CALCULATION SUPPORT BOOKLET IGCSE SciencesConverting between units Converting between Metric Units: Converting between Metric Units: Length Mass *1000 100 *10 «1000 *1000 *1000 a Te a oo kg e* a +1000 or aoe +1000 +1000 +1000 1000? x10? =x 10 mg. fee km3 m3 cm? mm wae JE MeN Nt {OO +1000° +1008 +10 +1000 VOLUME comeronsise poner fo wa eae very re es Metric Units for Metric Units for Mass Length What You Need To Know Poe enony * milligram = mg, + Millimetres = mm + Gram=g + Centimetres = cm + Kilogram = kg Mens +Tonne=¢ + Kilometres = km ‘img = 0.001g 100mg = 0.13 1000mg= 1g 100g = O.1kg 10005 = the tole T a aereIGCSE Biology Calculation support Biology calculations. Calculating magnification of cells Mean (average) Percentage / percentage difference Ratios Mass / changes in mass Calculations using a given formula Area Surface area to volume ratios Surface area Length SEPNowayn=Calculating magnification Worked example An image of an animal cell is 30 mm in size and it has been magnified by a factor of x 3000. What is the actual size of the cell? M Figure 19 shows a diagram of a red blood cell from a turtle and a diagram of a red blood cell rena > turtle human Figure 19 (i) The actual length of the red blood cell from a turtle is 20.5 ym. Calculate the length of the magnified image of the red blood cell of the turtle when magnified 400 (ii) The width of the human red blood cell, when magnified 400 x, is 3.08 mm, Calculate the actual width of the cell and show your answer in standard formCalculat n Questions Q1. The table shows the scientists’ data. ‘Mean number of | Mean dry mass lela ‘organisms ing prod 592 8210 primary consumer o 370 secondary consumer 3s 1060 tertiary consumer 3 240 (b) The mass of organisms at each trophic level is called the biomass. The percentage of biomass in the producers that is transferred to the primary consumers is 4.5%. (i) Calculate the percentage of biomass in the secondary consumers that is transferred to the tertiary consumers. percentage = % (Q04 4811/18, June 2022) Q2. Lipase inhibitors are chemicals that bind to lipase enzymes. To test the effect of a lipase inhibitor, equal masses of fll fat milk are placed into two test tubes. Lipase inhibitor is added to one test tube, Lipase is added to both test tubes and the pH of each solution is measured every five minutes. The results are shown in the table pH of solution Imminutes wiehout lipase inhibitor | with lipase inhibitor ° 80 80 5 76 78 10 72 78 15 63 2 20 58 75 (i) Calculate the mean rate of pH change per minute of the solution without lipase inhibitor. mean rate of pH change per minute (Q04 4B11/1BR, Jan 2022)Q3. In 1995, 14 wolves were reintroduced to this region The diagram shows the change in wolf population from 1996 to 2016. 200 150) Wolf population 100: 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Year (i) Calculate the percentage change in the wolf population between 1996 and 2004. (2) % percentage chang (Q03 4811/1BR, June 2022) Q4. The data in the table shows how the mean maximum lung volume changes with age for males and females oerynrs| Mes mannan ung volume! oo 3 210) 208 rs a 330 | 50 4s | 340 |» 300) 2D (li) Calculate the increase in mean maximum lung volume for males between the ages of 7 and 25. O} dm (Q11 4B11/1B, June 0) increaseQ5. A study investigates the effect of training on athletic performance. In the study, the number of capillaries in the muscle tissue of a person is measured before and after a six- week period of training, () The table shows the results Mean number of capillaries per mm? beforetaining | after training 437 460 (b) The diameter of a capillary is 8.0 ym and the diameter of the aorta is 25.0 mm. 1000 ym = 1 mm. {i) Calculate the ratio of the diameter of the aorta to the diameter of the capillary. Show your working ratio = (Q03 4811/1B, June 0) Q6. Blood consists of cells and plasma (b) The diagram shows a white blood cell called a phagocyte. {i) The magnification of the cell is calculated using this formula diameter of collin diagram smagniiation = ia actual diameter of cll The actual diameter of the call is 0.013 mm. Calculate the magnification of the cell magnification = ..nneennen (Q10 4B1/1BR, Jan 2021)Q7. Large quantities of food are wasted every year. Waste food needs to be disposed of using methods that do not harm the environment. The table shows the mass of each gas released into the air from three different methods of waste disposal. Mass of each gas released into the alr from 1000kg of wast food Method of waste inks disposal ‘carbon dienide | carbon monoxide | methane | sulfur dlonde anaerobic cigester ” oo 305 023 burying intonasat | 220 600 1470 om uring 680 0059 a2 008 (a) Calculate how much carbon dioxide would be released from 125 kg of waste food when using an anaerobic digester. Give your answer to two significant figures, mass of carbon dioxide released = kg (Q09 4B11/1BR, Jan 2022) Q8. Cow's milk contains a mixture of nutrients, including protein, fat, sugar, vitamins, and minerals, (b) Some people drink a milk alternative produced from plants, such as soy and rice, instead of milk produced by animals. The table shows nutritional information for different milk products, Nutrient content in 228g of milk Mik product Te Ce LS ce meray | protein | fat. carbohydrate | calcium ng inmg ing ing cow we | 8 80 n 250 *y 0 8 40 ‘ 300 ee 0 1 25 1“ ° (i) The recommended daily amount of calcium for a child is 1400 mg. Calculate the mass of cow's milk that would contain 1400 mg of calcium mass 9 (Q04 4811/1, Jan 2023)Q9. Cholesterol is needed in the diet for making cell membranes. Too much cholesterol is a health risk because fatty deposits build up in arteries. The lumen of an artery had a diameter of 4.0 mm before the build-up of a fatty deposit. ‘The fatty deposit covers 45% of the original area of the lumen. Calculate the area in mm? of the lumen that is available for blood flow. {area of the lumen = 11] [w= 3.14] ares vnnnntnnnisennnnne (c) A scientist tests the blood cholesterol concentration in a sample of men between 25 and 34 years old. The scientist groups the men in ranges of blood cholesterol concentration and counts the number of men in each range. The table gives the scientist's results. Range of blood cholesterol concentration | Number of men. inmg per em? ineach range 000 119 3 12010 159 150 160 0 199 an 2000 239 209 240t0 279 ns 28010 319 4 32010 359 ° 3600 299 5 (ii) Which range of blood cholesterol levels is the mode for this sample? A 8010119 EB 80to379 E ¢ 160to 199 E D 360 to 399 (li) A blood cholesterol level greater than 239 mg per 100 cm? means a person has a higher risk of heart disease. Calculate the percentage of men in the sample at a higher risk of heart disease. percentage = % (Q06 4811/1B, Nov 2021)Q10. The table shows data on crops grown and pesticide used in Norway in 2011 to Crop type crop oreo ink? potato 18 vegetable onion 7 earot B ssrawber 4 frit ~ apple a rmeadous | meadows for mowing and pastures | 6207 boley 1450 ome 604 corals spring wheat sea winter wheat 19 (b) Determine which crop had the largest area sprayed with herbicide, ‘Show your working, Percentage of area sprayed with ‘och type of pesticide () herbicide 2 *” 2 R 96 largest area = Q11. A study investigates the effect of training on athletic performance. crop fungicide 8 % 2 e 0 24 % Insecticide “0 26 a 0 70 0 km’ (Q08 4811/18, Jan 2021) In the study, the number of capillaries in the muscle tissue of a person is measured before and after a six- week period of training. (2) The table shows the results. Mean number of capillaries per mm? before taining | after training 477 460 (b) The diameter of a capillary is 8.0 um and the diameter of the aorta is 25.0 mm. 1000 ym = 1 mm ()) Calculate the ratio of the diameter of the aorta to the diameter of the capillary. ‘Show your working. ratio = (Q03 48S0/1B, SAM 0)Q12. A study investigates the effect of training on athletic performance. In the study, the number of capillaries in the muscle tissue of a person is measured before and after a six- week period of training, (@) The table shows the results. Meen numberof capillaries per min? beforetaining | ater taining 47 460 (b) The diameter of a capillary is 8.0 ym and the diameter of the aorta is 25.0 mm. 1000 um = 1 mm (i) Calculate the ratio of the diameter of the aorta to the diameter of the capillary. ‘Show your working, ratio (Q03 4SS0/1B, SAM 0) 13. A student uses this method to investigate the movement of molecules by diffusion. * cut three different sized cubes, A, B, and C, from a block of clear agar jellycube A has sides 2 cm 2emx 2m cube B has sides 1 om x 1 cm x 1 cm cube C has sides 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.5 om YD a place each cube in a beaker of red dye solution for five minutes remove the cubes from the dye solution wash the surface of each cube with water and dry with filter paper ‘cut each cube in half and examine the newly cut surfaces (c) The table gives some information about cubes A, B and C. Cube | Side incm | Surface areaincm” | Volumein cm’ Surface areate volume ratio 2 | te 60 19 61 c | os 5 ans a (i) Calculate the surface area of cube A. surface area = om’(ii) Complete the table by calculating the surface area to volume ratio for cube A. (1) (ii) The diagram shows the newly cut surfaces of the cubes. LJ O a cube a cube 8 cube C Using a ruler, determine the distance the red dye has diffused into the cubes, ) distance mm. (Q06 4SS0/1B, Nov 2021) Q14. A student investigates the effect of diferent concentrations of sucrose on potato tissue. The student first makes a series of sucrose solutions using this dilution table. Volume of 1m: Volume of | Concentration of Testtube sucrose solution’ distilled water sucrose solution nem nem" in mole perlitre 1 2» ° 19 2 6 08 a 2 8 06 4 a 2 oa 5 4 16 02 6 ° 20 00 (a) Complete the table by writing the volume of distilled water for test tube 2. (1) ‘Concentration of Percentage Sencentrem of Original Finalmass_| Changeinmass | "ercetaae inmoleperlitre | ™Fim9 ing oo mass (6) 10 21 18 -03 4 08 21 19 -02 95 06 22 2 ey 00 oa 22 23 02 21 2 aa 48 00 21 23 02 9s (i) Calculate the percentage change in mass for the 0.4 mole per litre sucrose solution. (2) percentage change a % (Q02 4B11/1B, Nov 2023)Q15. The woodland covered a total area of 5 km? A scientist investigates the number of mice and owls in the woodland. He counts the number of mice and owis on the same summer day each year for five years, The table shows the scientists results Year| Number of mice | Number of ovis in perkm? entire woodland 1 2x10 10 2 2x10 2 # 3x10 2 ‘ 5x10 6 5 Txt 14 (i) Calculate the number of mice in the total area of woodland in year 3. number of mice (Q04 4BI1/1BR, Nov 2020) Q16. All organisms carry out some form of reproduction such as asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. The male reproductive system in humans produces sperm in a liquid called semen. The production of sperm changes with age A scientist investigates how age affects mean semen volume and sperm concentration in one ejaculation. ‘The table shows the results of the investigation. Agein years 16-20 31-33 | 34-36 37-29 | 40-43 | 44-47 48-72 mean semen volume mean sperm concentration in milions per cm? mean numberof sperm released in millions aas | aaa aas 230 | 322 | 292 | 249 ers | 642 | 661 | 61 | 621 | 624 | 559 22 | 2a | 2s | 22 we2 | 42 {i) Calculate the mean number of sperm released in one ejaculation from men aged 40-43, mean number of sperm = million(lil) Calculate the percentage decrease in mean number of sperm between men aged 37-39 and men aged 48-72 percentage change = % (Q08 4811/18, Nov 2021) Q18. Table 2 shows the recommended daily amounts (RDA) of some dietary components for a person. Table 2 also shows the actual amounts of these dietary components in a person's diet in one day. Amount of dietary component Energy Protein Vitamin A | Vitamin€ Calcium tron Fibre ind ing inmginmginmg’ nm ing ROA 20 4 on | 6s ms Distofperson 2700 46072, 2 m > 6 Table? (i) One 100 g serving of lentils provides 25 g of protein. Calculate the mass of lentils that contains 46 g of protein. mass of lentils 9 (Q06 4B11/1BR, June 2022) 19. The photograph shows a type of fish called a salmon, (sures © AloxanderRas/Shterstoc ‘Some humans eat salmon as a source of protein. Protei ‘a component of a balanced diet. (c) A student investigates the effect of genetic modification on the growth of salmon. ‘The student measures the mass and length of one normal salmon and one genetically modified salmon when both salmon are 18 months old, The table shows the student's results. Type of salmon Massing | Length inem normal 1250 3 genetically modified 3000 or(i) Itis recommended that a 15-year-old person needs 50 g of protein per day for a balanced diet. Anormal salmon contains 20% protein. Calculate how many 15-year-olds can have their recommended daily allowance of protein supplied by the 18-month-old normal salmon. number (Q02 4B11/1B, June 2019) Q20. A scientist investigates the effect of exercise on the ventilation rate of a person. (i) Ata cycling speed of 35 km per hour the person has a breathing rate of 25 breaths per minute. They also have a ventilation rate of 65 dm? per minute, Calculate the volume of air, in cm®, in each breath, [1 dm? = 1000 cm®] volume = cm? (Q04 4BI1/1BR, June 2022) 21. A student uses this apparatus to investigate the effect o in pondweed, The table shows the student's results. light intensity on the rate of gas production Distence of amp | Number of bubbles released per minute ‘from beaker fine Count! Count2 | Count3_ Mean (average) 1 20 20 19 20 3 20 18 18 19 5 “4 6 16 7 ° 10 " 10 9 4 5 5 5 n 2 3 1 2 () Complete the table by calculating the mean number of bubbles released per minute at a distance of Bem. mean number (Q02 4880/18, June 2021)22. Farmers can keep their animals indoors or outdoors. The student repeats the investigation six times and calculates the mean temperature of the water for each beaker. The table shows the student's result. ‘Mean temperature of waterin°C Time in minutes uncovered covered ° 80 80 30 40 “4 (c) Calculate the difference between the percentage decrease in temperature for the uncovered beaker and the percentage decrease in temperature for the covered beaker. difference = % (Q05 4811/18, Jan 2021) 23. The table lists values that can be obtained in practical investigations (b) The diagram shows a red blood cell viewed through a microscope. (Source: rtm. Gatisttertock The actual width of this red blood cell is 8 ym. The magnification of this red blood cell can be calculated using this formula. magnification «with lin drawing 3 actual width of cell Calculate the magnification of this red blood cell. magnification (Q01 4B11/1B, June 2021)24, A student studies the organisms in a pond community The table shows the number of organisms per m? at different trophic levels in a pond community. It also shows the total biomass of these organisms per m?. me Total biomass ing perm secondary consumers 100 10 primary consumers 1510" 25 producers, 7210” Ws (i) Calculate the mean mass in g of a single primary consumer. Give your answer in standard form. mean mass (Q06 4B11/1B, June 2021) Q25. A student uses this method to investigate osmosis in potato tissue. ‘Osmosis is affected by the surface area and volume of the cylinders, so the student keeps the original surface area and volume of each cylinder the same. At the start of the experiment each cylinder had a radius of 0.25 cm and a length of 5.0 cm. (i) Calculate the surface area of each cylinder using this formula. surface area = 2rd +27? [l= length of cylinder, r = radius of cylinder and 1 = 3.14] surface area = om’ (c) The table shows the student's results for the mass of the oylinders. Sn ee ee ST ee ‘a a sted water [a s 02(li) The student also measured the change in length of each potato cylinder. ‘Assuming the length has the same percentage change as the mass, calculate the final length of the cylinder in the concentrated sucrose solution. length cm (Q06 4811/1B, Jan 2023) 26. In some countries, snails are farmed as a source of protein. The photograph shows a snail (Sour (a) A scientist investigates the effect of temperature on the growth of snails. The scientist measures the mean (average) shell height of groups of snails kept at three different temperatures for 24 weeks. AL/Shuttentock| The table shows the scientist's results Timein Mean shell height in mm weeks ate atisec | at23°c ° 150 150 150 a 152 158 70 16 155 168 204 24 164 182 28 (b) Assimilation efficiency is the percentage of food that is eaten and not egested as faeces. Assimilation efficiency is calculated using this formuta. ‘mass of food eaten — mass of faeces egested ‘mass offood eaten {i) A snail eats 1.2 g of food and produces 0.30 g of faeces. assimilation efficiency (9) = x 100 Calculate the assimilation efficiency of this snail assimilation efficiency = % (Q07 4B11/1BR, Jan 2021)27. The diagram shows an insect transferring pollen grains from flower P to flower Q. (i) The graph shows the change in the length of a pollen tube over a 180 minute period. 6.00 5.00 4.00 Length of / pollen tube 3.00 200 1.00 0.00 o oo 120 180 Time in minutes Calculate the fastest rate of pollen tube growth in mm per minute. fastest rate of growth: mm per minute (Q08 4B11/1BR, Jan 2021) 28, The data in the table was collected in Japan during a seven-year study. Scientists collected data on the age of mothers and whether they smoked during pregnancy. They also recorded the percentage of the babies that had a low birth mass. Data for mothers who did not | Data for mothers who did smoke 4S ee yeas mamberot Pea! | sumberat Morera! (a) (D) Calculate the percentage of mothers aged 19 years and under who smoked during pregnancy. percentage (%)(ii) Determine the ratio of non-smokers to smokers used in the study. Give the ratio as the nearest whole number (n) in the form n:1 ratio = (Q04 4B11/1B, Jan 2022) 29. A scientist investigates the effect of four different storage conditions on the germination of grass seeds, She stores 500 seeds in each storage condition for two months. She then counts the number of seeds that germinate when planted The table shows her results. Storage condition | Number of seeds that germinate wet and cold 476 dry and cold a dry and warm 440 wot and warm 432 () Calculate the percentage increase in the number of seeds that germinate in wet and cold conditions compared to the number of seeds that germinate in wet and warm conditions percentage increase = % (Q10 4811/1B, Jan 2020) 30, A student investigates the effect of the colour of light on the rate of photosynthesis in pondweed This is the student's method place a cut piece of pondweed in a beaker of water place a lamp, that produces white light, 10 om from the beaker ‘count the number of bubbles of oxygen released in one minute from the cut end of the pondweed repeat this count for two more one-minute periodsThe student repeats the method using blue light, green light and red light. The table shows the student's results. ‘Number of bubbles of oxygen released in one minute Colour of ight count 1 count 2 Count Mean average) white 16 "7 6 ue 3 n 2 2 rcen 4 5 g 4 ved 10 2 " ” (a) (i) Calculate the percentage difference in the mean number of bubbles released when using green light compared to white light. percentage difference = % (Q03 4880/18, June 2022) Q31, Wheat seeds contain stores of a large insoluble molecule. The student measures the distance moved by the coloured liquid and converts this to volume of oxygen absorbed, The volume of oxygen absorbed can be calculated using the formula volume = 11 x radius? x distance Calculate the volume of oxygen absorbed when the coloured liquid moves a distance of 6.0 mm. [diameter of tube = 1.0 mm] volume om’(c) The graph shows the results of the student's investigation. 16 germinating seeds at 22°C cxygen absorbed oa germinating seeds a 12°C 05; ° (i) Calculate the percentage increase in the rate of oxygen absorption at 22 °C compared to the rate of ‘oxygen absorption at 12°C. percentage =... (Q05 4811/18, June 2019) Q32. A rhino is a large mammal that ves in hot parts of Africa The drawing shows a rhino pe Nu a Ys dod (b) The horn of the rhino is valuable in some human cultures. This results in rhinos being killed just for their horn, This species is at risk of extinction because the mean rate of killing is one rhino every six hours. In 2016, there were an estimated 25000 of one species of rhino in Africa, Calculate the year in which this rhino species would become extinct, assuming the number of births equals the number of natural deaths. year =. (Q02 4B11/1B, June 0)33. Microscopic plants float in seawater, but also grow on the lower surface of ice. ‘The krill feed on the microscopic plants. ‘They remove microscopic plants from the lower surface of the ice at a rate of 1.6 cm? per second. Calculate the time taken for the krill o remove microscopic plants from one square metre of ice. Give your answer in minutes. time taken .. minutes (Q04 4811/18, Nov 2020) Q34. A balanced diet contains the correct proportion of vitamins. (a) The table lists the functions of some vitamins. Complete the table by stating the correct vitamins. ‘The first one has been done for you. Function of vitamin Vitamin prevents scurvy c improves vision helps bone growth (0) Yeast is used to make bread. A student investigates the effect of vitamin C on the growth of yeast cells. This is his method. . put 0.50 g of yeast into a flask containing 200 cm? of glucose solution and add 0,10 g of vitamin C . put 0.50 g of yeast into another flask containing 200 cm* of glucose solution without vitamin C measure the dry mass of yeast in each flask after 30 hours The table shows the student's results. Dry mass of yeast in g Timein hours with vitamin © without vitamin € ° 050 050 30 7310 650 (i) The student calculates that the mean rate of yeast growth with vitamin C is 0.22 g per hour. Calculate the mean rate of yeast growth without vitamin C. ssi @ POF ROUF (Q04 4811/18, Nov 2021)IGCSE Chemistry Calculation support*DOUBLE AND TRIPLE SCIENCE “Equations will not be given to you in the exam, you MUST memorise them! To calculate the number of moles in a SOlid, use the following equation: Number of moles = Mass in g Number of moles Calculating empirical formulas Empirical formula is the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound. Steps for Determining an Empirical Formula: 1. Start with the number of grams of each element, given in the problem. 2. Convert the mass of each element to moles using the molar mass from the periodic table. 3. Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles calculated. 4, Round to the nearest whole number. Calculating Molecular formulas Molecular formula is the actual ratio of elements in a compound. Empirical formula x N = Molecular formula N Molecular mass Empirical formula massCalculating Percentage Vield Percentage yield = __2ctual yield (@) x 199 theoretical yield (g) Theoretical yield - is the maximum mass of the product that could be made. Actual yield - is the mass of product collected. *TRIPLE SCIENCE ONLY “Equations will not be given to you in the exam, you MUST memorise them! To calculate the number of moles ina SOLUTION, use the following equation: Number of moles = Concentration x Volume eons fe (in mol/dm*) To calculate the number of moles in a QQS, use the following equation: Number of moles = Volume 24 Volume (in dm*) are JX ob wneles Molar volume at a= VAN Teen RTP: 25°C and 1 atmosphere Note: 1dm? = 1000 cm*Calculating Rf values Substances in a mixture, separate because they have different attractions to the stationary phase (e.g. paper) and mobile phase (e.g. solvent). For example, in paper chromatography, if a substance is more strongly attracted to the solvent than the paper then it will move further up with the solvent. If a substance is more strongly attracted to the paper than the solvent then it will move a short distance. The distance each substance moves is measured as its Rf value solvent front (OH staring tine R; = distance travelled by sample distance travelled by solvent For subst: A For substance B Rf=6/10-=0.6 RF=9/10=0.9 L --+--] solvent front Calculate the Rf value of al sixink spots. e 6 oiance Oitance travelled bythe | travelled by the Rf value ink spot Solvent front e e © e e starting line Ss 4123 456Chromatography Questions Q1, The diagram shows a chromatogram of the food dyes in four different food colourings, A, B, C and D. f+ | solvent front startling AB Cc OD (2) () Give the letter of the food colouring that contains three different food dyes. (ii) Give the letters of the two food colourings that contain the same dye. (iii) Using the scale on the diagram, determine the R value of the dye in food colouring C. R= (iv) Give a reason why the dye in food colouring D moves the furthest from the start line. (b) Describe how a student could obtain a chromatogram similar to the one shown in the diagram, (Total for question = 9 marks) (Q03 4CH1/1CR, June 2022)Q2. A student does a chromatography experiment using ink 1, ink 2, and three known dyes A, B and C. The student uses water as the solvent. ‘The diagram shows the student's chromatogram. solvent front peneilline ink ink dye dye dye 1 2 A BOC (a) Deduce what conclusions can be made about the composition of ink 1 (b) (i) Give one conclusion that can be made about ink 2 (ii) Suggest how the student could change the experiment to find the composition of ink 2. (c) Calculate the Rr value of dye C, giving your answer to 2 significant figures. Rrvalue = (Total for question = 7 marks) (Q02 4CH1/1CR, Jan 2021)Q3. This question is about chromatography. Two students carry out separate chromatography experiments to find the Rx values for five different food dyes, A, B, C, D and E. {a) State two things that should be the same in both experiments so that the students can compare their results fairly. (2) 1. 2. (b) After doing the experiments the students calculate the R: value for each food dye, The table shows their results. 120 030 (i) State what can be concluded about dye C. () (ii) Explain which Rr value cannot be correct. (2) (c) The diagram shows a chromatogram for a different food dye. nal . si roem[ [2p bottom of paper ‘Some distances are shown on the diagram.Calculate the Ry value for this food dye. Give your answer to two significant figures. (Total for question = 8 marks) (Q03 4CH1/1CR, Jan 2022) Q4. A student uses paper chromatography in an experiment to separate the dyes in four different food colourings, E, F, G and H. ‘The diagram shows the appearance of the paper before and after the experiment. level reached / by solvent before afer (a) (i) Deduce the number of dyes in food colouring H (ii) Suggest why food colouring F does not move during the experiment. (iv) Explain which two food colourings contain the dye that is likely to be the most soluble in the solvent. (b) Determine which food colouring contains a dye with Ry value closest to 0.67 ‘Show your working (Total for question = 10 marks) (Q04 4CH1/1C, June 2021)RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons. The relative atomic mass of each element is calculated using the mass number and the relative abundances of all the isotopes of a particular element To calculate the relative atomic mass: + Multiply the % abundance of each isotope by its mass * Add these numbers together * Divide by the total abundance (which when using % abundance, will be 100%) Worked example Boron has two naturally occurring isotopes. 80% of all Boron is BI! 20% of all Boron is BIO Calculate the average relative atomic mass of Boron. (80x11) +(20x10) = 10.8 100 Magnesium has three naturally occurring isotopes. 79% of all Magnesium is Mg24 11% of all Magnesium is Mg25 10% of all Magnesium is Mg26 Calculate the average relative atomic mass of Magnesium. 79 x 24) + (11x25) + (10x26) = 24.3 100 Practice The table shows the mass number and percentage abundance of each isotope in this sample of the element. Isotope | Mass number | Percentage abundance (%) x 6 78 y 7 22 Calculate the relative atomic mass (A.) of the element. A (Q02 4880/1C, June 2021)Calculating Ar Q1. The diagram shows the structures of two different atoms, o 3. a, ae atom (=~ 44 @9}) we Y Ss ‘atom? (c) Complete the table to show the atomic number and mass number of atoms 1 and 2. Atomic number ‘atom 1 atom 2 ‘Mass number " (4) The table shows the mass number and percentage of two different atoms of another element. Mass number 6 7 Calculate the relative atomic mass (A,) of this element. Give your answer to one decimal place. relative atomic mass Percentage of atom 70% 93.0% (Q04 48S0/1C, SAM 0) Q2. The table shows the composition of a sample of a different element, Y, containing three isotopes. Mass number of isotope 32 2 34 ntage of isotope in sample 950 o7s 425 Using information from the table, calculate the relative atomic mass (A,) of this sample of element Y. Give your answer to one decimal place. A= (Q04 4CH1/1CR, Jan 2022)Q3. A sample of chlorine contains these percentages of two isotopes. CH3S=70% — CL-37=30% (i) Use this information to calculate the relative atomic mass (A.) of this sample of chlorine. A Q4. A sample of element Q contains three different types of atom, The table gives the mass number of each atom, and the percentage of each type of atom in the sample, Mass number SSeS x 700 =z 100 = ne Calculate the relative atomic mass (4, ) of element Q. Give your answer to one decimal place. (Q02 480/1C, Nov 2020) Q6. The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in species F, G and H. SpeciesF Species Species H ‘numberof protons 7 7 7 umber of neutrons | 7 8 7 umber ofelectrons| 7 7 10 (b) A sample of carbon contains atoms of mass number 12 and 13 ‘The table shows the percentages of these atoms in the sample. Mass number | Percentage (%) 2 98.930 B 1.070 Calculate the relative atomic mass (A,) of this sample of carbon. Give your answer to two decimal places. relative atomic mass (Q04 4CH1/1C, Nov 2021)RELATIVE FORMULA MASS ‘The symbol for the relative formula mass is Mr and it refers to the total mass of the substance. If the substance is molecular, you can use the term relative molecular mass, but this term should not be used for ionic compounds such as sodium chloride. To calculate the Mr of a substance, you have to add up the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in the formula. 1. Whats the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide, CO? Mr=12.0 + (2% 16.0) = 44.0 2. Whatis the relative molecular mass of sulfuric acid, HzS04? Mr = (21,0) #321 + (4% 16.0) = 98.1 3. What is the relative formula mass of hydrated copper(ll) sulfate, CuSO«.5Hz0? Mr = 63.5 + 32.1 + (4 * 16.0) + 5{(2* 1.0) + 16.0} = 249.6 Calculate the relative formula mass of the following substances. Substance Atoms present Mr Hz 2x1 =1 H,0 Fe203 H2SO. Tx Magnesium Mg(Oh)2 2.x Oxygen 2x Hydrogen (NH4)2SO4 ZnSO4.10H20 chromium(III) oxide tron(lll) sulfatePERCENTAGE MASS You can find the percentage by mass of an element in a compound. What is the by mass of Fe in Fe2Os There are 2 atoms of iron in compound The Mr of the compound is 160 {Fe = (56x2) + O = (16x3)} % by mass = (2x56) = 0.7 x 100 = 70% 160 ‘% by mass of O in Hz ‘% by mass of O in SOs ‘% by mass of Clin FeCls ‘% by mass of Na in NaxCOs ‘% by mass of Nin Ca(NOs)z ‘% by mass of Nin NH«NOs % by mass of Sin Ala(SOa)s % by mass of O in CuSO4.5H:0 Name Formula pean oN ammonia NHg) a2 ammonium nitrate NNO) ammonium sulfate | (NH)sSO4s) 21 (i) Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate. [M, of NH,NO, = 80) Approximate pH in solution u 55 55NUMBER OF MOLES Calculate the number of moles of each of the following substances. Example 90.0 g of H20 Mr of H20 = (1x2) + (1x16) = 18 n= Mass/Mr n= 90/18 = 5 mols Question Working out Answer 20.0 g of Caio 685 g of NHs 2.00 kg of AlOs 102 tonnes of O2 (tonne s 108) Calculate the mass of each of the following substances. mass = mole x Mr Question Working out Answer 400molesofNe | Sth) Noone = 2 Nag 0.100 moles of HNOs 0.0200 moles of K20 2.50 moles of PHs 0.400 moles of C2HsO0H 10.0 moles of Ca(OH)2EMPIRICAL FORMULAE The Empirical Formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound e.g. Benzene, Cee has the empirical formula CH. Example: ‘Acompound that contains 10g of hydrogen and 80g of oxygen has an empirical formula of H20. This can be shown by the following calculations: STEP 1- MASS/Mr of each element H=109/1= 10 moles 0 = 809/16 = 5 moles SN RMS STEP 2 - Divide by the smallest number 10/5 =2 5/51 This is 2:1 in its simplest form. {AWS -AWKINNOS Hence, the empirical formula is H20 (CRM 69) Find the empirical formula of each of the following substances. 1. A compound contains 82.4% of Nitrogen and 17.6% of Hydrogen. What is the Empirical formula of the compound. 2. An oxide of Aluminium contains 52.9% of Alumit jum and 47.1% of Oxygen. What is the Empirical formula of the compound? 3._K compound contains 3.1% of Hydrogen, 31.6% of Phosphorous and 65.3% of Oxygen. What is the Empirical formula of the compound? 4. 0,860 q of iron reacts with chlorine form z.496 g of iron chloride. Find the empirical formula of this iron chloride.MOLECULAR FORMULAE The molecular formula gives the exact numbers of atoms of each element present in the formula of a compound. If the empirical formula of a compound is known, then itis a simple matter to find its molecular formula as long as the Mr of compound is known. Example: The empirical formula of benzene is CH and its Mr is 78. The empirical formula mass is: (C) 12+ (H) 1=13 Mr divided by empirical formula mass is: 78 + 13= 6 Therefore, the molecular formula is six times (x 6) the empirical formula, i.e. CeHe 1. The empirical formula of oxalic acid is CHO2 and the relative molecular mass is 90. What is the molecular formula of oxalic acid? 2. Amolecule has an empirical formula of C4H:02, and a relative molecular mass of 166. Work out its molecular formula. Complete the table about some molecular substances. Empirical formula Formula mass Molecular formula 2) CH 2 ® Fs 184 9 NH: 32 4 Coe ° CeOEmpirical and Molecular formula questions. Q1. When sodium is burned in air, one of the products is a pale-yellow solid, X. (a) A sample of solid X was found to contain 1.15 g of sodium and 0.80 g of oxygen (i) Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of X is NaO. (i) The relative formula mass of X is 78 Deduce the formula of X. Formula of X Q2._ Old refrigerators may contain substances that harm the ozone layer in the almosphere. Many new refrigerators use 152a, an organic compound that does not harm the azone layer. 152a has the composition by mass C = 36.4%, H = 6.0% and F = 57.6%, (i) Calculate the empirical formula of 1528. ‘empirical formula (ii) The relative formula mass of 152a is 66 ‘What is its molecular formula? molecular formula ....3. One of the compounds in the table reacts with bromine to form G, a compound with the composition by mass C = 22.2%, H= 3.7%, Br = 74.1%, () Show, by calculation, that the empirical formula of G is C2H.Br (ii) The relative formula mass of G is 216 Deduce the molecular formula of G. molecular formula @4. Compound X is made from ethene and is used in cars to prevent the engine coolant from freezing in cold weather. (@) Compound X contains 38.7% carbon, 9.7% hydrogen and 51.6% axygen by mass. Calculate the empirical formula of X. Empirical formula... (i) The relative formula mass (IM) of X is 62 ‘What is the molecular formula of X? (1) Molecular formulaMOLAR RATIOS N|+3H_ — 2NH 2 2 3 This shows that one molecule of nitrogen reacts with three molecules of hydrogen to form two molecules of ammonia. This statement can be made about the amounts involved: {mol of N, reacts with 3 mol of H, to form 2 mol of NH,. Ratio of 1:3:2 EXAMPLE CH, + 50; > 30, + 4H0 wnat t means 1 mol ot Cate Smaloroz Smoot coe A molorHs0. a) 2mol tomot mel emai » 10 mol 50 mot 30 mot 40 mol a 05 mat 25 mol 1.5 mol 2.0 mol 4 2a * oO, + 220 wnat i means a 4 mol » 5 mol o 0.10 mot 2 Fe + acl, + Pech, what t means a 10 mol » mol a 0.60 mo a Tcl, + 4Na > T + aNact wnat i means a) 3mot » 101mot ° 0.020 mot 4 2AL,0, > 4A + 30, what t means 3) 5 mol >) 0.100 mot ° 60.mol 8 CHOH + 30, + 20, + 3H.0 wnat t means a) 12m > 0.25 mot ° 0.10 mo!REACTING MASS CALCULATIONS Chemical equations can be used to calculate the reacting masses of reactants and products Example — HSN GS + SO, H,0 > H,SO, ‘What mi if sulfur trioxide Is needed to form 75 g of sulfuric acid? Step 1- Make sure the equation is balanced Step 2- Find the moles of the compound with the mass and calculate the Mr and then the mole (NOURMASS LAT Ns (Ram 4) (using moles = mass/Mr) Step 3 - adjust the moles if there is a difference in the molar ratios Step 4 - Find the mass of the substance (using mass = Mr x moles )- REMEMBER YOUR UNITS! Step 1 - Balance the equation (the same numbers of atoms on both sides - before and after the arrow) ‘Step 2 - Calculate the mol of Sulfuric acid You have the mass of Sulfuric acid and can calculate the Mr = ((1x2) + (1x32) + (4x16) = 98, moles = mass/Mr moles = 75/98 = 0.765 mol ‘Step 3 - use the reaction ratio in the equation to work out the amount of sulfur trioxide needed As the ratio is 1:1, the amount is the same so the number of moles of $Osis 0.765 mol. Step 4 - Find the mass of sulfur trioxide (SO) Mr of SOs = (32x) + (16x3) = 80 Mass = mol x Mr Mass = 0.765 x 80 Mass = 61.2.9 The mass of sulfur trioxide is 61.29 Calculate the mass of aluminium that can be formed from 1020 g of aluminium oxide. 2Al03 — 4Al + 302 Step 1 - equation is balanced Mr of AlaOs = (27 x 2) + (16 x 3) = 102 Step 2 - moles AlsOs = 1020/102 = 10.0 mol There are 2 moles of AlO3 and 4 Moles of Aluminium Step 3 - moles Al = 2.x 10.0 = 20.0 mol Step 4 - mass Al= 27 x 20.0 = 540g What mass of chlorine reacts with 20.0 of iron to form iron(Iil) chloride? 2Fe + 3Clz— 2FeClWhat mass of sodium hydroxide is needed to neutralise 24.5 kg of sulfuric acid? H2SO4 + 2NaOH — Na2SO« + 2H20 [ Titantum ts extracted from titantum chloride as shown. Calculate the mass of sodium needed to react with 126 g of titanium chloride. TiCla + 4Na — Ti+ 4NaCl Calculate the mass of oxygen needed to react 9.60 g of magnesium to form magnesium oxide. 2Mg + 02» 2MgO [Ea5-g oF hyarated magnesium sulfate decompose to Torm 300 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate on heating. Calculate the formula mass of hydrated magnesium sulfate and the value of x. MgSO4.xH,0 — MgSO« + xH20PERCENTAGE YIELD Yield describes how much product has been collected. The maximum mass of products that can be made from the reactants used is called the predicted yield. The mass that you would make ina reaction is called the actual yield. We can compare the predicted and actual yield by using the percentage yield, which is calculated from the formula below: ‘Actual yield (g) Predicted yield (g) X 100 Percentage yield Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) decomposed to form 15 g of MgO in the actual experiment. If the theoretical yleld is 19 g, what is the percentage yield of MgO? Yield = = —— X 100 19 Yield = 756 Tron is made by reduction of iron oxide with carbon monoxide. Calculate the mass of iron that can be formed from 126 g of iron oxide. Fe:03 +3 CO-—»2Fe+3COz 78.5 g of iron was formed in this reaction. Calculate the percentage yield. Chromium ts a useful metal. Itts extracted from chromium oxide by reaction with aluminium, Cr203 +2 Al 2 Cr + Alz03 Calculate the mass of chromium that can be formed from 1.25 kg of chromium oxide, 756 g of chromium was formed in this reaction, Calculate the percentage yield.Reacting masses and % yield Questions Q1. This equation represents the formation of hydrated zinc nitrate in the experiment, Zn(s) + 2HNOs(aq) + 6Hz0(1) — Zn(NOs)2.6H20(aq) + Hag) (i) In another experiment, 9.75 g of zinc is completely reacted with nitric acid, Show that the maximum possible mass of hydrated zine nitrate crystals that could be formed is. approximately 45 g. [for Zn(NO:)2.6H20, M, = 297) (ji) The actual yield of hydrated zinc nitrate crystals is 36.4 g. Calculate the percentage yield of hydrated zinc nitrate crystals. percentage yield = % (Total for question = 9 marks) (Q10 4CH1/1C, Nov 2023) Q2. The equation for the reaction in stage 3 of a reaction is ‘3NO2 + HO — 2HNO; + NO Calculate the maximum mass, in tonnes, of nitric acid that could be produced in this reaction from 11.5 tonnes of nitrogen dioxide [1 tonne = 1.0 x 10°) mass of nitric acid = ....ccnnsnnnnnnnniennnnssnnnne OMNESWhen copper(ll) oxide reacts with dilute nitric acid, copper(I) nitrate is produced. ‘The equation for the reaction is CuO + 2HNO» — Cu(NOs)p + HO 0.200 mo! of nitric acid reacts with excess copper(II) oxide. Armas of 16.3 g of copper(ll) nitrate is produced. Calculate the percentage yield of copper(I) nitrate. (M, of copper(I!) nitrate = 187.5] percentage yield % (Total for question = 12 marks) (Q10 4CH1/1¢, Jan 2020) Q3. The overall equation for the formation of hydrated copper(II) sulfate crystals from copper(I!) oxide is CuO(s) + H2SO.(aq) + 4H20(l) > CuSO,.5H20(s) (i) In an experiment, a student completely reacts 9.54 g copper!) oxide. Show that the maximum possible mass of CuSO,.5H20 crystals that can be obtained is about 30 g. [M,of CuO=79.5 M, of CuSOs.5H,O = 249.5] Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. mass = 9 (ii) In this experiment, the actual yield of CuSO..5H.0 crystals is 23.92 g Calculate the percentage yield of CuSO, 5Hz0 percentage yield = % (Total for question = 14 marks) (Q14 4cH1/1C, June 2019)Q4. A student makes some magnesium nitrate crystals from magnesium oxide and dilute nitric acid The equation for the reaction is MgO(s) + 2HNOs(aq) + Mg(NOs)o(aq) + H20(/) Magnesium nitrate crystals contain water of crystalisation with the formula Mg(NOa)2 6H:0 () Show by calculation that the relative formula mass of Mg(NOs)2.6H.0 is 256. (ii) Show that the maximum mass of Mg(NOs)2.6H20 that could be made from 0.050 mol of nitric acid is about 6 g, (ii) The actual mass of crystals that the student obtains is 4.8 g. Calculate the percentage yield of Mg(NOs}:.6H,0 in this experiment percentage yield = % (Total for question = 14 marks) (Q07 4CH1/1CR, June 2019)Q5. A student uses the reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid to prepare some zinc sulfate crystals. Zn + HeSO, —» ZnSO. + Hy (a) The student obtains a pure, dry sample of zinc sulfate crystals. ‘The formula of zinc sulfate crystals is ZnSOs.7Hz0 (i) Calculate the relative molecular mass (M,) of zinc sulfate crystals. (i) The student uses 0.0200 mol of dilute sulfuric acid in her preparation, ‘Show that the maximum mass of zinc sulfate crystals that the student could obtain is about 6 g (ii) The student obtains a mass of 4.28 g of zinc sulfate crystals. Caloulate the percentage yield of the zinc sulfate crystals. Give your answer to three significant figures. percentage yield = % (Total for question = 13 marks) (Q07 4CH1/1CR, Nov 2020)Q6. Many different salts can be prepared from acids. A student uses the reaction between aluminium hydroxide and dilute sulfuric acid to prepare a pure, dry ‘sample of aluminium sulfate crystals. ‘The equation for the reaction used to prepare this salt is 2AI(OH); + 3H2S04 > Al,(SO.)s + 6H n about the reagents she uses in her preparation. (c) The student records this inform: mass of aluminium hydroxide = 3.9 g amount of sulfuric acid = 0.080 mol Determine which reagent is in excess, making use of this information and the equation in part (b). reagent used in excess =... nnn (a) Another student prepares 0.25 mol of aluminium sulfate, The formula of aluminium sulfate is Ala(SO«)s Calculate the mass of aluminium sulfate prepared. mass = (e) The equation for another reaction used to prepare a sample of a salt is PbO + 2HNOs —+ Pb(NOs} + H2O In one experiment, the amount of lead(lI) oxide used was 0.75 mol and the amount of nitric acid used was 1.5 mol. At the end of the experiment, the mass of lead) nitrate obtained was 209 g, Calculate the percentage yield of lead(|I) nitrate in this experiment. [M, of lead(l) nitrate = 334] on (Q11 4CH1/1C, SAM 0) percentage yield (Total for question = 17 marks)Q7. In industry, tungsten oxide is reduced on a large scale using hydrogen ‘The percentage yield of tungsten is 73.5% This is the equation for the reaction. WOs + 3H, > W + 3H.0 Calculate the mass, in tonnes, of tungsten that is produced when 2784 tonnes of tungsten oxide are reacted with an excess of hydrogen, [1 tonne = 1 x 10° g] {for tungsten, A, = 184 for oxygen, A= 16] mass of tungsten = tonnes {Total for question = 10 marks) (Q11 4CHI/1CR, June 2022)LIMITING REAGENTS ‘A chemical reaction stops when one of the reagents is used up. The reagent that is used up first is the limiting reagent, as it imits the duration and hence the amount of product that a reaction can produce The amount of product is therefore directly proportional to the amount of the limiting reagent added at the beginning of a reaction The limiting reagent is the reactant which is not present in excess in a reaction Pa - body + 2caps—+ complete pen SES EES EES body + cap + _ complete pen How many complete pens can you make? VN EN limiting factor in xcoss liming factor in oxcass A + B+ C€ How many C can you make? 3molofA 5 molofB limiting reagent —_inexcess 3molof C Worked example 9.2 g of sodium is reacted with 8.0 g of sulfur to produce sodium sulfide, NaS. Which reactant is in excess and which is the limiting reactant? Answer: + Step t: Write the balanced equation and determine the molar ratio 2Na +S — NaaS so the molar ratios is 2:1 + Step 2: Calculate the moles of each reactant Moles = Mass + Ar Moles Na = 9.2/23 = 0.40 Moles S = 8.0/32 = 0.25 + Step 3: Compare the moles To,react completely 0.40 moles of Na requires 0.20 moles ofS and since there are 0.28 moles of S, then Sis in excess. Na is therefore the limiting reactant.Q1. Many different salts can be prepared from acids. ‘A student uses the reaction between aluminium hydroxide and dilute sulfuric acid to prepare a pure, dry sample of aluminium sulfate crystals. The equation for the reaction used to prepare this salt is 2AI(OH)s + 3H2SOx > Al,(SOx)s + 6H0 (0) The student records this information about the reagents she uses in her preparation. mass of aluminium hydroxide = 3.9 g amount of sulfuric acid = 0.090 mol Determine which reagent is in excess, making use of this information and the equation in part (b). reagent used in excess = () In another experiment, the student adds 0.55 of zinc to a solution containing 2.50 x 10 moles of hydrochloric acid. Use the equation to show that hydrochloric acid is in excess. Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) —> ZnCL{aq) + H,(9) (A, of Zn = 65) (©) The equation for the reaction between magnesium and oxygen is 2Mg + 0, + 2MgO Determine the maximum amount, in moles, of magnesium oxide that can be produced from 0.50 mol of magnesium and 0.20mol of oxygen. amount = molFINDING THE % OF O2 IN AIR The percentage of oxygen in air can be found by reacting a metal or non-metal with the oxygen in a fixed volume of air. To calculate the percentage of oxygen _ just put the volumes you recorded into this formula: 127 volume — Final volume. Start volume The answer you get should be about 20%. Complete the table to find calculate the percentage of oxygen in air in each experiment Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 ‘Volume of air at the start (em’) 100 100 100 400 Volume of air at the end (cm*) 78 80 85 79 Volume of oxygen (em*) % of oxygen in air (©) The student repeats the experiment using the same apparatus. ‘These are her results for the second experiment. volume of air in tube at start = 80.0 om* reading al start = 20.0 reading at end = 35.5 Use the results to caleulate the percentage by volume of oxygen in air. percentage = % {(b) The table shows the results recorded by a different student in her experiment, vole of in conical ac 10 volumecfatrinconecing ube/em! | 10 crignalvolumeafrinsyrnge/cm* 80 fina volume ofa insyringe cm? 8 Calculate the percentage of oxygen in alr using these results. percentage of oxygen = %Gases in the atmosphere Question: Q1. A student uses the reaction between iron and oxygen to find the percentage of oxygen in air. ‘The diagram shows the apparatus the student uses. 10 10/20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100,» Unliltnnlsedossiaadasnian | __- wet kon powder (2) () State why the iron powder needs to be wet. (i) State the colour of the compound formed in the reaction between iron and oxygen. (iil) Give the formula of the compound formed. (iv) Explain the advantage of using iron powder rather than pieces of iron. (b) The syringe in the diagram shows the reading at the end of the experiment, Complete table 1 to show the readings on the syringe. Give both values to the nearest 1 cm? syringe reading at start syringe reading at end change in volume in cm? Table 1(c) The student repeats the experiment and obtains a different set of results. Table 2 shows these results. volume of air in conical flask and glass tube incm? | 260 syringe reading at start 0 syringe reading at end 22 Table 2 Use the results from table 2 to calculate the percentage by volume of oxygen in the air. percentage by volume of oxygen in air = % 10 marks) (Q04 4CH1/1¢, June 2022)Q2. This question is about rusting. (a) When iron rusts, it reacts with oxygen in the air. A student uses the rusting of iron to find the percentage of oxygen in a sample of air. ‘The diagram shows the apparatus. 190 80 60 40. 20 > B N ait A \ gas syringe“ / 4 wet iron coal tase i Volume of arin conical flask and connecting tube = 265em* These are the student's results, volume of air in gas syringe at start= 100cm? volume of arin gas syringe at end = 25m? Calculate the percentage of oxygen in the sample of air using the student's results. percentage of oxygen a % (b) (i) Cars are painted to prevent the iron in car bodies from rusting, Explain how painting prevents the iron in car bodies from rusting. (ii) Some car manufacturers use paint containing tiny particles of zinc. Explain how particles of zinc prevent iron in car bodies from rusting even when this paint is scratched. (Total for question = 7 marks) (Q04 4cH1/1¢, Jan 2021)ENTHALPY Calculate Heat Energy Change In order the calculate heat energy changes you need to know the mass of the substance being heated, the temperature change and the specific heat capacity of the substance The specific heat capacity, c is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1°C The specific heat capacity of water is 4.20 J/g/°C The heat energy change, Q, can be calculated by Q= mcAT Wt Where: © Q=the heat energy change, J © m= the mass of the substance being heated, g > ¢=the specific heat capacity, J/g/°C AT =the temperature change, °C WORKED EXAMPLE An excess of magnesium was added to 100cm3 CuSO« (aq). The temperature increased from 20°C to 65°C, Find the enthalpy change of reaction for the equation. 100 cms of solution has a mass of 100g m= 100 Temperature change = 65.0 - 20.0= +45.0°C (exothermic reactions have a negative) The solution has a specific heat capacity of 418 J/g c= 4.18 Heat gained (temperature increase) by surroundings, Q = mcAT Q=100 x 4.18 x (45.0) = +18810 J This heat has been lost by the chemical system. Q= 18810) PRACTICE QUESTION ‘An excess of copper powder was added to 50.0 cm} of AgNO:(aq). The temperature increased from 25,0°C to 31.3°C. Find the enthalpy change of reaction for the following equation: ‘AgNO;(aq) + Cu(s) > CuNO3(aq) + Ag(s)MOLAR ENTHALPY + Molar enthalpy change is the heat energy change per mole of substance, + The symbols AH and it has the unit kd per mole. Hal Nt AH= @ wiry moles Worked example The energy from burning 0.5 of propane (CsHs) was transferred to 100 cm? of water to raise its temperature by 20°C. Calculate the enthalpy change (in ki), and then use this to calculate the molar enthalpy change (in kJ/mol) Include a sign (-/+) in your final answer. (Assume that | cm of water has a mass of 1 g.) Mass of water = 100 g Q= meal Moles of propane burned = 0.5 + 44 = 0.01136. .36 + 0.01136 = 735.9 kJ/mol 100 x 4.18 x 20 = 8'360 J So, the molar enthalpy change, AH = However, we also need to remember that exothermic reactions, like this one, must have negative enthalpy changes, so the final answer is -736 kJ/mol. th an experiment, 0-06 mat af propan-T-ol (CHsCHaCHAOHY was completely burned Wall The heat raised the temperature of 250 g of water by 47°C. Calculate the enthalpy change (in kJ), and then use this to calculate the molar enthalpy change (in kJ/mol) Include a sign (-/+) in your final answer. Than experiment, 0.750 g of benzene (Cos) was completely burned in alr. The heat evolved raised the temperature of 200 g of water by 43.7°C. Calculate the enthalpy change (in kJ), and then use this to calculate the molar enthalpy change (in kJ/mol) Include a sign (-/+) in your final answer.Energetics Questions Q1. A student uses this apparatus to investigate the reaction between zinc and copper(|l) sulfate solution. - polystyrene cup This is the student's method. . add 50.0 cm? of copper) sulfate solution to the polystyrene cup . record the initial temperature add excess zinc and stir record the highest temperature of the mixture An exothermic reaction occurs. (a) State what is meant by the term exothermic. (b) This is the equation for the reaction Zn + CuSO, + ZnSO. + Cu (i) What is the name of this type of reaction? [ A combustion decomposition displacement neutralisation i) vow (ii) Apart from the temperature increasing, give two other observations that the student could make during the reaction. (iii) State why silver does not react with copper(I!) sulfate solution.(c) The table shows the student's results. volume of coppertll) sulfate solution so.0cm? initial temperature of copper(ll) sulfate solution | 205°C highest temperature of mixture 37.0°%C Calculate the heat energy change (Q) in kJ. {for the solution, 4.2 Jigl*C mass of 1,00 cm? of solution = 1.00 9) (Total for question = 9 marks) (Q07 4880/16, June 2022) Q2. This question is about lithium oxide. Lithium oxide reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide as the only product. A scientist uses this apparatus to measure the temperature change of the reaction. yp tener Tgp imene {DBR rotten cap This is the scientist's method. pour 100 g of water into a polystyrene cup record the temperature of the water add the lithium oxide and stir the mixture record the maximum temperature reachedThe diagram shows the thermometer readings before and after adding the lithium oxide. = ]2s before after (i) Complete the table, giving all values to the nearest 0.1 °C. ‘temperature in °C after adding the lithium oxide 3 temperature in °C before adding the lithium oxide temperature rise in °C (ii) Calculate the heat energy change in the reaction Give your answer to two significant figures. [e=4.2J/g/°C] heat energy change =(li) in another experiment the scientist obtains these results amount of lithium oxide in mol 0.0580 heat energy change in J 5210 Calculate the molar enthalpy change (AH ) in ki / mol. Include a sign in your answer. AH= {iv) Give a reason why the scientist does the experiment in a polystyrene cup. sow kf mol (Total for question = 13 marks) (Q07 4cH1/1¢, Jan 2021) Q3. A student uses this apparatus to find the molar enthalpy change (AH) of combustion for the liquid fuel, pentanol, coppercan~ spit burner. This is the student's method. find the initial mass of the spirit burner and pentanol ‘add 100 cm? of water to the copper can record the initial temperature of the water light the wick of the spirit burner to heat the water stir the water until the temperature rises by 35.0 °C. ‘extinguish the flame and immediately find the final mass of the spirit burner and pentanol (@) (i) State why the student stirs the water.(i) Suggest why itis important that the student immediately finds the final mass of the spirit burner and pentanol, (b) The diagram shows the initial temperature of the water. ")E|” 6 Complete the table to show the temperature readings. Give both values to the nearest 0.1 °C. Inia temperatre of water in-€ Final emperatore of water in'C Temperate change n° 350 (©) @ Show by calculation that the heat energy (Q) supplied by the pentanol is approximately 15 000 J {for water, ¢= 4.2.J/.g/*C] {for 1.0 cm’ of water, mass = 1.0 9](li) The table gives the intial and final mass readings. Initial mass of spirit burner and pentanol in g Final mass of spirit bumer and pentanol in 90.11 89.75 Use your answer to part (c)()and the information in the table to calculate the molar enthalpy change (GH) of combustion, in kJ / mol, for pentanol. {for pentanol, M, = 88] Include a sign in your answer. AH for pentanol = (d) The formula of pentanol is CsH1iOH Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of pentanol (Total for question = 13 marks) kJ/mol (Q08 4cH1/1C, June 2023)