempt, coming from any and every quarter, which
you believe to be designed or calculated to destroy or subvert it, or to
weaken its bonds; and that you will use your influence, so far as in
your power, in endeavoring to procure an amicable and equitable
adjustment of all political discontents or differences which may
threaten its injury or overthrow. You further promise and swear [or
affirm] that you will not vote for any one to fill any office of honor,
profit or trust of a political character, whom you know or believe to
be in favor of a dissolution of the Union of these States, or who is
endeavoring to produce that result; that you will vote for and support
for all political offices, third or union degree members of this order
in preference to all others; that if it may be done consistently with
the constitution and laws of the land, you will, when elected or
appointed to any official station which may confer on you the power
to do so, remove from office or place all persons whom you know or
believe to be in favor of a dissolution of the Union, or who are
endeavoring to produce that result; and that you will in no case
appoint such person to any political office or place whatever. All this
you promise and swear [or affirm] upon your honor as American
citizens and friends of the American Union, to sustain and abide by
without any hesitation or mental reservation whatever. You also
promise and swear [or affirm] that this and all other obligations
which you have previously taken in this order, shall ever be kept
sacred and inviolate. To all this you pledge your lives, your fortunes,
and your sacred honors. So help you God and keep you steadfast.
(Each one shall answer, “I do.”)
President.—Brother Marshal, you will now present the brothers to
the instructor for final instruction in this third degree of the order.
Marshal.—Instructor, by direction of our worthy president, I
present these brothers before you that you may instruct them in the
secrets and mysteries of this the third degree of our order.
Instructor.—Brothers, in this degree as in the second, we have an
entering pass-word, a degree pass-word, and a token of salutation. At
the outer door (make any ordinary alarm. The outside sentinel will
say U; you say ni; the sentinel will rejoin on). This will admit you to
the inner door. At the inner door you will make (three) distinct
(raps), Then announce your name, with the number (or name) and
location of the council to which you belong, giving the explanation to
the pass-word, which is (safe). If found correct, you will then be
admitted, when you will proceed to the centre of the room, and
placing the (hands on the breast with the fingers interlocked), give
the token of salutation, which is (by bowing to the president). You
will then quietly take your seat.
The sign of recognition is made by the same action as in the second
degree, with the addition of (the third finger), and the response is
made by (a similar action with the left hand).
(The grip is given by taking hold of the hand in the usual way, and
then by slipping the finger around on the top of the thumb; then
extending the little finger and pressing the inside of the wrist. The
person challenging shall say, do you know what that is? The answer
is yes. The challenging party shall say, further, what is it? The
answer is, Union.)
[The instructor will here give the grip of this degree, with
explanations, and also the true pass-word of this degree, which is
(Union).]

CHARGE.

To be given by the president.

Brothers, it is with great pleasure that I congratulate you upon
your advancement to the third degree of our order. The
responsibilities you have now assumed, are more serious and
weighty than those which preceded, and are committed to such only
as have been tried and found worthy. Our obligations are intended as
solemn avowals of our duty to the land that gave us birth; to the
memories of our fathers; and to the happiness and welfare of our
children. Consecrating to your country a spirit unselfish and a
fidelity like that which distinguished the patriots of the Revolution,
you have pledged your aid in cementing the bonds of a Union which
we trust will endure for ever. Your deportment since your initiation
has attested your devotion to the principles we desire to establish,
and has inspired a confidence in your patriotism, of which we can
give no higher proof than your reception here.
The dangers which threaten American liberty arise from foes
without and from enemies within. The first degree pointed out the
source and nature of our most imminent peril, and indicated the first
measure of safety. The second degree defined the next means by
which, in coming time, such assaults may be rendered harmless. The
third degree, which you have just received, not only reiterates the
lessons of the other two, but it is intended to avoid and provide for a
more remote, but no less terrible danger, from domestic enemies to
our free institutions.
Our object is briefly this:—to perfect an organization modeled after
that of the Constitution of the United States, and coextensive with
the confederacy. Its object and principles, in all matters of national
concern, to be uniform and identical whilst in all local matters the
component parts shall remain independent and sovereign within
their respective limits.
The great result to be attained—the only one which can secure a
perfect guarantee as to our future—is UNION; permanent, enduring,
fraternal UNION! Allow me, then, to impress upon your minds and
memories the touching sentiments of the Father of his Country, in
his Farewell Address:—
“The unity of government which constitutes you one people,” says
Washington, “is justly dear to you, for it is the main pillar in the
edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquillity at
home, of your peace abroad, of your safety, your prosperity—even
that liberty you so justly prize.
“* * * It is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the
immense value of your National Union, to your collective and
individual happiness. You should cherish a cordial, habitual, and
immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and
speak of it, as the palladium of your political safety and prosperity;
watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing
whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be
abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the dawning of every
attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to
enfeeble the sacred ties which now bind together the various parts.”
Let these words of paternal advice and warning, from the greatest
man that ever lived, sink deep into your hearts. Cherish them, and
teach your children to reverence them, as you cherish and reverence
the memory of Washington himself. The Union of these states is the
great conservator of that liberty so dear to the American heart.
Without it, our greatness as a nation would disappear, and our
boasted self-government prove a signal failure. The very name of
liberty, and the hopes of struggling freedom throughout the world,
must perish in the wreck of this Union. Devote yourselves, then, to
its maintenance, as our fathers did to the cause of independence;
consecrating to its support, as you have sworn to do, your lives, your
fortunes, and your sacred honors.
Brothers: Recalling to your minds the solemn obligations which
you have severally taken in this and the preceding degrees, I now
pronounce you entitled to all the privileges of membership in this
organization, and take pleasure in informing you that you are now
members of the order of (the American Union.)
American, Whig, Republican and Democratic
Nominations of 1856.

The American convention met the next day after the session of the
National Council of the Order, on the 22d February, 1856. It was
composed of 227 delegates; all the States being represented except
Maine, Vermont, Georgia and South Carolina. Hon. Millard Fillmore
was nominated for President, and Andrew J. Donelson for Vice-
President.
The Whig Convention met at Baltimore, September 17, 1856, and
endorsed the nominations made by the American party, and in its
platform declared that “without adopting or referring to the peculiar
doctrines of the party which has already selected Mr. Fillmore as a
candidate” * * * Resolved, that in the present exigency of political
affairs, we are not called upon to discuss the subordinate questions
of the administration in the exercising of the constitutional powers of
the government. It is enough to know that civil war is raging, and
that the Union is in peril; and proclaim the conviction that the
restoration of Mr. Fillmore to the Presidency will furnish the best if
not the only means of restoring peace.
The first National Convention of the new Republican party met at
Philadelphia, June 18, 1856, and nominated John C. Fremont for
President, and William L. Dayton for Vice-President. Since the
previous Presidential election, a new party consisting of the
disaffected former adherents of the other parties—Native and
Independent Democrats, Abolitionists, and Whigs opposed to slavery
—had sprung into existence, and was called by its adherents and
friends, the Republican party.
This convention of delegates assembled in pursuance of a call
addressed to the people of the United States, without regard to past
political differences or divisions, who were opposed to the repeal of
the Missouri Compromise. To the policy of President Pierce’s
administration: To the extension of slavery into free territory: In
favor of the admission of Kansas as a free State: Of restoring the
action of the federal government to the principles of Washington and
Jefferson.
 It adopted a platform, consisting of a set of resolutions, the
principal one of which was: “That we deny the authority of Congress,
of a territorial legislature, of any individual, or association of
individuals, to give legal existence to slavery in any territory of the
United States, while the present Constitution shall be maintained.”
And closed with a resolution: “That we invite the approbation and
co-operation of the men of all parties, however different from us in
other respects, in support of the principles herein declared; and
believing that the spirit of our institutions, as well as the Constitution
of our country, guaranties liberty of conscience and equality of rights
among citizens, we oppose all legislation impairing their security.”
The Democratic Convention, met at Cincinnati, in May 1856, and
nominated James Buchanan for President, and John C. Breckenridge
for Vice-President. It adopted a platform which contained the
material portions of all its previous platforms, and also defined its
position on the new issues of the day, and declared (1) that the
revenue to be raised should not exceed the actual necessary expenses
of the government, and for the gradual extinction of the public debt;
(2) that the Constitution does not confer upon the general
government the power to commence and carry on a general system
of internal improvements; (3) for a strict construction of the powers
granted by the Constitution to the federal government; (4) that
Congress has no power to charter a national bank; (5) that Congress
has no power to interfere with slavery in the States and Territories;
the people of which have the exclusive right and power to settle that
question for themselves. (6) Opposition to native Americanism.
At the election which followed, in November, 1856, the Democratic
candidates were elected, though by a popular minority vote, having
received 1,838,160 popular votes, and 174 electoral votes, against
2,215,768 popular votes, and 122 electoral votes for John C.
Fremont, the Republican candidate, and Mr. Fillmore, the Whig and
American candidate.
The aggregate vote cast for Mr. Fillmore, who was the nominee on
both the Whig and American tickets, was 874,534, and his electoral
vote was eight; that of the State of Maryland. This was the last
national election at which the Whigs appeared as a party, under that
name; they having joined with the American and with the
Republican parties, and finally united with the latter after the
downfall and extinction of the former. In the State elections of that
year, (1856) the American party carried Rhode Island and Maryland;
and in the 35th Congress, which met in December, 1857, the party
had 15 to 20 Representatives and five Senators. When the 36th
Congress met, in 1859, it had become almost a border State or
Southern party, having two Senators; one from Kentucky and one
from Maryland; and 23 Representatives, five from Kentucky, seven
from Tennessee, three from Maryland, one from Virginia, four from
North Carolina, two from Georgia, and one from Louisiana. The
American party had none of the elements of persistence. It made
another desperate effort, however, in the next Presidential campaign,
but having failed to carry the South, disappeared finally from
politics.
The new Republican party polled a very large vote—1,341,234 out
of a total vote of 4,053,928—and its candidates received 114 votes out
of 296, in the electoral college; having secured majorities in all the
free States, except Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and
California.
The successful candidate, Mr. James Buchanan, was duly
inaugurated as President of the United States, and entered upon the
discharge of his duties as such, March 4, 1857.
After the election of November, 1856, the Republican Association
of Washington issued an address to the people, in which the results
of the election were examined, and the future policy of the party
stated. It is an interesting paper, as laying the foundation of the
campaign of 1860, which followed, and is here given in full:
 “Republican Association of Washington.

Address to the Republicans of the United States.

“Washington, Nov. 27, 1856.

“The Presidential contest is over, and at last we have some materials to enable us
to form a judgment of the results.
“Seldom have two parties emerged from a conflict with less of joy in the victors,
more of hope in the vanquished. The pro-slavery party has elected its Presidential
candidate, only, however, by the votes of a minority, and that of such a character as
to stamp the victory as the offspring of sectionalism and temporary causes. The
Republicans, wherever able to present clearly to the public the real issue of the
canvass—slavery restriction or slavery extension—have carried the people with
them by unprecedented majorities; almost breaking up in some States the
organization of their adversaries. A sudden gathering together of the people,
alarmed at the inroads of the slave power, rather than a well organized party, with
but a few months to attend to the complicated details of party warfare; obstructed
by a secret Order, which had pre-occupied the field, and obtained a strong hold of
the national and religious prejudices of the masses; opposed to an old party,
commencing the canvass with the united support of a powerful section, hardened
by long party drill, accustomed to victory, wielding the whole power of the federal
administration—a party which only four years ago carried all but four of the States,
and a majority of the popular vote—still, under all these adverse circumstances,
they have triumphed in eleven, if not twelve of the free States, pre-eminent for
enterprise and general intelligence, and containing one-half of the whole
population of the country; given to their Presidential candidate nearly three times
as many electoral votes as were cast by the Whig party in 1852; and this day control
the governments of fourteen of the most powerful States of the Union.
“Well may our adversaries tremble in the hour of their victory. ‘The Democratic
and Black Republican parties,’ they say, ‘are nearly balanced in regard to power.
The former was victorious in the recent struggle, but success was hardly won, with
the aid of important accidental advantages. The latter has abated nothing of its
zeal, and has suffered no pause in its preparations for another battle.’
“With such numerical force, such zeal, intelligence, and harmony in counsel;
with so many great States, and more than a million voters rallied to their standard
by the efforts of a few months, why may not the Republicans confidently expect a
victory in the next contest?
 “The necessity for their organization still exists in all its force. Mr. Buchanan has
always proved true to the demands of his party. He fully accepted the Cincinnati
platform, and pledged himself to its policy—a policy of filibustering abroad,
propagandism at home. Prominent and controlling among his supporters are men
committed, by word and deed, to that policy; and what is there in his character, his
antecedents, the nature of his northern support, to authorize the expectation that
he will disregard their will? Nothing will be so likely to restrain him and counteract
their extreme measures, as a vigorous and growing Republican organization, as
nothing would be more necessary to save the cause of freedom and the Union,
should he, as we have every reason to believe, continue the pro-slavery policy of
the present incumbent. Let us beware of folding our arms, and waiting to see what
he will do. We know the ambition, the necessities, the schemes of the slave power.
Its policy of extension and aggrandizement and universal empire, is the law of its
being, not an accident—is settled, not fluctuating. Covert or open, moderate or
extreme, according to circumstances, it never changes in spirit or aim. With Mr.
Buchanan, the elect of a party controlled by this policy, administering the
government, the safety of the country and of free institutions must rest in the
organization of the Republican party.
“What, then, is the duty before us? Organization, vigilance, action; action on the
rostrum, through the press, at the ballot-box; in state, county, city, and town
elections; everywhere, at all times; in every election, making Republicanism, or
loyalty to the policy and principles it advocates, the sole political test. No primary
or municipal election should be suffered to go by default. The party that would
succeed nationally must triumph in states—triumph in the state elections, must be
prepared by municipal success.
“Next to the remaining power in the states already under their control, let the
Republicans devote themselves to the work of disseminating their principles, and
initiating the true course of political action in the states which have decided the
election against them. This time we have failed, for reasons nearly all of which may
be removed by proper effort. Many thousand honest, but not well-informed voters,
who supported Mr. Buchanan under the delusive impression that he would favor
the cause of free Kansas will soon learn their mistake, and be anxious to correct it.
The timid policy of the Republicans in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, in
postponing their independent action, and temporizing with a party got up for
purposes not harmonizing with their own, and the conduct of Mr. Fillmore’s
friends in either voting for Mr. Buchanan, or dividing the opposition by a separate
ticket, can hardly be repeated again. The true course of the Republicans is to
organize promptly, boldly, and honestly upon their own principles, so clearly set
forth in the Philadelphia platform, and, avoiding coalitions with other parties,
appeal directly to the masses of all parties to ignore all organizations and issues
which would divert the public mind from the one danger that now threatens the
honor and interests of the country, and the subtlety of the Union—slavery
propagandism allied with disunionism.