THEORY

ASSIGNMENT: BASIC ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS-E
NAME: ABDUL REHMAN
ROLL NO: BSMET01201008
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT SIR: IMRAN
SUBMISSION DATE: 07/12/2020
2- 1. Is the turns ratio of a transformer the same as the ratio of voltages across the transformer? Why or
why not?

Answer: The ratio of voltages equals the turns ratio only when the secondary is unloaded. With the specified load on the
secondary, the output voltage will be less due to imperfect coupling and series resistance of both the primary and
secondary windings. The secondary will probably have some extra turns to compensate for this. The rated output voltage
takes this into account. The drop from no load to full load is called the “transformer regulation”.

2-2. Why does the magnetization current impose an upper limit on the voltage applied to a transformer
core?

Answer: Flux increase is directly proportional to the increase of magnetization current until core saturation,
magnetization curve flattens with further increase of magnetization current, the ratio at which flux was increasing in
relation to the increase of magnetization current starts decreasing. This effect puts upper limit on magnetization
current which is a product of applied voltage across transformer coil.

2-4. What is the leakage flux in a transformer? Why is it modeled in a transformer equivalent circuit as
an inductor?

Answer: Leakage flux is due to the lines of flux which circulate the primary and secondary windings as well as
any flux that escapes the laminated core and which passes through air. The self-inductance is the sum of the
leakage and mutual flux which is internal to the core with the latter being some 10000 stronger than the leakage
component where

L11=L1l+LmL11=L1l+Lm and L22=L2l+LmL22=L2l+Lm

2-5. List and describe the types of losses that occur in a transformer.

Answer: The various types of losses are explained below in detail.

• Iron Losses
• Eddy Current Loss
• Copper Loss or Ohmic Loss
• Stray Loss
Iron Losses:
Iron losses are caused by the alternating flux in the core of the transformer as this loss occurs in the core it is
also known as Core loss. Iron loss is further divided into hysteresis and eddy current loss
Eddy Current Loss:
When the flux links with a closed circuit, an emf is induced in the circuit and the current flows, the value of the
current depends upon the amount of emf around the circuit and the resistance of the circuit.
Copper Loss or Ohmic Loss:
These losses occur due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. If I1 and I2 are the primary and the
secondary current. R1 and R2 are the resistance of primary and secondary winding then the copper losses
occurring in the primary and secondary winding will be I12R1 and I22R2 respectively.
Stray Loss:
The occurrence of these stray losses is due to the presence of leakage field. The percentage of these losses are
very small as compared to the iron and copper losses so they can be neglected.
2-7. Why does the short-circuit test essentially show only i2R losses and not excitation losses in a
transformer?
Answer: In a short circuit test, the secondary is shorted and the primary voltage increased until rated
secondary current flows. To bring this about, the primary voltage is usually only a few per cent of rated
voltage. So, the excitation losses are also very small at this level (they depend on applied voltage and are
independent of current). So, they can be ignored and the entire power consumption measurement at the
primary can be considered to be winding (I^2.R) losses

2-8. Why does the open-circuit test essentially show only excitation losses and not i2R losses?

Answer: Because the test is conducted with a primary voltage that is low enough to not cause
significant excitation loss. The voltage is usually just enough to get full rated current into the short circuited
secondary.
2-11. What are transformer taps? Why are they used?
Answer: Taps are provided on some transformers on the high voltage winding to correct for high or low voltage
conditions, and still deliver full rated output voltages at the secondary terminals. Standard tap arrangements are
at two-and-one-half and five percent of the rated primary voltage for both high and low voltage conditions. For
example, if the transformer has a 480-volt primary and the available line voltage is running at 504 volts, the
primary should be connected to the 5% tap above normal in order that the secondary voltage be maintained at
the proper rating.
2-18. What is a potential transformer? How is it used?
Answer: Potential transformers step down the voltage of high magnitude to a lower voltage which can be
measured with standard measuring instrument. These transformers have large number of primary turns and
smaller number of secondary turns. A potential transformer is typically expressed in primary to
secondary voltage ratio.
2-19. What is a current transformer? How is it used?
Answer: Current transformers are used for protection, measurement and control in high-voltage electrical
substations and the electrical grid. Current transformers may be installed inside switchgear or in apparatus
bushings, but very often free-standing outdoor current transformers are used.