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CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
Appreciating Cultural Diversity
Required=Results
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Also Available from McGraw-Hill by Conrad Phillip Kottak Anthropology:
Appreciating
Human Diversity,
17th ed. (2017)
Window on
Humanity: A Concise
Introduction to
Anthropology,
7th ed. (2016)
Culture,
2nd ed. (2014, with
Lisa L. Gezon)
On Being
Different:
Diversity and
Multiculturalism
in the North
American
Mainstream,
4th ed. (2012, with
Kathryn A. Kozaitis)
Assault on
Paradise: The
Globalization of a
Little Community
in Brazil,
4th ed. (2006)
cultural APPRECIATING
anthropology
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
SEVENTEENTH EDITION
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not
indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee
the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
www.mhhe.com
contents in brief
List of Boxes xvi
About the Author xviii
Preface xx
PA R T 1 Introduction to Anthropology
1 WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? 1
2 CULTURE 17
3 METHOD AND THEORY IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 35
v
contents
1 What Is Anthropology? 1
INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
General Anthropology 4
vi
2 Culture 17
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 18
What Is Culture? 18
Culture Is Learned 19
Culture Is Symbolic 19
Culture Is Shared 20
Culture and Nature 20
Culture Is All-Encompassing 21
Culture Is Integrated 21
Culture Is Instrumental, Adaptive, and
Maladaptive 22
Culture’s Evolutionary Basis 22
What We Share with Other Primates 23
How We Differ from Other Primates 23
Universality, Generality, and Particularity 24
Universals and Generalities 24
Particularity: Patterns of Culture 25
Culture and the Individual: Agency and
Practice 26
Levels of Culture 26
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Globalization 31
Human Rights 27 Globalization: Its Meaning and Its Nature 32
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Who Owns Summary 33
Culture? 28
Key Terms 34
Mechanisms of Cultural Change 31
Critical Thinking 34
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 36
Contents vii
Ethnographic Perspectives 42 Evolutionism Returns 51
Emic and Etic 42 Cultural Materialism 52
Expansion in Analytic Scale 43 Cultural Determinism: Culturology, the
Online Ethnography 43 Superorganic, and Social Facts 53
Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology 53
Survey Research 44
Structuralism 54
Doing Anthropology Right and Wrong: Processual Approaches 55
Ethical Issues 45
World-System Theory and Political
The Code of Ethics 46 Economy 55
Anthropologists and Terrorism 46 Culture, History, Power 57
Theory in Anthropology over Time 47
Anthropology Today 57
Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism 47
Summary 58
Historical Particularism 48
Functionalism 49 Key Terms 59
4 Applying Anthropology 60
APPRECIATING CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Urban Anthropology 68
Medical Anthropology 69
Disease-Theory Systems 70
Scientific Medicine versus Western
Medicine 71
Industrialization, Globalization,
and Health 71
Development Anthropology 64
Equity 65
Negative Equity Impact 65
viii Contents
5 Language and Communication 79
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 80
What Is Language? 80
Contents ix
Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities 118 FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: The Gray and the
Ethnic Diversity by Region 118 Brown 122
x Contents
8 Political Systems 152
9 Gender 175
Contents xi
Beyond Male and Female 190 Summary 196
11 Marriage 216
xii Contents
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: What Anthropologists Polygyny 230
Could Teach the Supreme Court about the Polyandry 231
Definition of Marriage 226
The Online Marriage Market 231
Gifts at Marriage 226
Durable Alliances 228 Summary 233
12 Religion 235
Contents xiii
13 Arts, Media, and Sports 254
Inequality 278
Industrialization 281
Causes of the Industrial Revolution 281
Socioeconomic Changes Associated with the
Industrial Revolution 282
Industrial Stratification 282
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: Where in the World Are
the Jobs? 284
The Persistence of Inequality 284
Wealth Distribution in the
PART 3
xiv Contents
Commercial Expansion and European APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Is Mining
Imperialism 288 Sustainable? 294
The British Colonial Empire 288 The Second World 296
French Colonialism 289 Communism 296
Colonialism and Identity 290 Postsocialist Transitions 296
Postcolonial Studies 290
The World System Today 297
Development 291
Summary 298
Neoliberalism 292
Key Terms 299
NAFTA’s Economic Refugees 292
Critical Thinking 299
Contents xv
list of boxes
appreciating ANTHROPOLOGY
Anorexia Goes Global 14 American Family Life in the 21st I’ll Get You, My Pretty, and
Century 206 Your Little R2 266–267
I Wish They All Could Be California
Vowels 92–93 What Anthropologists Could Teach the Is Mining Sustainable? 294–295
Supreme Court about the Definition of
Hidden Women, Public Men—Public Marriage 226
Women, Hidden Men 192–193
appreciating DIVERSITY
Who Owns Culture? 28–29 Why Are the Greens So White? 113 Asian American Musicians:
Internet Stars, Mainstream
Even Anthropologists Get Culture Scarcity and the Betsileo 144–145
Wannabes 260
Shock 38–39
Social Security, Kinship Style
Diversity under Siege:
Culturally Appropriate Marketing 75 202–203
Global Forces and Indigenous
Words of the Year 88 This New-Time Religion 248 Peoples 302–303
xvi
chapter outline HUMAN DIVERSITY
Adaptation, Variation, and
Change
Cultural Forces Shape
Human Biology
GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY
understanding OURSELVES
W
THE SUBDISCIPLINES OF
ANTHROPOLOGY hen you grew up, which sport much as do nutrition, heat, cold, and altitude.
Cultural Anthropology did you appreciate the most— Culture also guides our emotional and cognitive
Anthropological soccer, swimming, football, growth and helps determine the kinds of person-
Archaeology baseball, tennis, golf, or some alities we have as adults.
Biological Anthropology other sport (or perhaps none at all)? Is this Among scholarly disciplines, anthropology
Linguistic Anthropology because of “who you are” or because of the stands out as the field that provides the cross-
opportunities you had as a child to practice cultural test. How much would we know about
APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY
and participate in this particular activity? Think human behavior, thought, and feeling if we
ANTHROPOLOGY AND about the phrases and sentences you would studied only our own kind? What if our entire
OTHER ACADEMIC FIELDS use to describe yourself in a personal ad or on understanding of human behavior were based
Cultural Anthropology and a networking site—your likes and dislikes, on analysis of questionnaires filled out by col-
Sociology hobbies, and habits. How many of these lege students in Oregon? That is a radical ques-
Anthropology and descriptors would be the same if you had been tion, but one that should make you think about
Psychology
born in a different place or time? the basis for statements about what humans are
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD When you were young, your parents might like, individually or as a group. A primary reason
Theories, Associations, have told you that drinking milk and eating veg- anthropology can uncover so much about what
and Explanations etables would help you grow up “big and it means to be human is that the discipline is
Case Study: Explaining strong.” They probably didn’t recognize as read- based on the cross-cultural perspective. A sin-
the Postpartum Taboo ily the role that culture plays in shaping bodies, gle culture simply cannot tell us everything we
The Value, and personalities, and personal health. If nutrition need to know about what it means to be human.
Limitations, of Science matters in growth, so, too, do cultural guidelines. We need to compare and contrast. Often culture
What is proper behavior for boys and girls? What is “invisible” (assumed to be normal, or just the
kinds of work should men and women do? way things are) until it is placed in comparison
Where should people live? What are proper uses to another culture. For example, to appreciate
of their leisure time? What role should religion how watching television affects us, as human
play? How should people relate to their family, beings, we need to study not just North America
friends, and neighbors? Although our genetic today but some other place—and perhaps some
attributes provide a foundation for our growth other time (such as Brazil in the 1980s; see
and development, human biology is fairly plas- Kottak 1990b, 2009). The cross-cultural test is
tic—that is, it is malleable. Culture is an environ- fundamental to the anthropological approach,
mental force that affects our development as which orients this textbook.
2
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SODAN KOIRAT
Kun juttu oli ohi ja hän huomasi vielä olevansa elossa, vaikkakin
veriin piestynä, hän tunnusti saaneensa hieman enemmän kuin oli
ansainnut, ja lupasi kyynelsilmin, että läksy ei jäisi tuloksettomaksi.
Sanders, jolla ei ollut asiasta enempää sanottavaa, lähetti hänet
töihinsä.
Tähän olisi juttu loppunut, ellei olisi ollut lulungolaisia, jotka asuvat
kaukana pohjoisessa ja joille heidän miehensä vankina pitäminen on
casus belli.
Ensimmäinen protestanteilta:
»Losebin lähetysasema.
»Ebendo-joki.
Äkkiä —
— Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!
Lähetti ei vastannut.
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