AVMG 2600 Final Study Guide

Human Factors is - ANS-A difficult field of study because it is a multi-disciplinary field

that requires the ability to weave the concepts of each field into a system of thinking that
maximizes the potential of each field. A field of study that requires the perfect balance of
optimized performance between the human, the machine and the environment. A topic
that requires an individual to identify problems and the context of the problem,
determine all possible options and the best option to solve the problem and evaluate if
the choice was the best choice. (ALL)

Statistically, what percentage of aviation related accidents has been attributed to human
error? - ANS-70% - 80%

ICAO has adopted the SHELL model to define Human Factors. One of the "Ls" (the one
in the middle of the diagram) is the person under consideration. What does the the other
"L" focus on? - ANS-Pilot, Air Traffic Control, Dispatcher, (ANY)

In the SHELL model of Human Factors, which interaction is considered the most
critical? In fact, training programs have been developed that focus on optimizing human
performance because of the importance of this relationship. - ANS-Liveware - Liveware

The "error" analysis model of _________________ has been integrated into the
numerous human factors training programs. It is commonly referred to as the "Swiss
Cheese" model. - ANS-J. Reason

Reason's Model of error analysis would say that "lack of training" and "poorly written
SOPs" are examples of: - ANS-Unsafe Acts

Reason's Model of error analysis would say that "pushing the crew duty day" and
"dispatching for flight in unsafe conditions" are examples of: - ANS-Unsafe Supervision

The most dominant of the six senses that we use to receive information from the world
around us is: - ANS-Sight

When discussing the six senses in class, what was discussed that was very powerful
and could influence decisions without being aware of its power and influence? -
ANS-???
What is true regarding the six senses and the training process? - ANS-An instructional
method that includes as many of the six senses possible to teach the subject matter.

The human information processing model discussed in the textbook has five stages,
match the stage to the correct order number. - ANS-1: Sensation
2: Attention
3: Perception
4: Decision Making
5: Response

What type of attention allows us to focus on one particular part of our environment at a
time? - ANS-Selective Attention

What type of attention is required when multiple tasks require selective attention,
sustained attention or a combination of both? - ANS-Divided Attention

What type of attention allows us to focus on one particular part of our environment in
order to ascertain whether any relevant changes occur that might require our
intervention? - ANS-Sustained Attention

In class we discussed four cognitive biases that an individual should know about, be
able to recognize, and act to prevent it in order to reduce the possibility of making an
error. The definition that best fits the Expectation Bias is: - ANS-Tendency to see what
you expect to see, rather than what is really there

In class we discussed four cognitive biases that an individual should know about, be
able to recognize, and act to prevent it in order to reduce the possibility of making an
error. The definition that best fits the Plan Continuation Bias is: - ANS-Tendency to
follow original plan, even when changing conditions require altering the plan.
Strengthens as the end becomes closer

In class we discussed four cognitive biases that an individual should know about, be
able to recognize, and act to prevent it in order to reduce the possibility of making an
error. The definition that best fits the Confirmation Bias is: - ANS-Tendency to favor
information that supports your preconception, and ignore information that doesn't

In class we discussed four cognitive biases that an individual should know about, be
able to recognize, and act to prevent it in order to reduce the possibility of making an
error. The definition that best fits the Overconfidence Bias is: - ANS-Experience and
expertise creates tendency to overestimate abilities and take greater risks
To be a good "critical thinker," you must be able to - ANS-internalize the key concepts of
a subject, Apply those concepts to real world problems and issues, Evaluate the ability
to internalize and apply key concepts of a subject (ALL)

Good thinking is thinking that (effectively) assesses itself. Match the statements on the
left with the follow-on statements on the right. - ANS-???

One of the best ways to demonstrate that you have an understanding of a specific
subject is - ANS-Teaching someone else how to understand the subject matter

According to the author of your article, when reading it is important to understand the
logic of the text and what the author intended for you to learn. As you read, what are
five questions you should ask to evaluate the thinking of the author? - ANS-???

Metacognition can be summerized as - ANS-Thinking about one's thinking, An

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, The processes used to
plan, monitor, and assess one's understanding and performance, Intentional and
deliberate thinking (ALL)

The body uses three integrated systems that work together to ascertain orientation and
movement in space. The vestibular system - ANS-Are the organs found in the inner ear
that sense position by the way we are balanced.

The body uses three integrated systems that work together to ascertain orientation and
movement in space. The somatosensory system - ANS-Are nerves in the skin, muscles,
and joints that, along with hearing sense position based on gravity, feeling and sound

When it comes to effective communication, which factors affect both the sender and the
receiver? - ANS-Attitudes, Social System, Culture (ALL)

An important aspect of communication is listening. What techniques can be employed to

become a more effective listener? - ANS-Listen to understand, Do not interrupt, Watch
non-verbal behavior, Be aware of biases, Avoid rehearsing answers while listening
(ALL)

Regarding the factors of the message being sent, the "elements" refer to - ANS-Verbal
and non-verbal techniques used to convey the content
Regarding the factors of the message being sent, the "code" refers to - ANS-The correct
combination of content and elements for the message to have the desired effect

When referring to the five senses and the role they play in communication, what is the
dominant sense used in effective communication? - ANS-Hearing

Based on your answer to the previous question, what sense does the book suggest as
the second sense most used in communication? - ANS-Seeing

Effective communication is comprised of both verbal and non-verbal forms of

communication. Which of these can have a significant impact on the receiver's
interpretation of the sender's message? - ANS-Non-verbal

When it comes to non-verbal communication, which element(s) is considered

non-verbal? - ANS-Facial expressions, Eye contact, Gestures, Posture (ALL)

Which "barrier to communication" is most evident in a classroom situation where the

professor lectures in a monotone voice with little to no emotional attachment to the
subject matter? - ANS-Sender deficiencies

The NITS briefing format is a standardized way of structuring a message. What

describes the "N" in NITS? - ANS-A brief, jargon-free summary of the situation

The NITS briefing format is a standardized way of structuring a message. What

describes the "I" in NITS? - ANS-A brief summary of what is going to happen now

Which of the following can produce fatigue? (Acute or Chronic) - ANS-Extreme physical
activity (gym workouts, outdoor activity, etc.), Limited physical activity (couch potato,
long drives on the interstate, etc.), Intense study sessions (cramming for finals, getting
ready for a checkride, etc.), Limited sleep (writing a paper at the last minute, studying
for a test the night prior) (ALL)

Studies that examined the effects of fatigue on performance noted that those who
experienced chronic fatigue generally performed and made decisions: - ANS-As if they
were legally intoxicated

The FAA defines Fatigue as "a condition characterized by increased discomfort with
lessened capacity for work, reduced efficiency of accomplishment, loss of power or
capacity to respond to stimulation, and is usually accompanied by a feeling of weariness
and tiredness". Short-term physical and/or mental activity can be classified as
_________ while prolonged insufficient sleep or physical and/or mental activity can be
classified as _________. - ANS-Acute / Chronic

What stage of sleep do you get the most restorative sleep and is also the most difficult
stage to wake up? - ANS-N3

What stage of sleep is where dreaming occurs most, and a person suffers negative
consequences of unable to enter? - ANS-REM

"Sleep urge" is: - ANS-Maintained even while the brain is restoring itself and the
physiological sleep need is decreasing, Designed to slow down brain function in order to
keep us asleep, Most significant between the hours of 2:00am and 6:00am, Increases in
intensity during the mid-afternoon timeframe and is designed to peak during the late
evening (ALL)

What characterizes the effects of sleep loss? - ANS-Poor decision-making, poor

judgment, increased risk-taking, Poor performance in school, on the job, and in sports,
Impaired driving performance and more car accidents, Increased incidence of obesity,
diabetes, illness in general, high blood pressure, and heart disease, Impaired memory,
concentration, and ability to learn (ALL)

Every area of the aviation industry experiences stressors unique to that operation.
Which type of stress can produce more damaging results if not managed well? -
ANS-Chronic - long term

What is true regarding stress? - ANS-A certain amount of stress can enhance
performance, The accumulation of stress is insidious and cumulative, Can be minimized
by effective life management strategies (ALL)

Conditions associated with the environment, such as temperature and humidity

extremes, noise, vibration, and lack of oxygen. - ANS-Environmental Stress

Fatigue, lack of physical fitness, sleep loss, missed meals (leading to low blood sugar
levels), and illness. - ANS-Physiological Stress

Flying an Instrument approach, at night, in the weather, down to minimums,

experiencing electrical failure, at night, in the weather, or driving at night, in a snow
storm, on a winding road through the mountains is an example of - ANS-High Workload
In cruise flight, at altitude, on a clear day or a drive that you have made a thousand
times, in a car you have driven for many miles, with little to no traffic around you is an
example of - ANS-Low Workload

Among other provisions, FAR 91.17 states that no person may operate or attempt to
operate an aircraft: 1) within 8 hours of having consumed alcohol, 2) while under the
influence of alcohol, 3) with a blood alcohol content of 0.04% or greater, and 4) while
using any drug that adversely affects safety. The FAA recommends ______ hours after
the last drink of alcohol, while studies recommend ______ hours after the last drink of
alcohol. - ANS-24; 48 to 72

The FAA defines Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) as 'a systematic approach to the
mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of
action in response to a given set of circumstances'. What factor has the most potential
to increase a pilot's decision-making skills? - ANS-Carefully designed training program

Which of the following is NOT an advantage when justifying the use of simulation as a
training medium? - ANS-Increased environmental impact

Perception is based on an (a)____________ (b)____________ of our environment and

requires that our (c)____________ is (d)____________in the right place. Fill in the
blanks. - ANS-???

The ____________ ensures adequate visibility outside the cockpit and of the important
displays on the flightdeck. - ANS-Cockpit Keyhole, Reference Eye Position, Design Eye
Point (ALL)

Modern displays include information from multiple instruments onto a single display.
What display would I be able to locate the attitude indicator, airspeed indicator, altimeter
and horizontal situation indicator? - ANS-Primary Flight Display (PFD)

The Garmin G1000 PFD / MFD is an example of: - ANS-Synthetic vision System (EVS)

Sensors that collect real-time information (e.g.,forward-looking infrared radar [FLIR])

and display it in the cockpit are examples of: - ANS-???

Select all of the advantages associated with increased automation. - ANS-Precise

aircraft handling, Reduced fatigue, Reduced workload, Increased capacity
When it comes to automation, what common question is asked by flight crew? -
ANS-Why did it do that?, What is it doing?, What will it do next?, I wonder if it will do
that again? (ALL)

Regarding aircraft automation design and aircraft manufacturers approach to human

factors, which aircraft manufacturer leaves the ultimate decision up to the pilot? -
ANS-Boeing

A pilot would be able to locate the status of the automated systems (modes) engaged
on the: - ANS-FMA

A pilot would be able to locate the aircraft's track and heading on a moving map display
on the: - ANS-ND

A pilot would be able to locate the altitude, airspeed, and attitude on the - ANS-PFD

Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) occurs when an airworthy aircraft under the
complete control of the pilot is inadvertently flown into terrain, water, or an obstacle. The
primary reason CFIT accidents occur are due to: - ANS-The lack of situational
awareness due to a variety of variables

Sometimes the ability to process information accurately is made more difficult due to the
brain's inability to make sense of the information being processed. What strategies can
be employed to help minimize the effects of these illusions? Match the correct word with
the statement. - ANS-???

Histoxic Hypoxia - ANS-Occurs when the ability of body tissue to absorb oxygen from
the blood is impeded by substances such as alcohol, narcotics and certain poisons

Anemic Hypoxia - ANS-Is where the blood's oxygen carrying capability is reduced

Stagnant Hypoxia - ANS-Is caused by circulatory system problems

Hypoxic Hypoxia - ANS-Results from reduced partial pressure of Oxygen in inspired air

Here, the pilot knows that he is disoriented and takes corrective action. - ANS-Type-II

Here, the pilot gets disoriented, but does not recognize it, in turn leading to incorrect or
inadequate decisions, tragically resulting in an accident. - ANS-Type-I
Here, the pilot knows that he is disoriented but is incapacitated and thus failing to take
any corrective action. Incapacitation may be psychological, physiological or physical in
nature. - ANS-Type-III

According to Jeff Cooper (Cooper Colors), what color should I remain in most of the
time? - ANS-Yellow

Generally speaking, what is the relationship between workload and situational

awareness? - ANS-B & D

Which system of Decision-Making is active when conscious; instinctual; used in

complex, time-pressured, dynamic or high-workload situations? - ANS-???

"Errors" are defined as flightcrew actions or inactions that: - ANS-Lead to a deviation

from crew intentions or expectations, Reduce safety margins, Increase the probability of
adverse operational events during flight (ALL)

An "Error" is identified as: - ANS-Flawed execution based on either correct or incorrect

information

An example of a Liveware Threat is: - ANS-Fatigue

An example of a Hardware Threat is: - ANS-GPWS Problems

Threats need to be identified and managed in a manner that is appropriate to the risk
they pose. Which of the items below is NOT identified as one of the "Significant Seven"
factors that pose the biggest risk to aviation safety? - ANS-Turbulence

Crew Resource Management (CRM) is comprised of - ANS-Communication processes

and decision-making, Team building and maintenance, Workload management and
situational awareness (ALL)

An error that occurs at the L-H or L-S interface as the result of failure to design the
Hardware or Software with adequate consideration of the Liveware operator. -
ANS-Design induced

Consistent errors with an established pattern that are often caused by one or two
factors are known as _____________ errors. - ANS-Systematic

Errors that occur without a discernible pattern. - ANS-Random

Failing to do something that should be done is known as ___________ and doing
something that should not be done is known as _____________ classification of errors.
- ANS-Omission; commission

A pilot who miscalculates the amount of fuel to dump in an emergency situation but
discovers the error before dumping the fuel and corrects his error is classified as what
kind of error? - ANS-Reversible

Dr. Kern when referring to error control, describes four levels of competency beginning
at the uninformed status quo level to the point when a new skill become a habit. The
definition that best describes the "consciously competent" level is: - ANS-You are
working on your error patterns and getting better each day

Dr. Kern suggests that an individual's tolerance for errors is at its lowest point at the
beginning of a person's career and then steadily increases throughout their career.
What does he suggest as a possible reason for becoming more tolerant of errors. -
ANS-Experience and position

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, which of the following would
be considered a "latent threat?" - ANS-Vague policies

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, which of the following would
be considered an "overt threat?" - ANS-Bad weather

Managing __________ is managing the future, managing __________ is managing the

past. - ANS-Threats / Errors

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, what is the correct
countermeasure for a "Threat?" - ANS-Anticipate and Avoid

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, what is the correct
countermeasure for an "Error?" - ANS-Detect and Trap + Diagnose and Trap

With respect to the Threat and Error Management model, what is the correct
countermeasure for an "Undesired Aircraft State?" - ANS-Recover and Trap

The objective(s) of the Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) is/are: - ANS-Support

safe operations by continuously improving training and evaluation., Remain responsive
to continuing changes in the industry, including new aircraft technology, changing
operational environments, and new training methods and equipment., Remain
responsive to continuing changes and best practices relative to training and evaluation.,
Achieve the highest possible standard of individual and crew performance. (ALL)

Which of the Six Domains of Professionalism is described by Honesty, Integrity, Loyalty,

and Accountability? - ANS-Professional ethics

Which of the Six Domains of Professionalism is described by Fitness & Dress,

Communications, as well as Bearing & Behavior On and Off Duty? - ANS-Professional
Image

Which of the Six Domains of Professionalism is described by Service Motivation,

External Focus, and Humility? - ANS-Selflessness

"I'm a pro because I am doing all I can to be the best I can and consistently reaching
towards my full potential" best describes what level of Professionalism? - ANS-Level III
Professional - Fully Engaged Experted Expert

"I'm a pro because I make others better" best describes what level of Professionalism? -
ANS-Level IV Professional - Game Changer