AVMG 2600 Final

Statistically, what percentage of aviation related accidents have been attributed to

human error - ANS-70%-80%

ICAO has adopted the SHELL model to define Human Factors. One of the L's (the one
in the middle of the diagram) is the person under consideration. What does the other L
focus on? - ANS-Dispatcher, Air Traffic Control, or Pilot
(Any of the above)

In the SHELL model of Human Factors, which interaction is considered the most
critical? In fact, training programs have been developed that focus on optimizing human
performance because of the importance of this relationship - ANS-Liveware-Liveware

The "error" analysis model of _____________ has been integrated into the numerous
human factors training programs. It is commonly referred to as the "Swiss Cheese"
model. - ANS-J. Reason

Reason's Model of error analysis would say that "lack of training" and "poorly written
SOPs" are examples of - ANS-*** look in book ****

Reason's Model of error analysis would say that "pushing the crew duty day" and
"dispatching for flight in unsafe conditions" are examples of: - ANS-****look in book *****

Workload can be defined as "the cost of performing a given flight task". Modern day
aircraft technology advancements have had what effect on pilot workload? - ANS-The
relationship between pilot workload and technological advancements is dynamic and
varies with the task to be performed, the pilot, and the situation.

Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) occurs when an airworthy aircraft under the
complete control of the pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle. The
primary reason CFIT accidents occur are due to: - ANS-the lack of situational
awareness due to a variety of variables

The FAA defines Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) as a "systematic approach to the
mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of
action in response to a given set of circumstances". What factor has the most potential
to increase a pilot's decision-making skills? - ANS-Carefully designed training program
"Error" are defined as flight crew actions or inactions that: - ANS-increase the probability
of adverse operation events during flight, lead to a deviation from crew intentions or
expectations, reduce safety margins.
(all of the above)

An "Error" is identified as - ANS-flawed execution based on either correct or incorrect

information

An error that occurs at the L-H or L-S interface as the result of failure to design the
Hardware of Software with adequate consideration of the Liveware operator -
ANS-design induced

Consistent error with an established pattern that are often caused by one of two factors
are known as ___________ errors. - ANS-systematic

Errors that occur without a discernable pattern - ANS-random

Failing to do something that should be done is known as ___________ as doing

something that should not be done is known as __________ classification of errors -
ANS-omission; commission

A pilot who miscalculates the amount of fuel to dump in an emergency situation but
discovers the error before dumping the duel and corrects his error is classified as what
kind of error? - ANS-reversible

Dr. Kern when referring to error control, describes four levels of competency beginning
at the uninformed status quo level to the point when a new skill becomes a habit. The
definition that best describes the "consciously competent" level is: - ANS-You are
working on your error patterns and getting better each day

Dr. Kern suggest that an individual's tolerance for errors is at its lowest point at the
beginning of a person's career and then steadily increases throughout their career.
What does he suggest as a possible reason for becoming more tolerant of errors. -
ANS-experience and position

In class we discussed four cognitive biases that an individual should know about, be
able to recognize, and take action to prevent it in order to reduce the possibility of
making an error. The definition that best fits the Expectation Bias is: - ANS-tendency to
see what you expect to see, rather than what is really there.
Which of the Six Domains of Professionalism is described by Honesty, Integrity, Loyalty,
and Accountability? - ANS-Professional Ethics

Which of the Six Domains of Professionalism is described by Fitness & Dress,

Communications, as well as Bearing & Behavior On and Off Duty? - ANS-Professional
Image

Which of the Six Domains of Professionalism is described by Service Motivation,

External Focus, and Humility? - ANS-Selflessness

"I'm a pro because I am doing all I can to be the best I can and consistently reaching
towards my full potential" best describes what level of Professionalism? - ANS-Level 3
Professional- Fully Engaged Expert

"I'm a pro because I make other better" best describes what level of Professionalism? -
ANS-Level 4 Professional- Game Changer

The candidate selection process is a dynamic process but is necessary to get the right
fit for the job. Finding this match will increase the likelihood of success and minimize the
chances of Human Factor failures. With that in mind, what selection test method should
be utilized to find a candidate who can display strong communication skills? -
ANS-Interviews

The candidate selection process is a dynamic process but is necessary to get the right
fit for the job. Finding this match will increase the likelihood of success and minimize the
chances of Human Factor failures. With that in mind, what selection test method should
be utilized to find a candidate who may not display personality traits that aren't apparent
during the interview process? - ANS-Personality Tests

The candidate selection process is a dynamic process but is necessary to get the right
fit for the job. Finding this match will increase the likelihood of success and minimize the
chances of Human Factor failures. With that in mind, what selection test method should
not be utilized because the predictive validity is low or unreliable? - ANS-Interviews,
Personality Tests, Biodata, Interviews and Biodata
(All of the Above)

Many times the first landing in the actual aircraft a new hire pilot will make has
passengers on it. This is due to the training received in a high-fidelity simulator. The
FAA classifies these training devices as Level A through Level D. What Level simulator
provides the fidelity to allow the airlines to train pilots to this level? - ANS-Level D
When we speak of simulator fidelity, what major dimensions have researchers identified
that distinguish between a low-fidelity and high-fidelity simulator? - ANS-Physical fidelity,
psychological-cognitive fidelity, motivational fidelity, physical and motivational fidelity
(all of the above)

"The degree to which a training device engages the user and motivates them to engage
in training" best describes which dimension of simulator fidelity? - ANS-Motivational
Fidelity

Rolfe and Staples (1986) listed several advantages and could be used to justify the use
of simulation as a training medium. What were they? - ANS-Increased Efficiency,
Increased Safety, Lower Training Costs, Reduction in Environmental Impact

What two things are critical to ensure a positive transfer of training with the use of
simulation? - ANS-Curriculum Design and Instructor Training

Every area of the aviation industry experiences stressors unique to that operation.
Which type of stress can produce the more damaging results if not managed well? This
type of stress is also the focus of the textbook. - ANS-Chronic- Long-term

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) was developed to compare life events
and associated life changes to the probability of becoming ill. Those identified as being
at "moderate" risk of becoming ill scored _______ on the SRRS. - ANS-150-299

Stress in the workplace is a real thing. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health identified six factors that contributed to the increased levels of occupational
stress. The lack of job security, few opportunities for advancement, rapid changing work
practices describe which one? - ANS-Career Concerns

Which of the following can produce fatigue? Acute or Chronic? - ANS-Extreme physical
activity (gym workouts, outdoor activity, etc.)
Limited Physical Activity (couch potato, long drives on the interstate, etc.)
Intense study sessions (cramming for finals, getting ready for a checkride, etc.)
Limited Sleep (writing a paper at the last minute, studying for a test the night prior, etc.)
ALL OF THE ABOVE

Studies that examined the effects of fatigue on performance noted that those who
experienced chronic fatigue generally performed and made decisions: - ANS-As if they
were legally intoxicated
Referencing the Payne Stewart and Helios Airways Flight 522 accidents, what probable
physiological effects did the aircrew most likely experience? - ANS-Impaired judgement
and reasoning; euphoria; incapacitation; unconsciousness
ALL OF THE ABOVE

The effects of loud and/or long-term noise in the cockpit can result in what? - ANS-pilot
fatigue; an agitated state; hearing loss; reduced concentration
ALL OF THE ABOVE

"The degree that a simulator replicates factors such as workload, communication, and
situational awareness and demands the same degree of engagement with the task as
when flying the real aircraft" is known as: - ANS-psychological-cognitive fidelity
simulation

It is generally believed that pilots typically possess a Type A personality. Type A

personality traits include being competitive, impatient, aggressive, highly motivated, and
a desire to be known as a high-achiever. Which statement is true regarding Type A
personality individuals? - ANS-Type A personalities are known to have an internal locus
of control.

The FAA defines fatigue as "a condition characterized by increased discomfort with
lessened capacity for work, reduced efficiency of accomplishment, loss of power or
capacity to respond to stimulation, and is usually accompanied by a feeling of weariness
and tiredness." Short-term physical and/or mental activity can be classified as _______
while prolonged insufficient sleep or physical and/or mental activity can be classified as
________. - ANS-Acute; Chronic

NASA has conducted extensive studies on the anthropometrics of the flight deck.
Anthropometry can be defined as "The study of objective physical variables in humans,
which impacts on architecture, industrial design, and ergonomics". Which variable is
considered to be the most important variable in cockpit design and display orientation. -
ANS-Eye Reference Point (ERP)

Where the seat back meets the seat cushion defines the - ANS-seat reference point
(SRP)

Which reference point determines visibility of displays, indirectly determines the reach to
controls; and directly determines the view out of the flight deck windows? - ANS-eye
reference point (ERP)
When designing a display to be used in the aircraft, what considerations should be
made? - ANS-Clutter of the information presented on the display; character size of the
information presented on the display; color of the information presented on the display
ALL OF THE ABOVE

Modern displays include information from multiple instruments onto a single display.
What display would I be able to located the attitude indicator, airspeed indicator,
altimeter and horizontal situation indicator? - ANS-Primary Flight Display (PFD)

The Garmin G1000 PFD/MFD is an example of - ANS-Enhanced Vision System (EVS)

Sensors that collect real-time information (e.g., forward looking infrared radar ((FLIR))
and display it in the cockpit are examples of: - ANS-Synthetic Vision System (SVS)

Hand flying the aircraft is an example of: - ANS-Manual Control

Entering information into the aircraft's flight management system during non-time critical
circumstances in an example of: - ANS-Strategic Control

Entering information into the aircraft's flight management system when dealing with
real-time events during flight is an example of: - ANS-Tactical Control

A Pilot Induced Oscillation (PIO) is an example of: - ANS-Response Lag

Which form of aircraft control is best suited for Fly-By-Wire aircraft? - ANS-Sidestick

With the advent of increased automation, the role of the pilot has gone from ________
to ________ - ANS-pilot; flight deck manager

The advantages associated with increased automation - ANS-Increased Capacity;

Reduced Fatigue; Reduced Workload; Precise Aircraft Handling

Sheridan and Verplank have simplified the levels of automation into a three-tier
hierarchy that ranges from boss/slave relationship to course of action must be
sanctioned to actions are informational only. Given the hierarchy, what terms are used
by these researchers to classify automation? - ANS-Management by delegation to
management by consent to management by exception
When it comes to automation, what common question is asked by flight crew? -
ANS-What is it doing?; Why did it do that?; What will it do next?; I wonder if it will do
that again?
ALL OF THE ABOVE

Regarding aircraft automation design and aircraft manufacturers approach to human

factors, which aircraft manufacturer leaves the ultimate decision up to the pilot? -
ANS-Boeing

The FMS is at the heart of all automation in the modern commercial aircraft. The basic
function that is responsible for "testing and logging of faults" is known as: - ANS-Built-in
Test

The FMS is at the heart of all automation in the modern commercial aircraft. The basic
function that is responsible for the management of lateral and vertical navigation is
known as: - ANS-Performance

A pilot would be able to locate the status of the automated systems engaged on the -
ANS-FMA

A pilot would be able to locate the aircraft's track and heading on a moving map display
on the: - ANS-ND

A pilot would be able to located the altitude, airspeed, and attitude on the: - ANS-PFD

A pilot would be able to locate the status of engine and system performance on the: -
ANS-EICAS

What advantages and disadvantages are associated with the "Menu Selection"
interaction style used on modern displays? - ANS-Reduces keystrokes but may involve
many menus; A & C

What advantages and disadvantages are associated with the "Text Based Scratchpad
Input" interaction style used on modern displays? - ANS-Slow to input but flexible; B & D

"The effective utilization of all resources (crewmembers, airplane systems, supporting

facilities, etc.) to achieve safe and efficient operations" defines which concept? -
ANS-Crew Resource Management (CRM)
Classroom presentations that focus on communication, decision-making, interpersonal
relations, crew coordination, leadership, and adherence to SOPs are included in what
aspect of the CRM training process? - ANS-Indoctrination/Awareness

The use of simulators or training devices, using taped feedback with the guidance of a
facilitator, allowing participants to view themselves from a third-party perspective are
included in what aspect of the CRM training process? - ANS-Recurrent Practice and
Feedback

Embedding CRM concepts in every stage of training, to include classroom, role-playing

exercises, LOFT sessions and feedback sessions are included in what aspect of the
CRM training process? - ANS-Continuing Reinforcement

When a crewmember advocates a course of action they feel is best, even though it may
conflict with others is known as: - ANS-Inquiry, Advocacy, Assertion

The process of thoroughly debriefing flight activities, highlighting the processes followed
to identify both effective and ineffective team behaviors is known as: - ANS-Self-Critique

The process of resolving disagreements among crewmembers by interpreting

information or proposing courses of action, as well as identifying techniques for
maintaining open communication while dealing with conflict is known as: - ANS-Conflict
Resolution

Crew Resource Management (CRM) has evolved over time. The unique view in the
Fifth Generation CRM concept is that: - ANS-Human error is inevitable

CRM can be seen as a set of error countermeasures with three lines of defense. The
first line of defense is: - ANS-Avoidance of error

CRM can be seen as a set of error countermeasures with three lines of defense. The
last line of defense is: - ANS-Mitigating the consequences of those errors that occur and
are not trapped

An area that may prove to be problematic in effective CRM practice is: -

ANS-Distractions, Stress, Workload
ALL OF THE ABOVE

With regard to the conduct of a LOSA, the most trustworthy information will be gathered
by: - ANS-A Peer
An important aspect of the LOSA, with respect to the participants, is that: - ANS-They
remain anonymous; They be volunteers; They be notified of the results
ALL OF THE ABOVE

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, which of the following would
be considered a "latent threat?" - ANS-Vague Policies

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, which of the following would
be considered an "overt threat"? - ANS-Bad Weather

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, what is the correct
countermeasure for a "threat"? - ANS-Anticipate and Avoid

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, what is the correct
countermeasure for an "Error"? - ANS-Detect and Trap & Diagnose and Trap

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, what is the correct
countermeasure for an "Undesired Aircraft State"? - ANS-Recover and Trap

The Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) is beneficial in what way? -

ANS-Participation by the company is voluntary; The program can be developed to
conform with the company's specific operations; performance data drives curriculum
development and improvement

ALL OF THE ABOVE

As an airline safety manager, a "Safety Culture" is identified all of the characteristics,

EXCEPT:q - ANS-it is unstable and subject to change

When looking at a Safety Management System, there are two facets of risk that must be
considered when developing a safety program. These two factors will be used to place
that hazard in the correct Risk Category. What are they? - ANS-Frequency of the event
occurring and the severity of its likely outcome

When it comes to NTSB findings, those conditions that promote human failure are
categorized as: - ANS-Contributory factors

In the NTSB Human Performance Investigation Factors framework, the training that the
aircrew received is considered in which category? - ANS-Operational
During the course of an accident investigation, the NTSB may invite other non-NTSB
groups or individuals to participate in the investigation. This is referred to as: - ANS-The
Party System