logarithms 19

IntroDUCtIon ‘log’ being the abbreviation of the word ‘logarithm’. Thus,

Logarithm, in Mathematics, is the ‘exponent’ or ‘power’ am = b ⇔ logab = m
to which a stated number called the base, is raised to where, am = b is called the exponential form and logab
d
yield a speciic number. For example, in the expression Lt
= m is called the logarithmic form.
102 = 100, the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2. This
v t.
is written as log10 100 = 2. Logarithms were originally Illustration 1: Refer to the P following Table
invented to help simplify the arithmetical processes e s
of multiplication, division, expansion to a power and Exponential form
rvic logarithmic form
extraction of a ‘root’, but they are nowadays used for
3 S
5 e
= 243 log 243 = 5
a variety of purposes in pure and applied Mathematics. n 3

a tio2 = 16
4
log 16 = 42
logarithm
u c 3º = 1 log 1 = 0
Ed
3
If for a positive real number (a ≠ 1), am = b, then the
1/3
index m is called the logarithm of b to the base a. We ia 8 =2 1
d log 2 =
write this as
In
8
3
logab = m n o
s
ar
Pe oF loGArItHMs
lAws

0 17
2
1. Product formula
t©
h
The logarithm of thegproduct of two numbers
3. Base changing formula

is equal to the sum r iof their logarithms. log a m

. So, logn m =
log m
.
y logn m =
= plogam + logan.
log a n log n
i.e., loga (mn) o
C In general, we have
Generalisation: where, m, n, a are positived and n ≠ 1, a ≠ 1.
loga (mnpq...) = logam + logan + loga p + logaq 4. Reciprocal relation
+...
logba × logab = 1,
2. Quotient formula
The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers where, a, b are positive and not equal to 1.
is equal to the difference of their logarithms. 1
5. logba =
m log a b
i.e., loga   = logam - logan,
n 6. aloga x = x, where, a and x are positive, a ≠ 1.
where, a, m, n are positive and a ≠ 1.
3. Power formula 7. If a > 1 and x > 1, then loga x > 0.
The logarithm of a number raised to a power 8. If 0 < a < 1 and 0 < x < 1, then loga x > 0.
is equal to the power multiplied by logarithm
of the number. 9. If 0 < a < 1 and x > 1, then loga x > 0.
i.e., loga (mn) = n loga m,
10. If a > 1 and 0 < x < 1, then loga x < 0.
where, a, m are positive and a ≠ 1.

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 19.2 Chapter 19

soMe UseFUl sHortCUt MetHoDs

and the other is base 10. The logarithms to base e are

1. Logarithm of 1 to any base is equal to zero. called natural logarithms. The logarithms to base 10 are
i.e., loga 1 = 0, where a > 0, a ≠ 1. called the common logarithms.

2. Logarithm of any number to the same base is log1010 = 1, since 101 = 10.
1. log10100 = 2, since 102 = 100.
i.e., loga a = 1, where a > 0, a ≠ 1.
log1010000 = 4, since 104 = 10000.
log100.01 = -2, since 10-2 = 0.01.
Common logarithms log100.001 = -3, since 10-3 =td0.001
There are two bases of logarithms that are extensively L
t. = 1.
and, log101 = 0, since 10°
used these days. One is base e (e = 2. 71828 approx.)
Pv
s
v ice
ExErcisE-1 Ser
ti on
1. Find log3/2 3.375. 8. If c0 a< a ≤ x, the minimum value of loga x + logx a is:
u
Ed(c) 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 5/2 (d) 17/2
d ia (d) 5
2. If x = log2a a , y = log3a 2a and z = log4a 3a, ind yzIn 9. If
log x
=
log y
=
log z
, then xyz = xa ⋅ yb ⋅ zc
(2 - x). n b−c c−a a−b
(a) 1 (b) -1 r so = xb+c ⋅ yc+a ⋅ za+b =
a
Pe
(c) 2 (d) -2 (a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) None of these
log x log z log z 17
3. = =
l + m − 2m n + l − 2m n + l −22m
0 , ind x y z .
2 2 2
10. x log y-log z
⋅y log z-log x
⋅z log x-log y
=

(b) t-1©
(a) 0 (b) 2
(a) 2
gh1
(c) 1 (d) None of these
(c) 4 ir (d)
x + y 1 py
11. If log10 [98 + x 2 − 12 x + 36 ] = 2, then x =
x y
4. If log = (logo x + log y), then y x =+ (a) 4 (b) 8
5 2C
(c) 12 (d) 4,8
(a) 20 (b) 23 12. If x = loga bc, y = logb ca, z = logc ab, then
(c) 22 (d) 21
(a) xyz = x + y + z + 2
If log (x + y) = log   3x − 3 y  (b) xyz = x + y + z + 1
5.  , then log x - log
y=  2  (c) x + y + z = 1
(d) xyz = 1.
(a) log 2 (b) log 3
(c) log 5 (d) log 6 13. If ax = by = cz = dw, then loga (bcd) =

6. If log2 x + log4 x + log16 x = 21/4, then x = 11 1 1  1 1 1

(a)  + +  (b) x  + + 
(a) 8 (b) 4 x y z w  y z w
(c) 2 (d) 16 y+z+w
(c) (d) None of these
x
16 25 81
7. 7 log + 5 log + 3 log = 14. If log10 2 = 0.3010, then log10 (1/2) =
15 24 80
(a) log 2 (b) log 3 (a) -0.3010 (b) 0.6990
(c) log 5 (d) None of these (c) 1 .6990 (d) 1 .3010
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 Logarithms 19.3

15. If log2 (32x-2 + 7) = 2 + log2 (3x-1 + 1), then x = 27. If log8 p = 2.5, log2 q = 5, then p in terms of q is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) q q (b) 2q
(c) 2 (d) 1 or 2
(c) q (d) q/2
16. If loga b = logb c = logc a, then
(a) a > b ≥ c (b) a < b < c 1 1
28. If y = 1−log a x
,z= 1−log a y
and x = ak, then k =
(c) a = b = c (b) a < b ≤ c. a a
1 2 1 1
17. If = - 2, then x = (a) (b)
log x 10 log a 10 a1−loga z 1−log a z

(a) a/2 (b) a/100 1 1

(c) a2/10 (d) a2/100 (c) 1 + log z a
(d) 1 − log z a

1 1 29. If loge 2 ⋅ logb 625 = log1016 ⋅ loge 10, then b =

18. If a2 + b2 = c2, then + =
log c + a b log c − a b
(a) 4 (b) 5
t d
.L
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) e
(c) -1 (d) -2 t
19. If log10 87.5 = 1.9421, then the number of digits in
30. 5 log5 7 − 7 log 7 5
Pv
s (b) 1
(875)10 is: (a) log 2
v ice
er
(a) 30 (b) 29 (c) 0 (d) None of these
(c) 20 (d) 19 31. 2log37 - 7log3S
2
n
20. If log10 2 = 0.3010, log10 3 = 0.4771, then the number (a) log
a ti2o7 (b) log 7
of zeros between the decimal point and the irst c
u log 2
signiicant igure in (0.0432)10 is: E d(c) (d) 0

(a) 10 (b) 13 i a32. If log30 3 = a, log30 5 = b, then log30 8 =

d
(c) 14 (d) 15 In (a) 3(1 - a - b) (b) a - b + 1
1 1 o n (c) 1 - a - b (d) 3(a - b + 1)
21. If (4.2)x = (0.42)y = 100, then − s
ar
= 33. If 0 < a < 1, 0 < x < 1 and x < a, then loga x:
x y
(a) 1 (b) 2 P e (a) < 1 (b) > 1
(c) 1/2 (d) -1
1 7 (c) < 0 (d) ≤ 1
log 9 11 log 3 11 2 0 34. log5 2 is
22. − = ©
log 5 13 log 5 13 t (a) an integer (b) a rational number
(a) 1 gh-1
ir (b) (c) an irrational number (d) a prime number
(c) 0
o py (d) None of these  1  1  1
log x log yC log z 35. log5 1 +  + log 5 1 +  + log 5 1 +  + ... + log5
23. If = = , then yz in terms of x is:  5  6  7
2 3 5
(a) x (b) x2  1 
1 + 
(c) x 3
(d) x4  624 
x+
1
x−
1
(a) 5 (b) 4
24. If 4x + 22x - 1 = 3 2
+ 3 2 , then x = (c) 3 (d) 2
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/2
(c) 5/2 (d) 1 36. If log10 2986 = 3.4751, then log10 0.02986 =
(a) 1 .2986 (b) 2 .4751
log 49 7 + log 25 5 − log 4 2
25. = (c) 0.34751 (d) None of these
log 17.5
37. If log (2a - 3b) = log a - log b, then a =
(a) 5 (b) 2
(c) 5/2 (d) 3/2 3b 2 3b
(a) (b)
26. log10 tan40° ⋅ log10 41° ... log10 tan 50° = 2b − 1 2b − 1
(a) 1 (b) 0 b2 3b 2
(c) (d)
(c) -1 (d) None of these 2b + 1 2b + 1
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 19.4 Chapter 19

1 1 log x log y log z

38. If log (x - y) - log 5 - log x - log y = 0, 44. If 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 ,
2 2 a + ab + b b + bc + c c + ca + a 2
x y
then + = then xa-b ⋅ yb–c ⋅ zc-a =
y x (a) 0 (b) -1
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 1 (d) 2
(c) 27 (d) 28 45. If 3x-2 = 5 and log10 2 = 0.20103, log10 3 = 0.4771,
then x =
39. If log x:3 = log y:4 = log z:5, then zx =
22187 22187
(a) 2y (b) y2 (a) 1 (b) 2
47710 47710
(c) 8y (d) 4y 22187
(c) 3 (d) None of these
40. If 3 + log5 x = 2 log25 y, then x = 47710
(a) y/125 (b) y/25 46. If log2 = 0.30103 and log3 = 0.4771, then number
2
(c) y /625 (d) 3 - y2/25
of digits in (648)5 is:
L td
(a) 12 .
(b) t13
log 2 a log 3 b log 4 c (c) 14 P
(d)v 15
41. If = = and a1/2 ⋅ b1/3 ⋅ c1/4 = 24,
3 3 4 log y log
= e s z
2 vic 5
47. If log x = , then x4 ⋅ y3 ⋅ z-2 =
then
(a) a = 24 (b) b = 81 (a) 2
S er (b) 10
(c) 1 n (d) 0
(c) c = 64 (d) c = 256
io
log at27 + log 1000 + log 8
log 2 x log 2 y log 2 z
42. If =
3
=
4 5k
z
and 3 4 = 1, then
x y
48.
d uc log 120
E (a) 1/2 (b) 1
k= i a (c) 3/2
d (d) 2
(a) 3 (b) 4 In
on
log10x
(c) 5 (d) -5 49. For x > 0, if y = 10
and x = ya, then a =
3 + log10 343 a rs x2

Pe
43. = (a) 1 (b) -1
1  49  1  1 
2 + log   + log 
17
 (c) 0 (d) 2
2  4  3  125 
20 50. If x = 1004/3(1/2), y = log1/2(1/3), then
(a) 3 (b) 3/2
© (a) x > y (b) x < y
(c) 2 (d)ht1 (c) x = y (d) x ≥ y
ig
pyr
C o
ExErcisE-2
(BasEd on MEMory)

1. If log 2 = 0.30103, the number of digits in 264 is: (a) 0.3010 (b) 0.6990
1000 699
(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) (d)
301 301
(c) 20 (d) 21 [Assistant’s Grade Examination, 1997]
[SI of Police Rec. Examination, 1997] 4. If log 2 = x, log 3 = y and log 7 = z, then the value
2. If log10 2 = 0.301, then the value of log10 (50) is of log (4. 3 63 ) is:
2 1 2 1
(a) 0.699 (b) 1.301 (a) -2x + y+ z (b) 2x + y+ z
3 3 3 3
(c) 1.699 (d) 2.301
2 1 2 1
[SI Rec. (Delhi Police) Examination, 1997] (c) 2x + y- z (d) 2x - y + z
3 3 3 3
3. Given that log10 2 = 0.3010, the log2 10 is equal to: [Assistant’s Grade Examination, 1998]
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 Logarithms 19.5

5. If log12 27 = a, then log6 16 is: 10. If log10 2 = 0.3010 is given, then log2 10 is equal to:

4(3 − a ) 4(3 + a ) (a) 0.3010 (b) 0.6990

(a) (b) 1000 699
3+ a 3− a (c) (d)
301 301
3+ a 3− a [SSC (GL) Prel. Examination, 2000]
(c) (d)
4(3 − a ) 4(3 + a ) 11. If log 3 = 0.477 and (1000)x = 3, then x equals.
[Assistant’s Grade Examination, 1998] (a) 0.159 (b) 10
6. If logx 4 = 0.4, then the value of x is: (c) 0.0477 (d) 0.0159.
[SSC (GL) Prel. Examination, 2000]
(a) 4 (b) 16
12. If log 2 = 0.3010, then log 5 equals.
(c) 1 (d) 32
(a) 0.3010
[Assistant’s Grade Examination, 1998] (b) 0.699
7. If logx y = 100 and log2 x = 10, then the value of y is: (c) 0.7525 L td
(a) 210 (b) 21000 v t. to calculate log5.
(d) Given log2, it is not possible
[SSC (GL)PPrel. Examination, 2000]
(c) 2100 (d) 210000 13. If log 90 = 1.9542cthen
i es log 3 equals.
[SSC (GL) Prel. Examination, 1999] (a) 0.9771
e rv (b) 0.6514
8. If log10 2 = 0.3010 and log10 7 = 0.8451, then the (c) 0.4771 S
o n [SSC (GL)(d)Prel.
0.3181
value of log10 2.8 is: t i Examination, 2000]
a
uc number of digits in (b)
10
14. The 8 is (when log 2 = 0.30103)
(a) 0.4471 (b) 1.4471
(c) 2.4471 (d) 1.4471
d(a) 19
E (c) 17 10

[SSC (GL) Prel. Examination, 1999] di

a (d) 16
In [RRB, Kolkata Supervisor (P.Way)
9. If log (0.57) = 1.756, then the value of logn57 Examination, 2000]
s o
ar
2
+ log (0.57)3 + log 0.57 is: 15. If log10(x - 6x + 45) = 2, then the values of x are:

P e (a) 10, 5 (b) 11, -5

(a) 0.902 (b) 1.902
17 (c) 6, 9 (d) 9, -5
(c) 1.146 (d) 2.14620 [RRB Allahabad ASM Examination, 2002]
[SSC (GL) Prel.©Examination, 1999] 16. If log10 2 = 0.30, then log2 10 is:
h t (a) 3.3220 (b) 5
r ig
p y (c) 0.3322 (d) 3.2320
oC
[RRB Allahabd ASM Examination, 2002]

Answer Keys
ExErcisE-1
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (b)
14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (b)
27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (b)
40. (a) 41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (b)
ExErcisE-2
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c)
14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a)
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 19.6 Chapter 19

explAnAtory Answers
ExErcisE-1

3
x + (log x - log y) log z = log k = 0
1. (b) log3/2 3.375 = x ⇒  2  = 3.375
  ⇒ k = 1.
⇒ (1.5)x = (1.5)3 ⇒ x = 3. 11. (d) 98 + x 2 − 12 x + 36 = 100
2. (a) yz(2 - x) = 2yz - xyz = 2 log4a 2a - log4a a
⇒ x 2 − 12 x + 36 = 2
 4a2 
= log4a   = 1. ⇒ x2 - 12x + 32 = 0
 a 
3. (d) Each is equal to k ⇒ x = 8, 4.

⇒ log x = k (l + m - 2n), 12. (a) x = loga bc ⇒ ax = bc ⇒ ax+1 = abc

log y = k (m + n - 2l), log z = k (n + l - 2m). ⇒ a = (abc)1/x+1.
L td
xyz = e0 = 1 x2y2z2 = 1. Similarly, b = (abc) and ct.= (abc)
1/y+1 1/z+1

Pv
⇒ log xyz = k (0) ⇒ ⇒
1 1 1

es
+ +
x+ y 1 ∴ abc = ( abc) x +1 y +1 z +1
4. (b) log   = [log x + log y] c
 5  2 i
v1 + 1
+r
1
x +S1e y + 1 z + 1
⇒ 1 =
⇒ x + y = 5 xy ⇒ x2 + y2 = 23xy
⇒ (x o n
x y
+ = 23. t i+ 1) (y + 1) (z + 1) = (y + 1) (z + 1)
+ (xa+ 1) (z + 1) + (x + 1) (y + 1)
⇒
uc xyz = x + y + z + 2.
y x

3x − 3 y x E d⇒
x x x
5. (c) x + y = ⇒ x = 5y ⇒ =5
a
di 13. (b) by = ax b = a= , c a=
y
2 y ⇒ z
, d aw
⇒ log x - log y = log 5. In  x x x x x x 1 1 1
on loga (bcd) = log a  a y .a z .a w  = + + = x  + +  .
  y z w
6. (a) log2 x +
1
2
1
log 2 x + log 2 x =
4
21
4 a rs    y z w

 1 1  21 Pe 1
14. (c) log10   = -log10 2 = - 0.3010
⇒ log2x 1 + +  =
 2 4 4
⇒
17
log2x = 3
0
⇒ x = 8. 2
2 = 1 - 0.3010 - 1 = 1.6990.
 24   52   34 © 15. (d) log2 (32x-2 + 7) = log24 + log2 (3x-1 + 1)
7. (a) 7 log   + 5 log  3 ht
 + 3 log  4 
 5×3  2 ×3 ir g  2 ×5 [ 2 = 2 log22 = log222]
∴

py
= 28 log 2 - 7 log 5 - 7 log 3 + 10 log 5 - 15 log 2
o
⇒ 32x-2 + 7 = 4 (3x-1 + 1)
-5 log 3 + 12 logC
3 - 12 log 2 - 3 log 5 = log 2. ⇒ t2 + 7 = 4(t + 1), where, 3x-1 = t
⇒ t2 - 4t + 3 = 0 ⇒ t = 1, 3
8. (b) 0 < a ≤ x; Min. value of loga x + logx a is 2 when we put
x = a. When t = 1 ⇒ 3 x-1
=1 ⇒ x=1
When t = 3 ⇒ 3x-1 = 31 ⇒ x = 2.
log x log y log z
9. (a) = = = k (say) 16. (c) loga b = logb c = logc a = k (say)
b−c c−a a−b
b = a k, c = b k, a = c k
⇒ log x = k (b - c), log y = k (c - a), log z = k (a - b)
⇒ c = (ak)k = ak2 = (ck2)k = ck3
⇒ log x + log y + log z = 0 ⇒ xy z = 1.
⇒ k3 = 1 ⇒ k = 1. ∴ a = b = c.
Also, a log x + b log y + c log z = 0 ⇒ xa . yb . zc= 1. 17. (d) log10 x = 2 log10 a - 2
Again (b + c) log x + (c + a) log y + (a + b) log z = 0. ⇒ log10 x = 2 (log10 a - 1)
⇒ xb+c ⋅ yc+a ⋅ za+b = 1. a2
log10 x = 2 log10  
a
⇒ ⇒ x= .
∴ xyz = x ⋅ y ⋅ z = x + ⋅ y + ⋅ z + = 1.
a b c b c c a a b
 
10 100
10. (c) xlog y - log z ⋅ ylog z - log x ⋅ zlog x-log y = k (say) 18. (b) logb(c + a) + logb(c - a)
⇒ (log y - log z) log x + (log z - log x) log y = logb(c2 - a2) = logbb2 = 2.

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 Logarithms 19.7

19. (a) x = (875)10 = (87.5 × 10)10 26. (b) log10 tan40° ⋅ log10 tan41° ... log10 tan50°
∴ log10 x = 10(log1087.5 + 1) = 0, since log10 tan45 = 0.
= 10(1.9421 + 1) 5 15
27. (a) log8 p = ⇒ p = (8)5/2 = 2 2 = (25)3/2
= 10(2.9421) = 29.421. 2
∴ x = Antilog (29.421). log2 q = 5 ⇒ q = 2 5.
∴ Number of digits in x = 30. ∴ p=q . 3/2

10 10 1 1
 432   33.24  28. (b) loga y = , loga z =
20. (b) x = (0.0432) 10
=   = 4  1 − log a x 1 − log a y
 10000   10 
1 1 − log a x
∴ loga z = =
∴ log10x = 10 (3 log103 + 4 log102 - 4)  1  − log a x
1−  
= 10 (1.4313 + 1.2040 - 4)  1 − log a x 
= 10 (-1.3647) = -13.647 1
= 14.353
⇒ - loga z = -1 +
t d
.L
log a x
x = Antilog (14.353) t
Pv
∴
1
∴ Number of zeros between the decimal and the irst ⇒ = 1 - loga z
signiicant igure = 13.
log a x
i c es
21. (c) (4.2)x = 100 ⇒ (42)x = 102+x ∴ log x =
a rv1 ⇒ x = a 1
1e− log z 1− log az
= ak (given)
S a

⇒
 42 
42 =  
y
…(1)
∴ k t=io
n 1
.
 100  a 1 − log z
uc
a

2 2
− 29. d(b) log 2 ⋅ 4 log 5 = 4 ⋅ log
= 100 ⇒ (42)y = 102+2y E e b 10
2 ⋅ loge 10 = 4 loge 2
x y
2
+2
d ia ⇒ log 5 = 1 ⇒ b = 5.b
⇒ 42 = 10 y
In
…(2)
1

on − (7log7 5 )
log5 7 log7 5
2 2 1 1 1 30. (c) 5
From (1) and (2), − =1⇒ − = .
x y x y 2 a rs log5 7
−
1
Pe
= 5
log7 5
5
17
log 9 11 log3 11 log3 11 log3 11
22. (c) − = − = 0. ⇒ 5 log 7
−5 log 7
= 0.
log5 13 log 5 13 2.log5 13 2.log5 13
20 5 5

log x log y log z

23. (d) = = = k (say) h t© 31. (d) 2log 37 - 7log 32 = 2log 27 ⋅ log 32 - 7log 32
= 7log 32 - 7log 32 = 0.
2 3 5
rig
o py
⇒ log x = 2k, log y = 3k, log z = 5k  30 
32. (a) a + b = log3015 = log30   = 1 - log30 2
 2 
⇒ log yz = 3k C
+ 5k = 8k; log x 4
= 8k
∴ log yz = log x 4
⇒ yz = x . 4 ⇒ log30 2 = 1 - a - b.
∴ log30 8 = 3(1 - a - b).
4 x 3x
24. (b) 4x + = + 3x. 3
2 3 33. (b) 0 < a < 1, 0 < x < 1 and x < a
x
⇒ loga x > loga a ⇒ loga x > 1.
3 4 4 8
⇒ 4x ⋅ = 3x ⋅ ⇒  = p
2 3 3 3 3 34. (c) log52 = ⇒ 2 = 5p/q = 2q = 5p
q
x 3/2
4 4 3
. ⇒ even number = odd number,
⇒ 3 =3 ⇒x=
    2 which is a contradiction.
∴ log52 is an irrational number.
log 75 / 2 + log 55 / 2 − log 25 / 2
25. (c)
6 7 8 625
log 17.5 35. (b) log5 + log5 + log5 + ... + log5
5 6 7 624
5(log 7 + log 5 − log 2) 5
= =
 35  2  6 7 8 625   625 
2 log  
 2 
= log5  ⋅ ⋅ ...  = log5  5  = 4.
 5 6 7 624   

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M19.indd 7 9/21/2015 11:30:29 AM

 19.8 Chapter 19

44. (c) Each ratio = k ⇒ log x = k(a2 + ab + b2)

 2986 
36. (b) log10(0.02986) = log10   ⇒ (a - b)log x = k(a3 - b3)
 100000  3 3
⇒ log xa-b = k(a3 - b3) ⇒ xa-b = ek(a -b )
= 3.4751 - 5 = -1.5249
Similarly, yb-c = ek(b -c ), zc-a = ek(c -a ).
3 3 3 3

= 2.4751.
a ∴ x a-b
.y b-c
.z c-a
= e = 1.0

37. (a) 2a - 3b = ⇒ 2ab - 3b2 = a

b
⇒ 3b2 = a(2b - 1)  90 
45. (c) 3x-2 = 5 ⇒ 3x = 45 =  
3b 2  2 
⇒ a= .
2b − 1 ⇒ x log103 = log1090 - log102
x y
38. (c) (x - y)2 = 25xy ⇒ x2 + y2 = 27xy ⇒ + = 2 log103 + 1 - log102
= 27. y x
⇒ x(0.4771) = 1.65317
log x log y log z
39. (b) = = =k
3 4 5 165317 22187
⇒ x= =3 .
d
t
.L
⇒ log x = 3k; log y = 4k; log z = 5k. 47710 47710
t
Pv
⇒ log (zx) = log z + log x = 8k = 2 log y
∴ zx = y2. 46. (d) log (648)5 = 5 log (81 × 8) = 20 log 3 + 15 log 2
s
ice
40. (a) 3 + log5 x = log5 y ⇒ log5(125x) = log5 y ⇒ x = 20(0.4771) + 15(0.30103)
v
er
y = 14.05745.
= .
125
∴ S
Number of digits in (648)5 is 15.
41. (d) =
log 2 a log3 b log 4 c
= =k ti x
log
onlog y log z
3 3 4 47. (c) a=
c 1 = =k
⇒ a = 22k, b = 33k, c = 44k and u 2 5
a1/2 ⋅ b1/3 ⋅ c1/4 = 2k ⋅ 3k ⋅ 4k = 24 Ed⇒ log x = k, log y = 2k, log z = 5k.
⇒ 24k = 241 ⇒ k = 1. d ia ∴ log (x4 . y3 . z-2) = 4 log x + 3 log y - 2 log z = 0
∴ a = 4, b = 27, c = 256. In x4 . y3 . z-2 = 1.
n ⇒
so
z
42. (c) 3 4 = 1 ⇒ log2 z - 3 log2 x - 4 log2 y = 0
x y a r log 27 + log 1000 + log 8
Pe
48. (c)
3.3 4 log120
⇒ log2 z - ⋅ log 2 z − 4 ⋅ ⋅ log 2 z = 0
5k 5k
0 17 3
⇒ 1 -
9 16
− =0 2 = 2
(log 3 + log10 + log 4)
3
5k 5 k © =
⇒ 5k - 25 = 0 ⇒ k = 5. ht log 3 + log10 + log 4 2

3(1 + log10 7) ir g
3(1 + log10 7)
43. (a) y 10 log10 x 1 1
op
= 49. (b) y = = = a = y-a ⇒ a = -1.
7
2 + log + log
1  7 x2
2 + log   x y
2 C 5  10 
3(1 + log10 7) 50. (b) x = log4/w3 (1/2) = -log4/3 2 < 0
= = 3.
1 + log10 7 and, y = log1/2 (1/3) = log2 3 > 0 ⇒ y > x.

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M19.indd 8 9/21/2015 11:30:31 AM

 Logarithms 19.9

ExErcisE-2
(BasEd on MEMory)

1. (c) log 264 = 64 log 2 = 64 × .30103 = 19.26592. 7. (b) logxy = 100, log2x = 10
∴ Number of digits in 264 = 19 + 1 = 20. log y log x
⇒ = 100, = 10
 50 × 2  100 log x log 2
2. (c) log10 50 = log10   = log10
 2  2 log y
⇒ = 1000 ⇒ log2y = 1000
= log10 100 - log10 2 = 2 - .301 = 1.699. log 2
log10 1 1.0000 ⇒ y = 21000.
3. (c) log2 10 = = =
log 2 log 2 .3010 28
8. (a) log10 2.8 = log10 = log 28 - log 10
10
10000 1000
= log (7 × 4) - log 10
=
3010 301
=
td
63 ) = log (2 × (3 × 3 × 7) )
2 1/3
=
t.L
log 7 + 2 log 2 - log 10

Pv
4. (b) log (4 × 3
= 0.8451 + 2 × 0.3010 - 1
= log 2 + log (3 × 3 × 7)1/3
2
0.8451 + 0.6020 - 1 = 0.4471.
= s
= 2 log 2 +
1
log (32 × 7) 9. (a) log 
57 × 100 
v ice 1
 + 3 log( 0.57) + 2 log( 0.57)
3
1
 100 
S er
= 2 log 2 + (log 32 + log 7) 1
3
ti on
= log (0.57) + log 102 + 3 log (0.57) +
2
log (0.57)

ca
2 1  1
= 2 log 2 + log 3 + log 7 = 1 + 3 +  log (0.57) + 2 = ( 4.5 × 1.756) + 2
3 3 u  2
2 1 Ed= 4.5 × (-1 + .756) + 2 = 0.902.
= 2x +
3
y + z.
3
d ia log10 1 1000
a.
log 27 In 10. (c) log2 10 = = =
log 2 .3010 301
5. (a) log12 27 = a ⇒
log 12
=a
s on 11. (a) x log 1000 = log 3 ⇒ 3x = log 3
⇒ a log 12 = log 33
ar log 3 .477
Pe
⇒ a log (4 × 3) = 3 log 3 ⇒ x= = = .159.
3 3
⇒
0 17
a (log 4 + log 3) = 3 log 3
12. (b) log 5 = log
10
= log 10 - log 2
⇒
2
a log 4 + a log 3 = 3 log 3 2
= 1 - 0.3010 = 0. 6990.
⇒ ©
a log 22 = (3 - a) log 3
⇒ ht
2a log 2 = (3 - a) log 3 13. (c) log 90 = 1. 9542
ir g ⇒ log (32 × 10) = 1.9542
py
log 2 3 − a
⇒ = .
⇒ 2 log 3 + log 10 = 1.9542
C o log 3 2a
.9542
log16 log 24 ⇒ log 3 = = .4771.
Now, log6 16 = = 2
log 6 log( 2 × 3) 14. (b) 810 = (23)10 = 230.
log 2 Let, y = 230 ⇒ log y = log (2)30 = 30 log 2
4
4 log 2 log 3 = 30 × 0.30103 = 9.0309
= = a
log 2 + log 3 log 2 + 1 ∴ y = (10)9.0309, which contains 10 digits.
log 3 15. (b) log10(x2 - 6x + 45) =2
3−a ⇒ x2 - 6x + 45 = 102
4
2a  4(3 − a) ⇒ x2 - 6x + 45 - 100 = 0
=  = .
3−a 3+ a ⇒ x2 - 6x - 55 = 0
+1
2a ⇒ (x + 5) (x - 11) = 0
log 4 2 2 log 2 2 ⇒ x = 11 or - 5.
6. (d) = ⇒ =
log x 5 log x 5 16. (a) log102 = 0.3010
⇒ log x = 5 log 2 = log 25 = log 32 1 1
∴ log210 = = = 3.3220
⇒ x = 32. log10 2 0.3010

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M19.indd 9 9/21/2015 11:30:32 AM

 td
t.L
Pv
s
v ice
Ser
ti on
uca
Ed
d ia
In
s on
ar
Pe
0 17
2
©
ht
ir g
o py
C

Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd

M19.indd 10 9/21/2015 11:30:32 AM