2

CHAPTER

Matrices

i.e., A = [aij]m×n or (aij)m×n or ||aij||m×n

INTRODUCTION
it is obvious that 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n
A matrix is a definite collection of quantities like numbers,
symbols, or expressions, arranged in a tabular form of rows and 3 4  a b c 
= e.g., A =
5 6  , B d e f  ,
columns. Basically it is ordered arrangement of data.    
The order of a matrix is written as the number of rows by the
number of columns.  −1 3 c 
For e.g. a 2 × 2 matrix consists of 2 rows and 2 columns. It has a
= C =  , D [1, 4,9]
 2 9 4
total of 4 elements.
If a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of matrix is PTR (Points to Remember):
written as m × n and we call it as order m by n 1. Generally capital letters of English alphabets are used to
denote matrices.
Matrix Elements 2. The matrix is not a number. It has no numerical value.

row 1→ a 11 a 12

row 2→ a 21 a 22
Example 1: Consider a 3 × 4 matrix A = [aij], whose
row 3→ a 31 a 32
elements are given by aij = 2i + 3j, then A =
↑ ↑  5 8 11 14   5 8 11 14 
column 1 column 2 7 10 13 16   
(a)   (b) 14 10 13 16 
9 12 15 18   9 12 15 18 
• Dimension of the matrix → m × n
 5 8 11 14   5 8 11 14 
• Entries of the aij (c) 14 10 8 16  (d) 14 10 8 5 
   
←

matrix  9 12 15 18 
row column  9 12 15 18 
• row column Sol. In this problem, i and j are the number of rows and
columns respectively. By substituting the respective values
↑

m × n Matrix
of rows and columns in aij = 2i + 3j we can construct the
required matrix.
The general m × n matrix is
 a11 a12 a13 a14 
 a11 a12 a13 ...... a1 j ..... a1n   a24  ;
We have A =  a21 a22 a23
a a23 ...... a2 j ..... a2 n 
 21 a22  a31 a32 a33 a34 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A=  all = 2 × 1 + 3 × 1 = 5; a12 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 8
 ai1 ai 2 ai 3 ...... aij ...... ain 
 ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....  Similarly, a13 = 11, a14 = 14, a21 = 7, a22 = 10, a23 = 13,
  a24 = 16, a31 = 9, a32 = 12,a33 = 15, a34 = 18
 am1 am 2 am 3 ..... amj ..... amn 
 5 8 11 14 
where aij denote the element of ith row and jth column. The above 7 10 13 16 
matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m×n. ∴ A=
 
Now any matrix of order m × n will have the notation 9 12 15 18 
[aij]m×n.
 Singleton Matrix
Example 2: Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are
If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called singleton
1
given by: aij = | −3i + j | matrix. Thus, A = [aij]m×n is a singleton matrix if m = n = 1.
2
E.g. [2], [3], [a], [–3] are singleton matrices.
 1 1
1 2
0
2
  Horizontal Matrix
5 3
Sol. A =  2 1
 A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m;
2 2
  1 2 3 4 
4 7 5 E.g. 
3 
 2 2  2 5 1 1

Vertical Matrix
A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n;
Concept Application 2 5
1 1 
E.g.  
3 6
 3 −1 5   
1. The order of   matrix is ______ . 2 4
6 2 −7 
2. The number of different possible orders of matrices Square Matrix
having 36 identical elements are ______ . A matrix in which number of rows and columns are equal is called
a square matrix. The general form of a square matrix is

 a11 a12 ....... a1n 

SPECIAL TYPES OF MATRIX a a22 ........ a2 n 
A =  21
....... ....... ....... .......
Row Matrix  
 an1 an 2 ....... ann 
A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row
vector). General form of row matrix is which we denote as A = [aij]n× n

A = [a11 a12 a13 ... a1n] This is a matrix of order “n × n” (or a square matrix of order n).

This is a matrix of order “1 × n” (or a row matrix of order n). Diagonal Elements: An element of a matrix A = [aij] is said to be
diagonal element if i = j. Thus an element whose row suffix equals
Column Matrix to the column suffix is a diagonal element e.g., a11, a22, a33, ... are
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix all diagonal element.
(or column vector). Conjugate Elements: In a square matrix the pair of elements aij
& aji are called Conjugate Elements.
 a11 
a   a11 a12 
e.g. in the matrix  , a and a12 are conjugate elements.
Column matrix is of the form A =   . a22  21
21
 a21
 ... 
  Principal Diagonal: The line along which the diagonal elements
 am1 
lie is called the principal diagonal or simply the diagonal of the
This is a matrix of order “m × 1” (or a column matrix of matrix.
order m).
Upper Triangular Matrix
Zero or Null Matrix A = [aij]m×n is said to be upper triangular, if aij = 0 for i > j
(i.e., all the elements below the diagonal elements are zero).
A = [aij]m×n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0 ∀ i and j.

0 0 0 a b c
0 0 0    y 
e.g., (i)   (ii)  0 0 0  e.g.,  0 x
0 0 0

 0 0 0   0 0 z 

Matrices 33
Lower Triangular Matrix Scalar Matrix
A = [aij]m×n is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 for i
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal
< j. (i.e., all the elements above the diagonal elements are zero.)
a 0 0 elements are same.
 
e.g.,  b c 0  A = [aij]n is a scalar matrix, if
 x y z 
 0 when i ≠ j
ADVANCED LEARNING aij = 
k when i = j
PTR: Minimum number of zero in a triangular matrix is given
n(n − 1) a 0 0 
by where n is order of matrix. a 0
2  
e.g., (i)   (ii)  0 a 0 
0 a  0 0 a 
Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix [aij]n is said to be a diagonal matrix, if aij = 0 for
i ≠ j (i.e., all the elements of the square matrix other than diagonal Unit Matrix (Identity Matrix)
elements are zero).
Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements
Note: Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as
diag (a11, a22, ..., ann). are unity. Unit matrix of order ‘n’ is denoted by Ιn (or Ι).
a 0 0 0
a 0 0 0 b 0 0 i.e., A = [aij]n is a unit matrix when
e.g., (i)  0 b 0  (ii)  
0 0 0 0 0 when i ≠ j
 0 0 c    aij = 
0 0 0 c 1 when i = j

ADVANCED LEARNING 1 0 0 
Note: Minimum number of zero in a diagonal matrix is given by 1 0  0 1 0 
e.g., I 2 =
=  , I
n2 – n where n is a order of the matrix.  0 1 
3  
0 0 1 

Type of Square Matrix

34 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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Sub Matrix
A matrix obtained by omitting some rows or some columns or
both of a given matrix A is called a sub matrix of A.
2 0 4  Example 3: Let
2 0
e.g., If A =  5 6 8  then 

 is a submatrix of
 3 −2 29  5 6  sin θ 1/ 2  1/ 2 sin θ 
   
A= −1/ 2 cos θ  & B =
 cos θ cos θ  .
A which is obtained by omitting third row and third column of A.    cos θ −1 
 cos θ tan θ 
 
Trace of Matrix
Let A be a square matrix then, the elements a11, a22, a33, ... are Find θ so that A = B.
called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as trace of A Sol. By definition A and B are equal if they have the same
denoted as order and all the corresponding elements are equal.
n 1 1
tr ( A) = ∑a = a11 + a22 + a33 + ... + ann Thus we have sin θ = , cos θ = − and tan θ = –1
i =1
ii
2 2
Note: π
θ (2n + 1)π − .
⇒=
Let A = [aij]n×n and B = [bij]n×n and λ be a scalar, 4
1. tr(λA) = λtr(A)
Example 4: Find the value of a, b, c and d, if
2. tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B)
 a − b 2a + c   −1 5 
3. tr(AB) = tr(BA)  2a − b 3c + d  =  0 13 .
   
4. tr(In) = n Sol. As the two matrices are equal, their corresponding
5. tr(AB) ≠ tr(A) . tr(B) elements are equal. Therefore, by equating the corresponding
6. If A, B, C are square matrices of order n, then elements of given matrices we will obtain the value of a, b,
tr(ABC) = tr(BCA) = tr(CAB) c and d.

Comparable Matrices  a − b 2a + c   −1 5 
 2a − b 3c + d  =  0 13 (given)
Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have the    
same order (i.e., number of rows of A and B are same and also the a – b = –1 ...(i)
number of columns).
2a + c = 5 ...(ii)
2 3 4
e.g., (i) A =   and 2a – b = 0 ...(iii)
 3 −1 2 
3c + d = 13 ...(iv)
3 4 2
B=  are comparable Subtracting equation (i) from (iii), we have a = 1;
0 1 3 
Putting the value of a in equation (i), we have 1 – b = – 1
2 3 4
e.g., (ii) C =  and ⇒ b = 2;
 3 −1 2 
Putting the value of a in equation (ii), we have 2 + c = 5
3 0 ⇒ c = 3;
 
D =  4 1  are not comparable Putting the value of c in equation (iv), we find 9 + d = 13
 2 3  ⇒d=4
Hence a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4.
EQUALITY OF MATRICES Example 5: Let
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable  1 2 5  2 −1 5 
and all the corresponding elements are equal. A + 2B =  6 3 6  and 2 A − B=  2 −1 6  .
 
Let A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]p×q  5 3 1   0 1 2 
A = B iff Find
1. m = p, n = q
(i) tr(A + B) (ii) tr(A+3B)
2. aij = bij ∀ i and j.

Matrices 35
 Sol. 7. Consider a 25 × 25 matrix. Let ai be the product of
 5 0 15  0 −5 −5  all elements of the ith row and bj be the product of all
1 1
A =10 −5 18 B =
−  −10 5 −6  elements in the jth column, then a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ a4  a25 is
5 5
 −5 5 5   10 −5 0  (a) a1 + a2 + a3 +  + a25

tr(A) = 1, tr(B) = –1 (b) b1 + b2 + b3 +  + b25
tr(A+B) = tr(A) + tr (B) (c) b1b2b3 ... b25
= 1 + (–1) (d) 1
=0
tr(A+3B) = tr(A) + 3 tr (B)
= 1 + 3 (–1)
ALGEBRA OF MATRIX
= –2
Multiplication of Matrix by Scalar
Let λ be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [aij]m×n be a
Concept Application matrix. Then the product λA is defined as λA = [bij]m×n where bij
= λaij ∀ i and j.
 2 −1 3 5 
 2 5 −7  e.g., A =  0 2 1 −3  and
   0 0 −1 −2 
3. The matrix  0 3 11  is known as  
 0 0 9 
 −6 3 −9 −15 
(a) Symmetric matrix – 3A ≡ (–3) A =  0 −6 −3 9 
 0 0 3 6 
(b) Diagonal matrix  
(c) Upper triangular matrix Note:
(d) Skew symmetric matrix 1. If A is a scalar matrix, then A = λΙ, where λ is a diagonal entry
of A.
4. In an upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number
of zeros is 2. Let A = [aij]m×n be a matrix. Then the negative of the matrix
A is defined as the matrix [−aij]m×n i.e., each element is
n(n − 1) n(n + 1)
(a) (b) multiplied by –1 and is denoted by −A.
2 2
2n(n − 1) Addition of Matrices
(c) (d) None of these
2 Let A and B be two matrices of same order (i.e., comparable
matrices). Then A + B is defined as
5. If A is a square matrix then trace of A is
A + B = [aij]m×n + [bij]m×n
(a) ∑∑ aij (b) ∑ aij
i j i = [cij]m×n where cij = aij + bij ∀ i and j.

(c) ∑ aij (d) ∑ aii  1 −1 

j i  −1 2 
 
e.g., A =  2 3  , B =  −2 −3  ,
 x + 3 z + 4 2 y − 7  1 0   5 7 
 
 0 
6. If  4 x + 6 a − 1 0 1
 b − 3 3b z + 2c  A+B=  0 0 
6 7
 
 0 6 3 y − 2

=  2x −3 2c + 2 
Subtraction of Matrices
 2b + 4 −21 Let A and B be two matrices of same order. Then A – B is defined
0 
 as A + (–B) where –B is (–1) B.
Then value of a + b + c + x + y + z is
Properties of addition & scalar multiplication
(a) –16 (b) –11
(c) 20 (d) –52 1. A + B = B + A
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

36 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 3. k(A + B) = kA + kB here k is any scalar.
4. A + O = O + A = A, here O (null matrix) will be additive 9. The matrix X is equal to such that 3A – 2B + X = 0, where
identity.
4 2  −2 1 
5. If A be a given matrix then the matrix − A is the additive =A =  ;B  
inverse of A i.e. A + (−A) = O (null matrix). 1 3   3 2

6. If A, B and C be three matrices of the same type  −16 −4   −16 −4 

(a)  1 3  (b)  3 −5 
then A + B = A + C ⇒ B = C (Left Cancellation Law)   

and B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C (Right Cancellation Law)  −4 −4   −4 −4 

(c)   (d)  
 3 −5   3 −8 

Multiplication of Matrices

1 a   2 3   1 3 Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of

Example 6: If X =   and 3 X −  =  A is same as number of rows of B i.e.,
0 1   0 2   0 1
then a is equal to A = [aij]m×p & B = [bij]p×n,
(a) 1 (b) 2 p
(c) 0 (d) –2 Then AB = [cij]m×n where cij = ∑a
k =1
ik b kj , which is the dot product
 3 3a 
Sol. 3 X =   of ith row vector of A and jth column vector of B.
0 3 
3 − 2 3a − 3 1 3a − 3 Notes: The product AB is defined iff the number of columns
⇒ L.H.S.
=  =  
0 − 0 3 − 2  0 1  of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A is called as
premultiplier and B is called as post multiplier. AB is
Now by equality of two matrices, we have 3a – 3 = 3
defined ⇒ BA is defined.
⇒ a = 2.
Example 7: Find the value of x and y if
 1 3   y 0  5 6 
2 + =
 0 x   1 2  1 8 
7 8
1 2 3 58 64
Sol. Using the method of multiplication and addition of × 9 10 =
matrices, then equating the corresponding elements of 4 5 6 139 154
11 12
L.H.S. and R.H.S, we can easily get the required values of
x and y,
(1, 2, 3) (7, 9, 11) = 1 × 7 + 2 × 9 + 3 × 11= 58
 1 3   y 0  5 6 
2 + = 
 0 x   1 2  1 8  Fig. 1
 2 + y 6 + 0  5 6 
⇒ =  B
 0 + 1 2 x + 2  1 8 
Equating the corresponding elements, a11 and a22, we b1,1 b1,2 b1,3
get b2,1 b2,2 b2,3
2 + y = 5 ⇒ y = 3; 2x + 2 = 8
Hence x = 3 and y = 3.
a1,1 a1,2
a2,1 a2,2
Concept Application A
a3,1 a3,2

7 0  and X − Y =  3 0  , then the sum a4,1 a4,2

8. If X + Y =
 2 5  0 3 
of the elements of the matrix 3X – 4Y is equal to
Fig. 2

Matrices 37
 Multiplication of Matrices 0 1 1 0
Example: If A=  and B= , then
a11 a12 0 0 0 0
b11 b12 b13
a21 a22 0 0
AB =   , while neither A nor B is a null matrix.
•
a31 a32
b21 b22 b23 0 0
6. For every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of the
a11b11 + a12b21 a11b12 + a12b22 a11b13 + a12b23 same order such that IA = AI = A where I is the unit matrix of
= a21b11 + a22b21 a21b12 + a22b22 a21b13 + a22b23 the same order.

a31b11 + a32b21 a31b12 + a32b22 a31b13 + a32b23 7. If A = O then det. (A) = 0, however if det. ( A) =0 ⇒ A =O

Fig. 3 8. Diag (a, b, c) × Diag (p, q, r) = Diag (ap, bq, cr)

Positive integral powers of matrix

Matrix Multiplication Let A be any square matrix of order n.
Then Am = A.A.A... m times
3 4 1 5 3 + 12 15 + 28
+ = All are square matrix of order n.
2 1 3 7 2 + 3 10 + 7
(i) Am. An = (A.A.A... m times) (A.A.A...n times)
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 = A.A.A...(m + n) times
15 43
=
= Am+n
5 17
Resultant Similarly, (ii) (Am)n = Amn
Matrix Also, we define A0 = In , n being order of A.
Fig. 4 Note: 
1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general i.e.,
AB ≠ BA.
× =
2. Pre-multiplication and post multiplication: When we say
r1 × c1 r2 × c2 r3 × c3 multiply A by B then it could mean both AB or BA where A
c1 = r2 and B are any numbers. But when A and B are matrices then
r1 = r3 as seen above AB and BA do not necessarily mean the same
c2 = c3 thing. If AB is defined for matrix multiplication BA may not
Fig. 5 be defined. To avoid this when we say product AB it would
mean the matrix A post-multiplied by B and when we say
Properties of matrix multiplication product BA it would mean matrix A pre-multiplied by B. In
1. Matrix multiplication is associative AB, A is called prefactor and B is called post factor.

i.e., (AB)C = A(BC), A, B and C are m × n, n × p and
Some Important Identities
p × q matrices respectively.
1. (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA
2. Multiplication of matrices is distributive over addition of
matrices Note: If AB is anti-commutative then (AB = –BA)

i.e., A(B + C) = AB + AC (A + B)2 = A2 + B2

3. Existence of multiplicative identity of square matrices. 2. (A – B)2 = A2 + B2 – AB – BA

If A is a square matrix of order n and In is the identity matrix 3. (A – B)(A + B) = A2 – B2 + AB – BA
of order n, then AIn = In A = A.
Note: If AB is commutative then (AB = BA)
4. Whenever AB and BA both exist, it is not necessary that AB
(A – B)(A + B) = A2 – B2
= BA.
5. The product of two matrices can be a zero matrix while 4. (A + B)(A – B) = A2 – B2 – AB + BA
neither of them is a zero matrix. 5. A(–B) = (–A)B = –(AB)

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 Sol. f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6 = x2 – 5x + 6.x0 [ x0 = 1]
\ f(A) = A2 – 5A + 6A0
 2 1 3 1 −2  = A2 – 5A + 6I ...(i)
  2 1 
3
Example 8: If A =− 2 1 and B =
  find AB Now A2 = A.A
 −1 0 1  4 −3
2 0 1 2 0 1 5 −1 2 
and BA if possible. =  2 1 3   2 1 =3  9 −2 5 
 
Sol. Using matrix multiplication, Here, A is a 3 × 3 matrix 1 −1 0  1 −1 0  0 −1 −2 
and B is a 3 × 2 matrix, therefore, A and B are conformable
for the product AB and it is of the order 3 × 2 such that 5 −1 2  2 0 1
f ( A) =9 −2 5  − 5  2 1 3 
(AB)11 = (First row of A) (First column of B)    
0 −1 −2  1 −1 0 
1 
= [2 1 3]  2  = 2 × 1 + 1× 2 + 3 × 4 = 16 1 0 0   1 −1 −3 
 4  +6 0 1 0  = −1 −1 −10 
0 0 1   −5 4 4 
(AB)12 = (First row of A) (Second column of B)

 −2  1 −1 a 1 
=
Example 10: If A =  , B   and (A + B)
2

=[2 1 3]  1  =2 × (−2) + 1× 1 + 3 × (−3) =−12  2 −1  b −1

 −3 = A2 + B2 then value of a and b are

(AB)21 = (Second row of A) (First column of B) (a) a = 4, b = 1 (b) a = 1, b = 4

1  (c) a = 0, b = 4 (d) a = 2, b = 4
= [3 − 21]  2  = 3 × 1 + (−2) × 2 + 1× 4 = 3 Sol. We have (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA
 4 
AB + BA = 0
Similarly (AB)22 = –11, (AB)31 = 3 and (AB)32 = –1;  a − b 2   a + 2 −a − 1
∴  +  =0
16 −12   2a − b 3   b − 2 −b + 1
∴ AB=  3 −11
 2a + 2 − b −a + 1
 3 −1   2a − 2 4 − b 
=0

BA is not possible since number of columns of B ≠ number On comparing, we get, –a + 1 = 0 ⇒ a = 1 and 4 – b = 0
of rows of A. ⇒ b = 4.
Example 9: Let f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6. Then the value of f(A), cos θ −sin θ  π
2 0 1 Example 11: If A =   , when θ = , then
   sin θ cos θ  12
if A =  2 1 3  is
|A24| is equal to:
1 −1 0 
Sol.
0 −1 3  0 0 −3 cos 24θ − sin 24θ 
    A24 =  
(a) 1 1 −10  (b) 1 2 10   sin 24θ cos 24θ 
5 4 4  6 4 1 
cos 2π − sin 2π  1 0 
A24=  24
= 0 1  ⇒ A = 1
 sin 2 π cos 2 π   
 1 −1 −3   1 2 3
   
(c)  −1 −1 −10  (d)  −1 −1 0  Method–2
 −5 4 4   4 −5 4  |A24| = |A|24 = 1

Matrices 39
  9 10 11 12  Concept Application
 
Example 12: If A = 13 14 15 16  and
17 18 19 20   1 −3 2  1 4 1 0
10. If = 
A  2 1 −3  ,=  B  2 1 1 1  and
1 3 5 7 
 −3 −3 −10 −10   4 −3 −1   1 −2 1 2 
B=  , then find (AB)
23
 5 10 5 0   2 1 −1 −2 
 
 7 10 0 7  C=  3 −2 −1 −1  , then which of the
 2 −5 −1 0 
 9 10 11 12 
following statement is true?
Sol. A = 13 14 15 16  and
 
17 18 19 20  (a) AB ≠ AC (b) AB = AC

1 3 5 7  (c) B ≠ C ⇒ AB ≠ AC (d) None of these

 −3 −3 −10 −10 
B=  then  1 − sin α   1 − sin β 
 5 10 5 0  11. I f A =
=
sin α 1  and B sin β 1 
,
    
 7 10 0 7 
then the correct relation is
(AB)23 = (65 – 140 + 75 + 0) = 0
(a) A2 = B2 (b) A + B = B – A
0 1  (c) AB = BA (d) None of these
Example 13: Let A =   . Then, the number of 2 × 2
1 0 
matrices B with entries from the set {1, 2, 3, 4}; and  cos θ sin θ 
12. If E (θ) =  , then value of E(α) ∙ E(β)
satisfying AB = BA is  − sin θ cos θ 
Sol. is
0 1   p q   p q  0 1  (a) E(0°) (b) E(90°)
1 0   r s  =  r s  1 0 
      (c) E (α + β) (d) E(α – β)
 r s  q p  0 3 
⇒ =  2 10
 p q  s r  13. If A =   and f(x) = 1 + x + x + ... + x , then
0 0 
⇒ r = q, s = p f(A) =
No. of matrices = 4 × 4 = 16 1 3
(a) 0 (b)  
Example 14: Let A, B be two matrices such that they 0 1 
commute, then for any positive integer n, prove that
1 9   0 3
(i) ABn = BnA (ii) (AB)n = AnBn (c)   (d)  
Sol. ABn = ABBBBB ... B 0 0  1 1 
= (AB)BBB ... B 14. Incorrect statement is
= B(AB)BBB ... B
 x1 y1 z1   a   ax1 + by1 + cz1 
= BB(AB)BB ... B      
 (a)  x2 y2 z2  ×  b  =  ax2 + by2 + cz2 
x y3 z3   c   ax + by + cz 
= BnA  3  3 3 3 

n
(AB) = (AB)(AB)(AB) ... (AB)  x1 y1 z1 
= A(BA)(BA)(BA) ... (BA)B  
(b) (a b c) ×  x2 y2 z2  = (ax1 + bx2 + cx3
= A(AB)(AB)(AB) ... (AB)B x
 3 y3 z3 
= A2(BA)(BA)(BA) ... (BA)B2
ay1 + by2 + cy3 az1 + bz2 + cz3 )
= A2(AB)(AB)(AB) ... (AB)B2
= A3(BA)(BA)(BA) ... (BA)B3  −5 −8 0  1 0 0 
 =  2 0 1 0
= AnBn
=(c) If A  3 5 0  then A  
 1 2 −1 0 0 1 
Hence Proved

40 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

W
 a h g
A h b f  is a symmetric matrix.
1 1 3 0 0 0 e.g., = 
 = A2  3 3 −9   g f c 
=
(d) If A  5 2 6  then  
 −2 −1 −3  −1 −1 −3 0 x y
15. If D1 and D2 are two 3 × 3 diagonal matrices, then B =  − x 0 z  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
which of the following is not true?  − y − z 0 
(a) D1D2 is diagonal matrix
Notes:
(b) D1D2 = D2D1
(c) D12 + D22 is a diagonal matrix 1. The pair of conjugate elements are additive invese of each
other in skew symmetric matrix.
(d) None of these
ADVANCED LEARNING
0 1
16. (aI + bA)2 = A, where A =  , then number of 2. Maximum number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix
 −1 0  n(n +1)
possible values of b is of order n is .
2
(a) 1 (b) 2  n(n +1) 
 1+ 2 + 3 + ... + n = 
(c) 3 (d) 4  2 

3. In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are

zero but not conversely.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX ( aij = –aji ⇒ aii = 0)
4. For a skew-symmetric matrix A of order (2p – 1), |A| = 0. (P ∈ N)
Let A =[aij]m×n , then the transpose of A is denoted by A′(or AT)
Since A is skew-symmetric hence AT = –A,
and is defined as
then |AT| = |–A| = (–1)2p–1|A| = –|A|
A′ = [bij]n×m where bij = aji ∀ i & j. but |AT| = |A|,
i.e., A′ is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns hence |A| = –|A|
(or by rewriting all the columns of A as rows).
⇒ |A| = 0
 1 a x 
1 2 3 4    5. For any square matrix A, A + A′ is symmetric and A – A′ is
2 b y skew-symmetric.
=e.g., A =a b c d  , A′  
 3 c z  6. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of
 x y z w   
4 d w two square matrices of which one is symmetric and the other
 
is skew-symmetric.
Results: A = B + C,
1. For any matrix A = [aij]m×n, (A′)′ = A. 1 1
where B =( A + A′) & C =( A − A′).
2. Let λ be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (λA)′ = λA′. 2 2
3. (A + B)′ = A′ + B′ and (A – B)′ = A′ – B′ for two comparable Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices:
matrices A and B. 1. If A is a square matrix, then A + AT, AAT, ATA are symmetric
4. (A1 ± A2 ± ... ± An)′ = A1′ ± A2′ ± ... ± An′, where Ai are matrices
comparable. 2. If A is square matrix, then A – AT is a skew-symmetric matrix.
5. Let A = [aij]m×p and B = [bij]p×n, then (AB)′ = B′A′. 3. If A is a symmetric matrix, then –A, KA, AT, An, A–1, BTAB
6. (A1 A2 ... An)′ = An′. An–1′ ... A2′ . A1′, provided the product is are also symmetric matrices, where n ∈ N, K ∈ R and B is a
defined. square matrix of order that of A.
7. IT = I, where I is an idenity matrix. ADVANCED LEARNING
8. tr(A) = tr(AT), where tr(A) is trace of square matrix. 4. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
(a) A2n is symmetric matrix, for n ∈ N.
SYMMETRIC AND SKEW- (b) A2n+1 is a skew-symmetric matrix, for n ∈ N.
SYMMETRIC MATRIX (c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k ∈ R.

A square matrix A is said to be symmetric, if A′ = A. 5. If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then

i.e., Let A = [aij]n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji ∀ i and j. (a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrices.
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if A′ = – A. (b) AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is skew-symmetric iff aij = –aji ∀ i and j. (c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.

Matrices 41
 6. If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
(a) A ± B, AB – BA are skew-symmetric matrices. Example 16: If A and B are square matrices of same order
then
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
(a) (AB)′ = A′B′
7. (a) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and B is a square matrix
(b) (AB)′ = B′A′
of order that of A, then BTAB is also skew-symmetric
matrix. (c) AB = 0, if |A| = 0 or |B| = 0
(b) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a column (d) AB = 0, if |A| = I or B = I
matrix, then CTAC is a zero matrix. Sol. A = [aij]n×n, B = [bjk]n×n,
AB = [aij]n×n[bjk]n×n = [cik]n×n, where cik = aijbjk
HERMITIAN AND SKEW (AB)′ = [cik]′n×n = [cki]n×n = [bkj]n×n[aji]n×n = B′A′
HERMITIAN MATRIX 1 2  1 3 
Alternatively,
= Let A =  , B 0 4  ;
 3 4  2× 2   2× 2
1 11 
ADVANCED LEARNING AB =  
3 25
Let Mn be the set of n × n complex-valued matrices. Let
us consider a matrix A = [aij] ∈ Mn and denote its complex 1 3 
conjugate by A = [aij] and its transpose by AT = [aji], then we ( AB)′ =   ...(i)
11 25
have the following
Definition: A matrix A = [aij] ∈ Mn is said to be Hermitian if 1 0  1 3   1 3 
T and B ′A′ =
=     ...(ii)
A = Aq, where Aq =A = [aji]. It is skewHermitian if A = –Aq, 3 4   2 4  11 25
i.e. Hermitian matrix is a matrix that is equal to its conjugate
transpose. From (i) and (ii), (AB) = B′A′
™ The hermitian matrix contains complex numbers however 1 2  3 4 
=
Example 17: If A =  and B 1 6  then (AB)
T
its diagonal always have real numbers. 3 0
   
Properties equals
� If A is a Hermitian matrix, the (Aq)q = A, as Aq = A. 5 16  5 9
™ The trace of a Hermitian matrix is always real. (a) 9 16  (b) 16 12 
   
™ If A and B are two additional conformable Hermition
matrices, then A + B is also Hermition. 5 9
(c)  4 3 (d) None of these
Given A and B are Hermitian, then  
(A + B)q = (A + B)′ = (A)′ + (B)′ = Aq + Bq
3 + 2 4 + 12  5 16 
⇒ (A + B)q = A + B is Hermitian Sol. AB =   = 
9 + 0 12 + 0  9 12 
™ If A is Hermitian, then iA is skew-Hermitian.
5 9
∴ ( AB)T =
16 12 
 
1 2  1 18
=
Example 18: If An = B where A =  ,B  
then find n. 0 1  0 1 
n n
Example 15: Show that BAB′ is symmetric or skew- 1 2   1 0  0 2 
Sol.=
Let P =   + 
symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-symmetric  0 1    0 1   0 0 
(where B is any square matrix whose order is same as that
of A). 0 2 0 0
Here, let M =
=  . So, M 2  
Sol. Case-Ι: A is symmetric ⇒ A′ = A 0 0  0 0 
(BAB′)′ = (B′)′A′B′ = BAB′ ⇒ BAB′ is symmetric. So, P = (I + M)n (using binomial theorem, IM = MI)
Case-ΙΙ: A is skew-symmetric ⇒ A′ = –A ⇒ 2n = 18 ⇒ n = 9
Example 19: Check whether the given matrix
(BAB′)′ = (B′)′A′B′
= B (–A) B′  1 i 3i 
 −i
A= 0 2 − i  is Hermitian.
= –(BAB′) 
 −3i 2 + i −1 
⇒ BAB′ is skew-symmetric

42 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

W
 Sol. Given, (a) I3 (b) O3
 1 i 3i  (c) A (d) A2

A= 0 2 − i 
 −i a b c 
 −3i 2 + i −1   
21. If matrix A =  b c a  , where a, b, c are real
 c a b 
Conjugate of A =
number, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then which of the
 1 −i −3i 
following is/are true
i 0 2 + i 
A=  (a) a + b + c = 5
3i 2 − i −1  (b) a2 + b2 + c2 = 6
Conjugate transpose of A = Aq (c) ab + bc + ca = 2
(d) a3 + b3 + c3 = 4
 1 i 3i 

A= 0 2 − i  22. Choose the correct answer:
 −i (a) Every scalar matrix is an identity matrix.
 −3i 2 + i −1 
(b) Every identity matrix is a not scalar matrix
Hence, Aq = A (c) Transpose of transpose of a matrix gives the matrix
Thus, A is Hermitian. itself.
(d) All of these
23. Let A1, A2, A3, ..., A7 be skew symmetric matrices
of same order, then 1∙(A1)1 + 3∙(A2)3 + 5(A3)7 + ... +
13(A7)13 is
Concept Application
(a) Symmetric
(b) Skew symmetric
 4 x + 2 (c) Neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
17. If A =   is symmetric, then x =
2 x − 3 x + 1 (d) None of these
(a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 2 (d) 4
cos θ − sin θ 
DETERMINANT OF ANY MATRIX
18. If A =   , then AA equals
T
 sin θ cos θ 
Minors and Cofactors
cos 2θ − sin 2θ  cos θ sin θ 
2 2
Let ∆ be a determinant. Then minor of element aij, denoted by Mij
(a)   (b)  2 2  is defined as the determinant of the submatrix obtained by deleting
 sin 2θ cos 2θ   sin θ cos θ 
ith row & jth column of ∆. Cofactor of element aij, denoted by Cij,
1 0  0 0  is defined as Cij = (– 1)i+j Mij.
(c)   (d)  
0 1  0 0  ∆=
a b
e.g. :
c d
 2 −1 4 1
19. If A =
=
−7 4  and B 7 2  , then which M11 = d = C11
   
M12 = c, C12 = –c
statement is true?
M21 = b, C21 = –b
(a) AAT = I (b) BBT = I
M22 = a = C22
(c) AB ≠ BA (d) (AB)T = I
Co-factor of matrix: Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix. The matrix
0 a b obtained by replacing each element of A by corresponding cofactor
  is called as co-factor matrix of A, denoted as co-factor A.
20. If A =  −a 0 c  ,
 −b −c 0  i.e., if A = [aij]n
then, co-factor A = [Cij]n when Cij is the co-factor of aij ∀ i and j.
1 1
Q1 = ( A + A′) & Q2 = ( A − A′). Adjoint of matrix: The transpose of co-factor matrix of A is
2 2
called as adjoint of A, denoted as adj A.
Then Q1.Q2 is equal to
adj A = [dij]n where dij = [Cji]∀ i and j

Matrices 43
  a11 a12 a13 
 
Let= A =
aij   a21 a22 a23  be a square matrix and let  π  π  π
a  sin  (2k) −  cos   2 tan  =
0
 31 a32 a33   2  3  4
the matrix formed by the cofactors of [aij] in determinant |A| is 1
 C11 C12 C13  ⇒k =
  2
=  C21 C22 C23 
C  Example 21: For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show
 31 C32 C33 
that adj A is a symmetric matrix.
 C11 C21 C31  Sol. Let
Then, ( adj A)  C12
= C22 C32 
 0 a b  c 2 −bc ca 
 C13 C23 C33  
 −a 0 c  . So, cof A = 2 
A=
   −bc b −ab 
 −b −c 0   ca −ab a 2 
Singular Matrix  
Matrix A is said to be a singular matrix, if its determinant
 c 2 −bc ca 
|A| = 0, otherwise a non-singular matrix, i.e.  
(cof A)′ =
So adj A =  −bc b
2
−ab 
If det |A| = 0 ⇒ Singular and det |A| ≠ 0 ⇒ non-singular.
 2 
 ca −ab a 

Properties of Co-Factor and Adj A which is symmetric.

1. A . adj A = |A| Ιn = (adj A) A where A = [aij]n. Example 22: If A is a square matrix of order 2 × 2 and |A|
2. |adj A| = |A|n–1, where n is order of A. = 5, then |A(adj A)| =
In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2 Sol. |A(adj A)| = |A|2 (order is 2)
3. If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A is also symmetric
|A(adj A)| = 52
matrix.
4. If A is singular, then adj A is also singular. |A(adj A| = 25
5. adj (kA) = kn–1adj A, where k is any scalar and n is order.
6. If A and B are non-singular square matrix of the same
oder, then adj AB = (adj B)(adj A) (Reversal law). Concept Application
7. If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj AT = (adj A)T.
8. If A is a non singular square matrix, then 4 2
24. If A =   , then |adj A| is equal to
(a) adj(adj A) = |A|n–2A 3 4

(b) |adj(adj A)| = | A |( n −1)

2
(a) 16 (b) 10
(c) 6 (d) None of these
9. A and adj A behave alike i.e.,
(a) If A is singular, then adjoint of A is singular. α 2  3
25. If A =   and |A | = 125 then a =
(b) If A non-singular, then adjoint of A is non-singular.  2 α
(a) ±3 (b) ±2
(c) If A invertible, then adjoint of A is also invertible.
(c) ±5 (d) 0
1 0 3 
2 1 1 ,
26. If A =   then | adj (adj A) | is equal
 0 0 2 

(a) 8 (b) 16
 π π (c) 2 (d) 0
 sin 2 cos 3 
Example 20: If A =  π  is a singular matrix  x 3 2
 2 tan
 4
2k 
 27. Matrix A = 1 y 4  , if xyz = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z
then k =
 2 2 z 
Sol. Det(A) = 0 = 20, then A (adj A) is equal to

44 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 7. A is non-singular and symmetric ⇒ A–1 is symmetric.

64 0 0  88 0 0  8. (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1, if A and B are non- singular.

   
(a)  0 64 0  (b)  0 88 0  9. In general, AB = O does not imply A = O or B = O.
 0 0 64   0 0 88
But, if A is non-singular and AB = O, then B = O.
68 0 0  34 0 0 
Similarly, B is non-singular and AB = O ⇒ A = O.
(c)  0 68 0  (d)  0 34 0 
 0 0 68  0 0 34  Therefore,
 3 −3 4 
AB = O ⇒ either both are singular or one of them is O.
A  2 −3 4  , then 2 |adj (adj A)| – |adj A| =
28. If=
 0 −1 1 

(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) –1 (d) 2
Example 23: Compute the inverse of the matrix
 1 3 −2 
 −3 0 −5  .
INVERSE OF A MATRIX  
 2 5 0 
A square matrix A is said to be invertible (non-singular) if there
exists a matrix B such that, AB = I = BA.  1 3 −2 
B is called the inverse of A or reciprocal of A and is denoted by  −3 0 −5 
Sol. Let A =
A–1. Thus,  
 2 5 0 
A–1 = B ⇔ AB = I = BA
 25 −10 −15
Finding the Inverse of Matrix using Adjoint Matrix adj. A 1 
−1
A= = −10 4 11 
We know that | A | 25 
A.(Adj A) = | A | I  −15 1 9 

A.(Adj. A) ∴ |A| = 1(0 + 25) – 3 (0 + 10) – 2 (–15) = 25

or = I , provided | A| ≠ 0
| A| ⇒ A is non-singular ⇒ A–1 exists.
1
Also, AA−1 =⇒
I A−1 = (Adj. A)  25 −10 −15 T  25 −10 −15
| A| 
adj A =
 −10 4 1  = −10 4
 11 
Notes:  −15 11 9   −15 1 9 
1. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse
of A is that A is non-singular.  −2 −3 
2. A–1 is always non-singular.  1 5 5
 
3. Only square matrices are invertible, i.e., possess inverse. 2 4 11 
= −
 5 25 25 
Properties of Inverse of a Matrix  
1. If A = diag (a11, a22, ..., ann) where aii ≠ 0 ∀ i, then − 3 1 9
A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ..., ann–1).  5 25 25 

2. (A–1)′ = (A′)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also, Example 24: For two non-singular matrices A & B, show
adj (A′) = (adj A)′. that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
3. (A–1)–1 = A, if A is non-singular. Sol. We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| Ιn = |A| |B| Ιn
4. Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix. Then, A–1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
1
(kA) −1 = A−1 . 1
k ⇒ B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A−1 = adj A)
| A|
1
5. | A−1 |
= , for | A |≠ 0.
| A| ⇒ B–1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A
6. Let A be a non-singular matrix. ⇒ adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Then AB = AC ⇒ B = C and BA = CA ⇒ B = C.

Matrices 45
 Example 25: Let (a) a = 2, c = 1/2 (b) a = 1, c = –1
1 −1 1   4 2 2 (c) a = –1, c = 1 (d) a = 1/2, c = 1/2
  1 
 2 1 −3 and B =−
A= 5 0 k  . 32. Let A be an invertible matrix then which of the
10 
1 1 1   1 −2 3  following is not true?
If B is the inverse of A, then k = (a) A–1 = |A|–1 (b) (A2)–1 = (A–1)2
(c) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (d) None of these
 4 2 2
Sol. 10 A =  −5 0 k 
−1

 1 −2 3 
 4 2 2  1 −1 1  SPECIAL TYPES OF SQUARE MATRICES
−1  −5 0 k   2 1 −3
⇒ 10 A . A =
   Nilpotent Matrix
 1 −2 3  1 1 1 
A square matrix of the order ‘n’ is said to be nilpotent matrix of
⇒ –5 + k = 0 order m, m ∈ N, if Am = O and Am–1 ≠ O. m is known as index of
nilpotency.
⇒ k = 5 (∴ comparing a21 element on both sides)
Example 26: If B is reciprocal of A, Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be idempotent, if A2 = A.
( adj A) −1
then prove =
that B = A . 1 0 
A e.g.,   is an idempotent matrix.
0 1 
Sol. B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted
Note:
by A–1. Thus,
1. An = A ∀ n ≥ 2, n ∈ N.
A–1 = B ⇔ AB = I = BA.
2. Determinant value of idempotent matrix is either 0 or 1.
We have
Involutory Matrix
A ∙ (adj A) = |A|In
A square matrix A is said to be involutory if A2 = Ι, Ι being the
A–1A(adj A) = A–1I n |A| identity matrix.
In(adj A) = A–1 |A|In 1 0 
e.g., A =   is an involutory matrix.
(adj A) 0 1 
A−1 =
A Note: The determinant value of involutary matrix is 1 or –1.

Periodic Matrix
A square matrix A is called periodic if Ak+1 = A, where k is a
Concept Application positive integer.
If k is the least positive integer for which Ak + 1 = A, then k is said
29. For any square matrix A, which statement is wrong to be period of A. For k = 1, we get A2 = A and we called it to be
idempotent matrix.
(a) (adj A)–1 = adj (A–1) (b) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
(c) (A3)–1 = (A–1)3 (d) None of these
30. The element of second row and third column in the
ORTHOGONAL MATRICES
1 2 1 A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix,
 1 0  is
inverse of  2 if AAT = I = A TA.
 −1 0 1   a1 a2 a3   a1 b1 c1 
 b b b  , then AT  c2 
(a) –2 (b) –1 =Let A = 1 2 3  a2 b2
(c) 4 (d) 2  c1 c2 c3   a3 b3 c3 
0 1 2  1 / 2 −1 / 2 1 / 2 
 a12 + a22 + a32 a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3 a1c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3 
31. If A= 1 2 3  and A−1=  −4 3 c  then  
AAT= b 1a1 + b2 a2 + b3 a3 b12 + b22 + b32 b1c1 + b2 c2 + b3 c3 
 3 a 1  5 / 2 −3 / 2 1/ 2 
 c1a1 + c2 a2 + c3 a3 c1b1 + c2 b2 + c3b3 c1 + c2 + c3 
2 2 2


46 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 1 0 0 
= 0 1 0  9 0 0 
1
0 0 1  = = 0 9 0  I .
9
0 0 9 
Comparing
Similarly ATA = I. Hence A is orthogonal.
3 3 3

∑=
2
ia ∑=
b ∑
i
2
= c 2
i 1 and Example 29: If A is an idempotent matrix and I is an
=i 1 =i 1 =i 1
identity matrix of the same order, then find the value of n,
3 3 3 n ∈ N such that (A + I)n = I + 127A.
∑=
ai bi
=i 1 =i 1 =i 1
∑
= bi ci ∑=
ci ai 0 Sol. Since A2 = A, A3 = A, A4 = A, ...
So (A + I)n = I + (C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + ... Cn)A
Note:
= I + (2n – 1)A so 2n – 1 = 127 ⇒ n = 7
1. If AA′ = I then A–1 = A′.
Example 30: P is an orthogonal matrix and A is a
2. If A and B are orthogonal, then AB is also orthogonal. periodic matrix with period 4 and Q = PAPT, then
3. All above properties are defined for square matrix only. X = PTQ2005P will be equal to
(a) A (b) A2
(c) A3 (d) A4
Sol. Q2 = PAPT ∙ PAPT
= PA2PT
Example 27: Show that a square matrix A is involutory,
iff (Ι – A) (Ι + A) = 0 So, X = A2005 = A
Sol. Let A be involutory
Then A2 = Ι
(Ι – A) (Ι + A) = ΙΙ + ΙA – AΙ – A2
Concept Application
= Ι + A – A – A2
= Ι – A2
33. If A is idempotent and A + B = I, then which of the
=0 following is true?
Conversly, let (Ι – A) (Ι + A) = 0
(a) B is idempotent (b) AB = 0
⇒ Ι2 + ΙA – AΙ – A2 = 0
(c) BA = 0 (d) All of these
⇒ Ι + A – A – A2 = 0
34. An orthogonal matrix is
⇒ Ι – A2 = 0
 cos α 2sin α   cos α sin α 
⇒ A is involutory (a)   (b)  
 −2sin α cos α   − sin α cos α 
1 2 2
1
matrix A
Example 28: The= 2 1 −2  is cos α sin α 
(c) 
1 1
(d) 
3  
 −2 2 −1  sin α cos α  1 1

(a) Orthogonal (b) Involutary 35. If ‘A’ is an orthogonal matrix, then A–1 equals
(c) Idempotent (d) Nilpotent (a) A (b) AT
1 2 2 (c) A2 (d) None of these
1
=
Sol. Since for given A 2 1 −2 . 36. Following questions contains statements given in two
3
−2 2 −1 columns, which have to be matched. The statements
in Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the
For orthogonal matrix AAT = ATA = I(3×3)
statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s.
 1 2 2  1 2 −2  Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
1
AA
⇒= T
2 1 −2   2 1 2  matching with ONE or More than one statement in
9
 −2 2 −1  2 −2 −1 Column-II.

Matrices 47
 Column–Ι Column–ΙΙ (q) Hermitian Matrix Condition?
Type of matrix
(r) Aq = –A Name?
0 1 0 
1 0 0  (s) Orthogonal Matrix Condition?
A.   (p) Idempotent
0 0 1  (t) Idempotent Matrix Condition?

 −5 −8 0  (u) Involuntary Matrix Condition?

3 5 0
B.   (q) Involutary (v) Nilpotent Matrix Condition?
 1 2 −1
(w) Equal Matrix Condition?
 cos θ sin θ 0 
 − sin θ cos θ 0 
C.   (r) Nilpotent
 0 0 1 
ELEMENTARY ROW/COLUMN
1 2 3 TRANSFORMATION OF MATRIX
D. 1 2 3 (s) Orthogonal
  The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary row
 −1 −2 −3 transformations:
(a) A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(s) 1. Interchange of two rows. The interchange of ith and jth rows is
(b) A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p) denoted by Rij, which means Ri ↔ Rj.
(c) A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p) 2. Multiplication of the elements of any row by a non-zero
(d) A-(q, s); B-(q); C-(s); D-(r) scalar k. Multiplication of the elements of ith row by
k (≠ 0) is denoted by Ri (k), which means Ri ↔ kRi.
37. Type of Matrix A = [aij]mxn where 3. Addition to the elements of any row of the matrix,
(a) Row Matrix Condition? corresponding elements of any other row multiplied by
a scalar k. Addition of k times the jth row to the ith row is
(b) n=1 Name? denoted by Ri j (k), which means Ri ↔ Ri + kRj.
(c) Zero or Null Matrix Condition? Note: Similar to above we have elementary column transformations
also.
(d) Singleton Matrix Condition?
Remarks:
(e) Horizontal Matrix Condition? 1. Two matrices A & B are said to be equivalent if one is obtained
(f) m>n Name? from other using elementary transformations. We write A ≈ B.

(g) Square Matrix Condition?

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS &
(h) Diagonal Matrix Condition? MATRICES
(i)  0, i ≠ j  Name?
Consider the system
aij =  
k , i = j  a11x1 + a12x2 + .......... + a1nxn = b1
where k is a constant. a21x1 + a22x2 + .......... + a2nxn = b2
(j) Identity (Unit) Matrix Condition? .................................................
(k) aij = 0, when i > j Name? am1x1 + am2x2 + .......... + amnxn = bm.
(l) lower Triangular Condition?  b1 
 a11 a12 ... a1n   x1  b 
Matrices a x 
a22 ... a2 n  = 2
 2
(m) Singular Matrix Condition? Let A  21
= = ,X &B  ...  .
 ... ... ... ...  ....  
(n) Non-Singular Matrix Condition? 
... amn 
    ... 
 am1 am 2  xn  bm 
(o) Symmetric Matrices Condition?
Then the above system can be expressed in the matrix form as
(p) aij = –aji Name? AX = B.
The system is said to be consistent, if it has atleast one solution.

48 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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System of Linear Equations and Matrix Inverse
If the above system consist of n equations in n unknowns, then we
have AX = B where A is a square matrix.
Results:
1. If A is non-singular, solution is given by X = A–1B.
2. If A is singular, (adj A)B = O and all the columns of A are not
proportional, then the system has infinitely many solutions.
3. If A is singular and (adj A)B ≠ O, then the system has no
solution (we say it is inconsistent).
Characteristic roots are also known as latent roots or eigenvalues
of a matrix.
x3 – 4x2 – 5x – 7 = 0 is the characteristic equation for A, then
A3 – 4A2 + 5A – 7I = 0.
Cayley-Hamilton theorem: Every square matrix A satisfies its
characteristic equation i.e., a0xn + a1 xn–1 + ... + an–1x + an = 0 is
the characteristic equation of A, then a0An + a1An–1 + ... + an–1
A + an Ι = 0.

Homogeneous System and Matrix Inverse

If the above system is homogeneous, n equations in n unknowns,
then in the matrix form it is AX = O.
Example 31: Use the method of elementary row
( in this case b1 = b2 = ....... bn = 0), where A is a square matrix.
 1 2 5
Results:  
transformations to compute the inverse of  2 3 1  .
1. If A is non-singular, the system has only the trivial solution  −1 1 1 
(zero solution) X = 0.
 1 2 5
2. If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many solutions  
(including the trivial solution) and hence it has non-trivial Sol. Let A =  2 3 1 
solutions.  −1 1 1 

AX = B ⇒ A–1 AX = A–1 B  1 2 5 1 0 0 
⇒ write
= A IA,  2 3= 1  0 1 0  A
X = A–1 B =
( adj A ) B .
 −1 1 1  0 0 1 
A
Operate R2 → R2 – 2R1 and R3 → R3 + R1
Note:
1. If |A| ≠ 0, system is consistent having unique solution 1 2 5   1 0 0 
2. If |A| ≠ 0 & (adjA) . B ≠ O (Null matrix), system is consistent 0 −1 −9  = −2 1 0  A
   
having unique non-trivial solution. 0 3 6   1 0 1 
3. If |A| ≠ 0 & (adjA) . B = O (Null matrix) system is consistent
1
having trivial solution. Operate R2 → –R2 and R3 → R3
3
4. If
| A | = 0, matrix method fails 1 2 5   1 0 0 
0 1 = 9   2 −1 0  A

0 1 2   1 1
If (adj A) . B = O (null matrix) If (adj A) . B ≠ O  0 
3 3
Operate R1 → R1 –2R2 and R3 → R3 – R2
Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution)
1 0 −13  −3 2 0
0 1 = 9   2 −1 0  A

CHARACTERISTIC POLYNOMIAL & 0 0 −7   − 5 1 1
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION  
 3 3
1
Operate R3 → − R3
ADVANCED LEARNING 7
Let A be a n × n matrix. 1 0 −13  −3 2 0 
I be a unit matrix of same order. Then |A – lI| is called 0 1 =9   2 −1 0 

characteristic polynomial of matrix. 0 0 1   5 1 1
 − − 
Then |A – lI| = 0 is called characteristic equation of matrix. The  21 7 21 
roots of this equation is called characteristic roots of matrix.

Matrices 49
 Operate R2 → R2 – 9R3 and R1 → R1 + 13R3 Sol. |A| = –1(–8) + 2(–5) = –2
 2 1 13 
 21 7 − 21   −1 1 −1 
1 0 0     
0 1 0  =  − 1 2 3  So, Adj A =−
 2a −6 −2b 
   7 7 7   −2c 3 −1 
0 0 1   
 5 1 1
− − 
 21 7 21   −1 −2a −2c 
So, cof
= A  1 −6 3 
 2 1 13 
 21 −  −1 −2b −1 
7 21 
 
− 1
⇒ A−1 =
2 3  So, –2a = 8
 7 7 7 
  ⇒ a = –4,
 5 −
1 1
− 
 21 7 21  –2b = –(–2)
x+ y+z = 6 ⇒ b = –1,
Example 32: Solve the system x − y + z =2 using matrix
5
2x + y − z =
1 –2c = –5 ⇒ c = ⇒ a(b + c) + 6 = 0
2
inverse.
1 1 1   x 6 1 2 0 
    2 . A  2 −1 0  , show that 5A–1 = A2
Example 34: If=
1
Sol. Let A =− 1 1 , X =
 y & B =
 
 2 1 −1  z  1   0 0 −1
+A – 5Ι.
Then the system is AX = B. Sol. We have the characteristic equation of A.
|A| = 6. Hence A is non-singular.
|A – xΙ| = 0
0 3 3  0 2 2 
 2 −3 1  , adj A =
Co-factor A =  3 −3 0  1 − x 2 0 
    
 2 0 −2   3 1 −2  i.e.,  2 −1 − x 0  =0
 0 0 −1 − x 
0 2 2 
1 1
A
= −1
adj A
=  3 −3 0  i.e., x3 + x2 – 5x – 5 = 0.
| A| 6
 3 1 −2 
Using Cayley - Hamilton theorem.
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3  A3 + A2 – 5A – 5Ι = 0 ⇒ 5Ι = A3 + A2 – 5A
= 1/ 2 −1/ 2 0 
Multiplying by A–1, we get
1/ 2 1/ 6 −1/ 3
5A–1 = A2 + A – 5Ι
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3   6   x  1 
A−1 B = 0   2  i.e.,  y  = 2 Example 35: Prove that characteristic equation of matrix A
X = 1/ 2 −1/ 2  
1/ 2 1/ 6 −1/ 3 1   z   3  of order two, is l2 – S1l + S2 = 0 where S1 = tr(A), S2 = |A|

⇒ x = 1, y = 2, z = 3. a b
Sol. Let A = . So, characteristic equation |A – lI| = 0
0 1 2  c d
 
Example 33: Let A = 1 2 3  and
 3 1 1  a−λ b
=0
c d −λ
1/ 2 −1/ 2 1/ 2 
A−1 =  a 3 b  . Find a(b + c) + 6 l2 – l(a + d) + (ad – bc) = 0
 c −3 / 2 1/ 2 
⇒ l2 – S1l + S2 = 0

50 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 Example 36: Find the characteristic roots of the matrix. Concept Application
 1 −1 4 
 
A = 0 3 7 1 2 3 
0 0 5
  A 1 −2 3  and
38. Find the inverse of the matrix=
1  1 4 1 2 −3
Sol. |A – lI| = 0 3   7 hence solve the equations:
0 0 5
x + 2y + 3z = 11, x – 2y + 3z = 3, x + 2y – 3z = –1.
= (1 – l)(3 – l) (5 – l) 39. Problem: Find the inverse of the matrix using
The roots of |A – lI| = 0 are, therefore, 1, 3, and 5. elementary operations.
Hence the characteristic roots of A are 1, 3, and 5. 0 1 2 
Example 37: Show that the matrices A and A′ have the A = 1 2 3 
same characteristic roots.  3 1 1 

Sol. I.e A = [aij] be an n × n matrix. The characteristic 40. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices and |A| ≠ 0, then which
equation of A is of the following is not true?
|A – lI| = 0 ...(i) (a) |AB| = 0 ⇒ |B| = 0 (b) |AB| = 0 ⇒ B = 0
Since the value of a determinant remains unaltered by (c) |A–1| = |A|–1 (d) |A + A| = 8|A|
taking its transpose, therefore 41. For every square matrix A there exists another matrix
|A – lI| = |(A – lI)′| = |A′ – lI| {I′ = I} B such that AB = I = BA. Then non-singular matrix
So, |A′ – lI| = 0 (a) A (b) B
(c) Both A and B (d) Neither A nor B
Hence Proved.

Matrices 51
 AARAMBH (SOLVED EXAMPLES)

{
2, when i = j
1. If A = [a ij ] 3×3 , such that aij = 0, when i = ,
≠ j then 4. If P =
 cos(π / 6) sin(π / 6) 

 − sin(π / 6) cos(π / 6) 
1 1
,A   and Q = PAP′
0 1
log1/2det(adj (adj (A)) = then P′Q2009 P is equal to
(a) –12 (b) –10
(c) –13 (d) –11 1 3 / 2 1 2009 
(a)   (b) 
0 2009  0 1 
Sol. A = [aij]

aij = 2, i = j = 0 i ≠ j
|A| = 8  3 / 2 2009   3 / 2 −1/ 2 
(c)   (d)  
Now, det (adj (adj (A)) = (8)4 = 212  0 1   1 2009 
log1/2(212) = –12
 3 −1   3 1 
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. 
Sol. Now, P ′P =  2 2  2 2 
 
2. Find c2 + x2 + y2 if the matrix A given by  1 3   −1 3
 2 2   2 2 
 a 2 / 3 2 / 3

A =  2 / 3 1/ 3 b  - is orthogonal.
1 0 
⇒ P ′P =
 c x y  0 1 
 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3 ⇒ P′P = Ι ⇒ P′ = P–1
Sol. It is given that the matrix A is orthogonal. Therefore, Since Q = PAP′
AA′ = I
2 / 3 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 c  1 0 0  ∴ P′Q2009 P
 a
2 / 3 1 / 3 b   2 / 3 1/ 3 x  = 0 1 0 
  = P′[(PAP′) (PAP′) ... 2009 times]P

 c x y   2 / 3 b y  0 0 1 
(P P)A(P′ P)A(P′ P)A...(P′ P)A(P′ P)
=′

Comparing the element in the 3rd column of 3rd row, we get 2009 times

c2 + x2
+ y2 = 1. = IA2009 = A2009
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
1 1
3. Let t be the trace of the matrix ∴ A=
0 1
 
 | x+ y| 
 α1 β1 
| x | + | y |  =
1 1 1 1 1 2 
A2 =
 | y+z|     
A= β2  , then 0 1 0 1 0 1 
 α2
 | y|+|z| 
 |z+x|  1 2  1 1 1 3
 α3 β3  =A3 =    

| z | + | x | 0 1  0 1 0 1

(a) 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 (b) 1 ≤ t ≤ 2 = A2009 = (I + B)2009

(c) 1 ≤ t ≤ 3 (d) –1 ≤ t ≤ 1
0 1 
where B =  . As B = O, we get B = O
2 r
Sol. Now, |x + y| ≤ |x| + |y|
0 0 
| x+ y|
⇒ ≤1 ∀ r ≥ 2.
|x|+| y|
Thus, by binomial theorem
Hence, t ≤ 3
Also among the diagonal elements, at least one of the element 1 2009 
A2009 = 
must be 1. 0 1 
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

52 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 5. Let A and B be two matrices different from I such that  1 0  1 0
AB = BA and An – Bn is invertible for some postive integer A−3 = A−2 ⋅ A−1 =   
n. If An – Bn = An+1 – Bn+1 = An+2 – Bn+2, then  −2 1   −1 1 

(a) I – A is singular  1 + 0 0 + 0  1 0
= =   
(b) I – B is singular  −2 − 1 0 + 1   −3 1 
(c) A + B = AB + I  1 0
Similarly, A− n =  
(d) (I – A) (I – B) is non-singular  −n 1 
Sol. An+2 – Bn+2 = (A + B) (An+1 – Bn+1) – AB(An – Bn) 1  1 0
lim 
⇒ An – Bn = (A + B) (An – Bn) – AB(An – Bn) n  −n 1 
n →∞

⇒ I = A + B – AB [ An – Bn is invertible] 1/ n 0   0 0 

= lim =
n →∞  −1 1/ n   −1 0 
⇒ (I – A) (I – B) = O. 
As A, B ≠ I, we get 1 −n 1  1 0
Also, lim A = lim 2  −n 1 
I – A and I – B are singular matrices. n →∞ n2 n →∞ n
 
Therefore, options (a, b, c) is the correct answers.
1/ n 2 0 
= lim
=   0 0
1 0  n →∞  −
1 2 0 0 
6. Let A =   then 1/ n  
1 1   n 

 1 0 1 − n  0 0 ∴ Options (a), (b) and (c) are correct answers.

−n
(a) A
=  −n 1  n ∈ N (b) nlim A = 
  →∞ n
 −1 0  Paragraph for Question Nos. 7 to 11
1 − n 0 0  Let A be a square matrix of order n × n. A constant λ is said to be
(c) nlim A =  (d) None of these characteristic root of A if there exists a n × 1 matrix X such that
→∞ n2 0 0  AX = λX
Sol. 7. If λ is a characteristic root of A, then
1 0  (a) |A – λI| = O (b) A – λI is singular
A= 
1 1  (c) A – λI is non-singular (d) None of these

C C12  8. If a constant λ is such that A – λI is non-singular, then

C =  11  (a) λ = 0 (b) λ ≠ 0
C21 C22 
(c) λ is not a characteristic root of A
= matrix formed by co-factors of A. (d) None of these
C11 = 1; C12= –1; C21= 0; C22= 1
9. If 0 is a characteristic root of A, then
1 −1
∴C = 0 1  (a) A is non-singular (b) A is singular
 
(c) |A| = 0 (d) A = In
 1 0
∴ adj A =C T =  10. If λ is a characteristic root of A and n ∈ N, then λn is a
 −1 1  characteristic root of
|A| = 1 – 0 = 1 (a) An (b) A–m
 1 0 (c) An–1 (d) A – An + A–n
 −1 1 
adj A
A−1 =  =
=   1 0 11. Let P be a non-singular matrix, then which of the following
| A| 1  −1 1 
  matrices have the same characteristic roots?
 1 0  1 0 (a) A and AP (b) A and PA
A−2 = A−1 ⋅ A−1 =   
 −1 1   −1 1  (c) A and P–1 AP (d) None of these
 1 + 0 0 + 0 Ans. 7. (b), 8. (c), 9. (b, c), 10. (a), 11. (c)
= 
 −1 − 1 0 + 1  Sol. Let λ is characterisic equation of A then
 1 0 |A – λI| = 0
= 
 −2 1  ⇒ X ≠ 0 is such that (A – λI) X = 0 then

Matrices 53
 A – λI = 0 is singular ⇒ λ3 – 5λ2 + 5λ – 1 = 0
⇒ If A – λI is non-singular then ⇒ A3 – 5A2 + 5A – I = 0
(A – λI) X = 0 ⇒ X = 0 Multiplying by A–1, we get
then λ is not a characteristic root of A
A2 – 5A + 5I – A–1 = 0
⇒ If λ = 0
⇒ A–1 = A2 – 5A + 5I
We get | A | = 0 ⇒ A is singular
x = 1, y = –5, z = 5
⇒ We have A2 X = A(AX) = A(λX) = λ(AX)
= λ2X comparing with given expression of A –1 , we get
A3X = A(A2X) = A(λ2X) x + y + z = 1.
= λ2(AX) = λ2(λX) = λ3X Therefore, 1 is the correct answer.
Continuing in this way, we obtain
 1 tan x 
AnX = lnX ∀ n ∈ N. 14. A =  then let us define a function f(x)
 − tan x 1 
For P–1AP; |P–1 AP – λI| = |P–1 AP – λ P–1 PI|
= |P–1| |A – λI | P | = |A – λI| = det. (ATA–1) then what is the value of f (f ( f (f.......(x)))) is
⇒ λ is also characteristic roots of matrix P–1 AP. (n ≤ 2).

I I  1 tan x 
12. If A is any square matrix such that A + and A − are Sol. A = 
2 2  − tan x 1 
orthogonal matrices, then
Hence, det A = sec2 x
(a) A is symmetric (b) A is skew-symmetic
2 3I −3I ∴ det AT = sec2 x
(c) A =
2
(d) A =
4 4 Now, f(x) = det(AT A–1)
 I  T I  = (det AT) (det A–1)
Sol.  A +   A +  =
I
 2  2
= (det AT) (det A)–1
T
A A I
⇒ AAT + + I
+ = ...(i) det( AT )
2 2 4 = = 1
det( A)
A AT I
Similarly, AAT − − I
+ = ...(ii)
2 2 4 Hence, f(x) = 1
(i) – (ii) (i) + (ii) Therefore, 1 is the correct answer.
A AT I
AT = –A AAT − − + =I 15. f(x) is a quadratic expression such that
2 2 4
3I
or A2 = − a2 a 1  f (0)   2a + 1
4  2 

b b 1  f (1)= 

 2b + 1
 
Therefore, options (b, d) is the correct answers.  c2
 c 1  f (−1)   2c + 1

13. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the
other aij = 1. Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then find the value of for three unequal numbers a, b, c. Then f(x) =
(x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.
3 2 1 2 1
2 1 1 (a) x + x (b) 4 x + x
2 2 3
 
Sol. Given, A = 1 1 1 
4 2 1 1 2 1
1 1 2  (c) x + x (d) x + x
7 5 5 2
We know that every square matrix satisfies its characteristic
equation. Sol. The given matrix equation implies
|A – λI| = 0  a 2 f (0) + af (1) + f (−1)   2a + 1
2−λ 1 1  2   2b + 1
 b f (0) + bf (1) + f (−1)  =  
⇒ 1 1− λ 1 =0  c 2 f (0) + cf (1) + f (−1)   2c + 1


1 1 2−λ

54 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 ⇒ x2 f(0) + xf(1) + f(–1) = 2x + 1
9
1 0  1 0
for three unequal numbers a, b, c ...(i) 17. If  a 1  = 36 1  then a =
   
⇒ (i) is an identity ⇒ f(0) = 0, f(1) = 2 and f(– 1) = 1
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) 8

∴ f(x) = x (ax + b)
Sol.
2 = a + b & –1 = – a + b.
1 3 1 0  1 0  0 0 
⇒= b &=a =   + 
2 2  a 1  0 1   a 0 

3 1
⇒ f ( x) = x 2 + x. 0 0  2 0 0  
2 2 let M=   ⇔ M= 0 0 
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. a 0  
9
1 0  9
16. If A, B, C are the given matrices such that AB = O and So  = (I + M )
BC = I then (A + B)2 (A + C)2 =  a 1 
(where I is an identity matrix).  1 0  0 0  
9
=  + 
(a) I (b) A (c) B (d) O
 0 1   a 0  
Sol. If |B| = 0, or |A| = 0 = I + 9M
|B| ∙ |C| = 1
 1 0  1 0
|B| ≠ 0 ⇒ A = 0 ⇒ = ⇒a 4
=
9a 1  36 1 
 
So, (A + B)2 (A + C)2 = B2∙C2 = I 
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Matrices 55
 BOARD LEVEL PROBLEMS
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 6. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AAT = ATA and
B = A–1AT, then BBT equals
 0  1 0  (a) B–1 (b) 1 + B
1. If A =   and B = 5 1  , then value of α for which
 1 1   (c) (B–1)T (d) I
A2 = B is 7. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then A–1 equals
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) A2 (b) AT
(c) 2 (d) No real values of a (c) A (d) None of these
1 1
1 1 / 2  64 8. If A =  n
 and n ∈ N, then A is equal to
2. If A =   then A is: 1 1
0 1 
(a) nA (b) 2n–1 A
 1 32   1 0 (c) 2n A (d) None of these
(a)   (b)  
32 1  32 1  1 2  a 0
9. Let A =   and B =  0 b  , a, b ∈ N. Then,
 3 4   
1 32 
(c)   (d) None of these (a) there exist more than one but finite number of B's such
0 1  that AB = BA.
(b) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA.
 0 1 2 

3. If A = 1 0 3  , then A + 2AT equals (c) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA.
 (d) there exist infinitely many B's such that AB = BA.
 2 3 0 
(a) A (b) –AT VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
(c) AT (d) 2A2 10. If a matrix has 28 elements, what are the possible orders it
can have? What if it has 13 elements?
 2 0 –3 
4. If A =  4 3 1  is expressed as the sum of a  cosθ sinθ 
11. If A = 
   , then show that
 –5 7 2   −sinθ cosθ 
symmetric and skew symmetric matrix then the symmetric 2  cos2θ sin2θ 
A =  .
matrix is  −sin2θ cos2θ 
 2 4 –5   4 4 –8  0 a 3 
(a)  0 3 7  (b)  4 6 8  12. If the matrix:  2 b −1 is a skew symmetric matrix, find
   
 –3 1 2   –8 8 4   c 1 0 

the values of a, b and c.

 2 2 –4  1 0 0
 
(c)  2 3 4  (d)  0 1 0  3 −5 2 3
  13. If A =   , then find A – 5A – 14I. Hence, obtain A .
 –4 4 2   0 0 1   −4 2 
0 1 −1
1 2 2  A  4 −3 4  .
14. Verify that A2 = I when=
5. A =  2 1 −2  is a matrix satisfying the equation 3 −3 4 
 a 2 b 
T 1 5  9 1 
AA = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 matrix, then the order pair 15. If A =   and B = 7 8 , find a matrix C such that
 7 12   
(a, b) is equal to
3A + 5B + 2C is a null matrix.
(a) (2, –1) (b) (–2, –1)
 cosα sinα 
16. If A =  –1
 , and A = A′, find value of a.
(c) (2, 1) (d) (–2, 1)  −sinα cosα 

56 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 22. (A – B)2 is equal to
(a) 0 (b) A2 + B2
0 2 y z 
  (c) A2 – 2AB + B2 (d) A – B
y, z if A  x y − z  satisfies A′ = A–1.
17. Find x, =
 x − y z  23. If AB = –BA also, then (A + B)3 is equal to -
18. Consider the matrices (a) 0 (b) A3 + A2 + A
 2 1 3  −1 2 3 (c) A3 (d) A2 + AB + BA + B2
A =  2 3 1  and B =
 −2 3 1 
 
1 1 1   −1 1 1  Case Study-II
Let A and B are two matrices of same order i.e. 3×3 where
Find (A + B)(A – B).
19. If AB = BA for any two sqaure matrices, prove by 1 −3 2   2 1 3
   4 2 4
mathematical induction that (AB)n = AnBn. A = 2 k 5  B =  
 4 2 1   3 3 5 
2 3 1
20. Express the matrix: 1 1 2  as the sum of a symmetric On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:
 4 1 2  24. If k = 2 then tr(AB) + tr(BA) is equal to
and a skew symmetric matrix. (a) 66 (b) 42
 3 1 (c) 84 (d) 63
21. Consider the matrix A =   and find so that
A2 = kA – 7I.  −1 2  25. If C = A + 3B and tr(C) = 0, then k is equal to
(a) –10 (b) –20
(c) –29 (d) –39
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Case Study-I
Let A and B two square matrices such that B = A– 1 BA. For the
matrices A and B solve each of the following.

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
TYPES OF MATRICES, ADDITION, 4. Which of the following is a diagonal matrix
SUBTRACTION AND EQUALITY OF MATRICES  2 0 2  2 0 0
1. The number of different possible orders of matrices having (a)  0 2 0  (b)  0 2 0 
12 identical elements is  0 0 2   0 0 2 
(a) 3 (b) 1
 2 2 0
(c) 6 (d) 2
(c)  2 0 0  (d) None of these
 
2. In an upper triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n the elements  0 0 0 
aij = 0 for
(a) i < j (b) i = j 1 0   −1 1 
5. If A + B =
1 1  and A − 2B =
 0 −1 ,
(c) i > j (d) i ≤ j    
then A =
 x2 + x x  0 −1 0 −2 
3.  + =  1 1
2   − x + 1 x  5 1  2 / 3 1 / 3 
 3 (a)   (b)  
 2 1  1 / 3 2 / 3
then x is equal to

(a) – 1
(b) 2  1 / 3 1 / 3  1 / 3 2 / 3
(c)   (d)  
(c) 1
(d) No value of x  2 / 3 1 / 3 2 / 3 1 / 3 

Matrices 57
  1 1 0  2 3 5  3 2 3 cos α − sin α  cos β − sin β 
     13. If A =   and B =   , then the

6. The value of  1 0 1  + 4 5 6 −  2 0 4  sin α cos α   sin β cos β 
 
 2 1 0   −2 3 5   2 − 2 4 5  correct relation is
     
(a) A2 = B2 (b) A + B = B – A
0 1 1  0 2 2  (c) AB = BA (d) AB = 0
(a)  3 5 −3 (b)  3 5 3 
   4 2
0 1 1  0 0 0  14. If A =   and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then
 −1 1 
0 −2 2  (A – 2I) (A – 3I) =
(c)  3 −5 −3 (d) None of these (a) I (b) O

0 1 1  1 0  0 0 
(c)   (d)  
1 0  0 1  cos θ sin θ  0 0  0 1 
7. If Ι =   ,J=  and B =   , then
0 1  −1 0   − sin θ cos θ 
15. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and
B=
BA = A, then A2 + B2 =
(a) Ι cos θ + J sin θ (b) Ι cos θ – J sin θ
(a) 2AB (b) 2BA
(c) Ι sin θ + J cos θ (d) – Ι cos θ + J sin θ
(c) A + B (d) AB
 x 2  y −3  10 21
8. If 3   − 5 2 x 4  =
  then find values of 1 2 1 
 y z     −47 12 
16.
= If A 0 1 −1 , then
x, y, z
 3 −1 1 
(a) x = 5, y = 1, z = 32/3 (b) x = 9, y = 5, z = 30
(a) A3 + 3A2 + A – 9I3 = 0
(c) x = 7, y = 3, z = 29 (d) x = 3, y = 2, z = 33
(b) A3 – 3A2 + A + 9I3 = 0
TRACE OF MATRIX (c) A3 + 3A2 – A + 9I3 = 0
(d) A3 – 3A2 – A + 9I3 = 0
2 + x 3 4
9. If trace of matrix A=  1 −1 2  is 5 then x is 17. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices such that AB = A and

BA = B, then
 −5 1 x 
(a) A2 = A and B2 ≠ B (b) A2 ≠ A and B2 = B
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) A2 = A and B2 = B (d) A2 ≠ A and B2 ≠ B
(c) 3 (d) 4
3 
7 1 2   4
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES AND 18.    4  + 2   is equal to
IDENTITY MATRIX  9 2 1  5  2
 
 3 1  5 −1  43   43  45   44 
10. If   X =  2 3  , then X = (a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
 4 1    44   45  44   45 
 −3 4   3 −4 
(a)  (b)   3 x 2 

14 −13  −14 13   
19. Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and
3 4  −3 4   6x 
(c)  (d)   
 
14 13  −14 13
( x + 2) 2 5x2 2x 
1 2  2  
11. If M =   and M − λM − I 2 = 0 , then l = C =  5x2 2x ( x + 1) 2 
 2 3   
(a) –2 (b) 2  2 x ( x + 2) 2 5 x 2 
(c) –4 (d) 4 Where a, b, c and x ∈ R, Given that tr (AB) = tr(C), then the
 x 1 2
value of (a + b + c).
12. If A =   and A is the identity matrix, then x =
 1 0  (a) 7 (b) 2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4

58 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 0 1  31  −3 −2   −3 10 
20. A =  8 6 4 2
 and (A + A + A + A + Ι) V = 62  . (a)   (b)  
2 0   10 7   −2 7 
(where Ι is the (2 × 2) identity matrix), then the product of  −3 10   3 10 
all elements of matrix V is (c)   (d)  
 7 −2  2 7 
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) –2 27. Which of the following is incorrect?
(a) A2 − B 2 = ( A + B)( A − B)
1 3 1 1 
 −1  x (b) ( AT )T = A
21. The equation [1 x y]  0 2   = [O] has
 0 0 1   y  (c) ( AB) n = An B n , where A, B commute
(i) for y = 0 (p) rational roots (d) ( A − I )( I + A) =O ⇔ A2 = I
(ii) for y = –1 (q) irrational roots
(r) integral roots SYMMETRIC & SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
Then
(i) (ii) 28. If A is a skew- symmetric matrix of odd order, then trace of
(a) (p) (r) A is
(b) (q) (p) (a) 1 (b) –1
(c) (p) (q) (c) |A| (d) 2
(d) (r) (p)
 0 1 −2 
22. Find number of all possible ordered sets of two (n × n) 29. For what value of x, is the matrix A =  −1 0 3 
matrices A and B for which AB – BA = Ι  
 x −3 0 
(a) Infinite (b) n2 a skew-symmetric matrix?
(c) n! (d) Zero (a) 1 (b) 2
0 2y z (c) 3 (d) 4
23.
= Let A  x y − z  such that A T A = I . Find the value 30. Out of the following a skew-symmetric matrix is
 x −y z 
0 4 5 1 4 5
of x 2 + y 2 + z 2 (a)  −4 0 −6  (b)  −4 1 −6 
 
(a) 1 (b) 2  −5 6 0   −5 6 1 
(c) 4 (d) 3
 1 4 5 i + 1 4 5 
TRANSPOSE OF MATRICES AND OTHER (c)  −4 2 −6  (d)  −4 i −6 
   
PROPERTIES  −5 6 3   −5 6 i 
 0 1 −2  31. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is an even positive
24. If A =  −1 0 5  , then integer, then An is
 
 2 −5 0  (a) A symmetric matrix (b) A skew-symmetric matrix
(a) A′ = A (b) A′ = –A (c) A diagonal matrix (d) Zero matrix
(c) A′ = 2A (d) A′ = –2A 1 −1
32. If matrix A =   and
2 3 
1 2 3
25. In order that the matrix  4 5 6  be non-singular, λ should (i) A + 4I is a symmetric matrix
 
(ii) A2 − 4A + 5I2 = O
 3 λ 5 
(iii) A − B is a diagonal matrix for any value of α, if
not be equal to
α −1
(a) 1 (b) 2 B =  
2 5 
(c) 3 (d) 4
(iv) A − 4I is a skew-symmetric matrix
2 1 Which of the following is true
 1 −2 1   T
26. If A =   and B =  3 2  , then (AB) = (a) (i), (ii), (iii) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv)
 2 1 3 1 1  (c) (ii), (iii) (d) (i), (iii), (iv)

Matrices 59
ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF MATRIX (a) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv)
(c) (i), (ii), (iv) (d) (iii), (iv)
33. The element in the 1st row and 3rd column of the inverse of
1 2 −3 −1 −1 −1 −1
  1 1 1 2  1 3 1 100  1 a 
the matrix 0 1 2  is 41.       .....   =  then
0 1 0 1  0 1 0 1  b 1 
0 0 1 
(a) – 2 (b) 0 a+b=
(c) 1 (d) 7 1
(a) 5050 (b)
34. If a matrix A is such that 3A3 + 2A2 + 5A + I = 0, then its 5050
inverse is 1
(c) –5050 (d) −
(a) –(3A2 + 2A + 5I) (b) 3A2 + 2A + 5I 5050
2
(c) 3A – 2A – 5I (d) 3A2 + 2A – 5I 42. If A is an invertible matrix of order x, then adj(adj(adjA)) is
always equal to
1 −1 1 
35.
= If A  0 2 −3 and B = (adjA), and C = 5A, then x2 −3 x + 3 x 2
−3 x + 2
A−1
  (a) | A (b) | A |
 2 1 0 
2 2
| adj B | (c) | A |
x −3 x + 2
adj A (d) | A |
x −2 x+3
A−1
=
|C|
(a) 5 (b) 25  1 tan x 
43. If A =  , then the value of |ATA–1| is
(c) –1 (d) 1  − tan x 1 
1 2 3 
  (a) cos4x (b) sec2x
36. If A = 1 4 9  , then the value of | adj A | is (c) –cos4x (d) 1
1 8 27 
(a) 36 (b) 72
 cos θ sin θ  π
(c) 144 (d) 6 44. If A =   , when θ = 3 , then matrix A =
3
 − sin θ cos θ 
37. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |A| = 8, then | adj A | =
(a) –I (b) A
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) I (d) –A
(c) 23 (d) 26
45. If A and P are different matrices of order n satisfying
1 −1 0  A3 = P3 and A2P = P2A (where |A – P| ≠ 0) then |A2 + P2|
38. If A = 0 −2 1  , then choose the correct statement(s)
–1 is equal to
0 0 −1 (a) n (b) 0
(c) |A||P| (d) |A + P|
(i) |A| = 2
(ii) A is non-singular
 0 1 −1
1 / 2 −1 / 2 0 
A  4 −3 4  then
46. A is an involutary matrix given by=
(iii) Adj (A) =  0 −1 1 / 2 
 3 −3 4 
 0 0 −1 / 2  A
the inverse of will be
(iv) A is skew-symmetric matrix 2
(a) (ii), (iii) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv) A −1
(c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (d) (i), (iii), (iv) (a) 2 A (b)
2
A
39. Let P be a non-singular matrix such that I + P + P2 + ..... + (c) (d) A2
Pn = O (where O denotes the null matrix), then P–1 is 2
(a) Pn (b) –Pn SPECIAL CASE OF MATRICES AND SYSTEM
2 n
(c) – (1 + P + P +....+ P ) (d) None of these
OF EQUATION
40. If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then the true
statement is/are (where I is unit matrix):  1 −3 −4 
(i) det (− A) = − det A 47. The matrix A =  −1 3 4  is nilpotent of index
 
(ii) If AB is singular then atleast one of A or B is singular  1 −3 −4 
(iii) det (A + I) = 1 + det A (a) 2 (b) 3
(iv) det (2A) = 23 det A (c) 4 (d) 6

60 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 1 1 3 SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND
48. The matrix A =  5 2 6  is MATRIX INVERSE
 
 −2 −1 −3
53. Solve the following equations by matrix method .
(a) Nilpotent (b) Involutory
5 x + 3 y + z = 16
(c) Idempotent (d) Orthogonal
49. If A is involutory matrix and I is unit matrix of same order, 2 x + y + 3 z = 19
then (I – A) (I + A) is x + 2 y + 4 z = 25
(a) Zero matrix (b) A (a) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 (b) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
(c) I (d) 2A
(c) x = 1, y = 2, z = 5 (d) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
50. The identity element in the group
x+ y+z = 6
 x x   
= M   x ∈ R; x ≠ 0  54. Find (x, y, z) for the system  x − y + z =2.
 x x   2 x + y − z =
 1
with respect to matrix multiplication is
(a) (1, 2, 3) (b) (3, 1, 2)
1 1 1 1 1
(a)   (b) (c) (2, 1, 3) (d) (1, 1, 2)
1 1 2 1 1
55. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
1 0  0 1 
(c)   (d)  
0 1  1 0  4 x − 5 y + 2 z =
2

51. If A is idempotent matrix and I is identity matrix such that (a) The system of equations 5 x − 4 y + 2 z =
3 is
(I + A)n = I + (2n + k)A. Then the value of k is 2 x + 2 y + 8z =1

inconsistent.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
 0 2β γ  (b) A matrix ‘A’ has 6 elements. The number of possible
  orders of A is 6.
52. If the matrix α β −γ  is orthogonal, then
α −β γ  10 1 
(c) For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A (adj A) =   , then
(a) α = ±
1
(b) β = ±
1  0 10 
|A| = 10.
2 6
(d) If A is skew-symmetric, then B′AB is also skew-
1
(c) γ = ± (d) All of these symmetric.
3

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. For the equation,  a b ( aα − b ) 
[x 2 y 3z ] − 2 [ y z − x ] + 3[ − z x − y] 3. Matrix  b c (bα − c)  is non-invertible, if
 
= [ 3 1 5]  2 1 0 
,
then the value of x + y + z (a) α = 3/2 (b) a, b, c are in A.P.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) a, b, c are in G.P. (d) a, b, c are in H.P.
(c) –1 (d) 2 1 2 2 
1 
4. If A =  2 1 −2  is an orthogonal matrix, then the value
 2 −1 4  5 0 3  3
2. If 2 A + 3B =
 3 2 5  and A + 2 B =
1 6 2  then B  a 2 b 
is     of (a + b) is equal to
 8 −1 2  8 1 2 (a) 0 (b) ± 1
(a)   (b)   (c) 3 (d) – 3
 −1 10 −1  −1 10 −1
5. If A = diag (2, −1, 3), B = diag (−1, 3, 2), then A2 B =
 8 1 −2  8 1 2 
(c)   (d)   (a) diag (5, 4, 11) (b) diag (− 4, 3, 18)
 −1 10 −1 1 10 1  (c) diag (3, 1, 8) (d) B

Matrices 61
 6. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? 13. If α and β are the roots of the equation
(i) Every skew-symmetric matrix is non-invertible. 7 3
4

(ii) If A and B are two 3 × 3 matrices such that AB = O, 2 −  2

 1 3   19 2
19  1 3   x − 5 x + 5
then alteast one of A and B must be null matrix. [1 5]         = [−4]
 −4 7   4 1   −4 7   −3 
(iii) If the minimum number of zeros in an upper triangular
 19 19 
matrix of order n is 5050, then the order of matrix is
then the value of (2 – α) (2 – β) is
101.
(a) 51 (b) –12
(iv) If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 such that
det. A = 5 and det. B = 2, then det. (10AB) equals 104 (c) 12 (d) –7
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv)  a11 a12 a13  
  
(c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (d) (iii), (iv) 14. Let S =  a21 a22 a23  : aij ∈ {−1, 0, 1}
 a  
a b  2  31 a32 a33  
7. If A =   (where bc ≠ 0) satisfies the equations x + then the number of symmetric matrices with trace equals
 c d 
zero, is
k = 0, then
(a) 729 (b) 189
(i) a + d = 0 (ii) k = – |A|
(c) 162 (d) 27
(iii) k = |A| (iv) a + d ≠ 0
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv) 15. If A1, A3, .......... A2n – 1 are n skew-symmetric matrices of
n
(c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (d) (i), (iii) =
same order, then B ∑ (2r − 1) (A 2 r −1 ) 2 r −1 will be
a b  (a) Symmetric r =1
8. If A =   is nth root of I2, then choose the correct
0 a  (b) Skew-symmetric
statement:
(c) Neither sysmmetric nor skew-symmetric
(i) If n is odd, a = 1, b = 0
(d) Data is insufficient
(ii) If n is odd, a = –1, b = 0
(iii) If n is even, a = 1, b = 0 16. A skew-symmetric matrix A satisfies the relation
A2 + I = O, where I is a unit matrix. Then A is
(iv) If n is even, a = –1, b = 0
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv) (a) Idempotent matrix
(c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (d) (i), (iii), (iv) (b) Orthogonal matrix
(c) Nilpotent matrix
9. If A is a square matrix such that A 2 = A, then
(I + A)3 – 7A is (d) Non-periodic matrix
(a) 3I (b) O 17. A, B, C are three matrices of the same order such that any
(c) I (d) 2I two are symmetric and the 3rd one is skew-symmetric.
If X = ABC + CBA and Y = ABC – CBA, then (XY)T is
α β 
10. If   is to be the square root of two-rowed unit (a) Symmetric (b) Skew-symmetric
 γ −α  (c) I – XY (d) – YX
matrix, then α, β and γ should satisfy the relation
18. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = 3
(a) 1 – α2 + βγ = 0 (b) α2 + βγ –1 = 0
and |B| = 2, then value of |A–1adj B–1adj(3A–1)| is equal to
(c) 1 + α2 + βγ = 0 (d) 1 + α2 – βγ = 0
11. If B, C are square matrices of order n and if A = B + C, (a) 27 (b) 27
4
BC = CB, C2 = 0, then which of the following is true for
any positive integer N. 1 1
(c) (d)
108 4
(a) AN + 1 = BN (B + (N + 1) C)
(b) AN = BN (B + (N + 1) C) cos θ sin θ   1 0
= 19. If A = ,B
T
(c) A N + 1 = B (B + (N + 1) C)  −1 1 , C = ABA , then
 sin θ − cos θ   
(d) AN + 1 = BN (B + (N + 2) C) ATCnA equals to (n ∈ I+)
T
12. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that AA =   3B  – n 1  1 –n
2 (a)   (b) 
and 2AB–1 = 3A–1B, then value of
| B |
is equal to  1 0 0 1
16  1 0
(a) 3 (b) 4 0 1
(c)   (d)  
(c) 2 (d) 8  1 –n   – n 1

62 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 20. Which of the following is/are correct? 27. If AB = A and BA = B, then incorrect statment is
(a) If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 and A is (a) A2B = A2 (b) B2A = B2
a non‑singular matrix such that AB = O, then B must
(c) ABA = A (d) BAB = B + I
not be a null matrix.
(b) If A, B, C are three square matrices of order 2 and 3; when iˆ = ˆj
det.(A) = 2, det.(B) = 3, det.(C) = 4, then the value of 28. Let A = [a ij] 3×3 be such that aij =  ˆ ˆ , then
0; i ≠ j
det. (3ABC) is 216.
1  det(adj(adjA)) 
(c) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and det. (A) = , then   equals (where {.} denotes fractional part
2  10 
det. (adj. A–1) is 8.
(d) Every skew-symmetric matrix is singular. function)

21. If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = A and BA 3 1

(a) (b)
= B, then A and B are 10 10
(a) Idempotent matrices (b) Involutory matrices 2 4
(c) Orthogonal matrices (d) Nilpotent matrices (c) (d)
10 10
22. Let three matrices
29. If P is an orthogonal matrix and Q = PAPT and x = PT Q1000
 2 1 3 4  3 −4 
= A =  ;B  =
 and C   , then P, then x–1 is, where A is involutary matrix:
 4 1 2 3  −2 3 
(a) A (b) I
 ABC   A( BC ) 2   A( BC )3 
tr ( A) + tr   + tr   + tr   + ... ∞ = (c) A999 (d) None of these
 2   4   8 
(a) 6 (b) 9
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
(c) 12 (d) None of these
1 −1 1   4 2 2
1 0 0   2 1 −3  
  30. Let A =   and kB =  −5 0 α  where k,
23. Let P =  a 1 0  and I be the identity matrix of order 3. 1 1 1   1 −2 3 
b c 1 
α ∈ N. If B is the inverse of the matrix A, then the value of
If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P15 + Q = I, then k + α equals to
(a) q23 = q11 (b) q32 = 15c
x y −z
(c) q21 = 15a (d) q22 ≠ 0  
31. Let matrix A =  1 2 3  , where x, y, z  N. If
cos θ − sin θ 
24. For a given matrix A =   , which of the  1 1 2 
 sin θ cos θ 
following statement holds good? |(adj(adj(adj(adj A))))| = 48 ⋅ 516, then the number of such
(a) A = A–1 ∀q ∈ R matrices A is equal to
π (a) 28 (b) 36
(b) A is symmetric, for q = (2n + 1) , n ∈ I
2 (c) 55 (d) 66
(c) A is an orthogonal matrix for q ∈ R
(d) A is a skew symmetric, for q = np; n ∈ I  1 2 6
32. If A =   and if A = KA – 205I, then K equals
 −1 3 
25. If matrix A = [aij]3×3, matrix B = [bij]3×3, where aij + aji = 0
4
1 2 4 
and bij – bji = 0 ∀ i, j, then A2022 B2021 is
(a) Singular (b) Zero matrix 33. If M= 0 1 3 = I 3 + B so then sum of all the elements
(c) Skew-Symmetric matrix (d) None of these 0 0 1 
0 1 2   −1 1 −1 of matrix B
  , B Adj  8 −6 c  ,
If A 1 2 3=
26. =  = A   then 34. Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying both the
 3 a 1   −5 3 −1 conditions:
1 (i) aij is 1 or –1
(a) a = 1, c = 2 (b) a = 2, c = −
2 (ii) a11a21 + a12a22 = 0
1 1 35. |A – B| ≠ 0, A 4 = B 4 , C 3 A = C 3 B, B 3 A = A 3 B, then
(c) a = –1, c = 2 (d) =
a = ,c
2 2 |A3 + B3 + C3| =

Matrices 63
 36. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |A| = 2 then 39. The number of all 4 × 4 matrices A, with enteries from the
|(adj A–1)–1| is set {0, 1, 2, 3} such that the sum of the diagonal elements
37. If P is idempotent and Q is involuntary matrices of order of AAT is 4, is
3 and (I – P) 3 – (I – Q)3 = n1I + n2P + n3Q then find
n1 + n2 + n3  1   −1 2  1  1 
38. Elements of a matrix A of order 10 × 10 are defined as 40. If A is a matrix such that A   =   and A   =   ,
 −1  2   −1 0 
aij = wi+j (where w is due cube root of unity), then |P| is
(where P = trace (A) of the matrix) then sum of square of elements in A is

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS  a1 a2 a3 

1. For each real x : –1 < x < 1. Let A(x) be the matrix = b1 b2 b3  then the value of 2|a – b | + 3|a – c |
2 1 3 1
c1 c2 c3 
 1 −x x+ y
(1 − x) −1   and z = , then
 − x 1  1 + xy + 4|b3 – c2| is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) A(z) = A(x) + A(y)
(c) 2 (d) 3
(b) A(z) = A(x)[A(y)]–1
1 0 0  1 0 0 
(c) A(z) = A(x) A(y) 0 1 0  , P
0 0 1  ,
6. If P1 =
=  2
 
(d) A(z) = A(x) – A(y)
0 0 1 
0 1 0 
2. Number of skew-symmetric matrices of order 3 whose
0 1 0  0 1 0 
elements are 0, 0, 0, 1, –1, 2, –2, 3, –3 is
= P3 = 1 0 0  , P4 0 0 1  ,
(a) 8 (b) 12
0 0 1  1 0 0 
(c) 12 (d) 48
0 0 1  0 0 1 
P5 =  1 0 0  , P6 0 1 0 

 u1 v1 w1   2 2 1 =
1
3. The matrices
= P u2 v2 w = 
2  ;Q
13 −5 m 
0 1 0  1 0 0 
9 
u3 v3 w3   −8 1 5  tr[(P1 ) (P2 ) + (P3–1)T (P4) + P6T P5]
–1 T –2 T

are such that PQ = I, an identity matrix. Solving the equation

(a) 0 (b) 1
 u1 v1 w1   x  1  (c) 2 (d) 5
u v w   y  = 1  , the value of y comes out to be –3. 7. Identify the correct statement:
 2 2 2   
u3 v3 w3   z  5 (a) D is a 3 × 3 diagonal matrix. AD = DA for every matrix
Then the value of m is equal to A of order 3 × 3
(a) 27 (b) 7 (b) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique
solution, then coefficient matrix is non singular
(c) –27 (d) –7
(c) If A–1 exists, (adjA)–1 may or may not exist
a b c  cosx −sinx 0 
M2
4. Let
= M  d e f  and
= N . If (a − b) 2 + (d − e) 2 = 36, (d) F(x) =  sinx cosx 0  , then F(x) . F(y) = F(x – y)
2
1 1 1   0 0 0 
(b – c)2 + (e – f)2 = 64, (a – c)2 + (d – f)2 = 100, then value 8. Characteristic equation of matrix A of order 3, is (where S1
of |N| is equal to = Sum of the main diagonal elements, S3 = |A|, S2 = Sum of
the minors of the main diagonal elements)
(a) 1152 (b) 48 (c) 144 (d) 288
(a) l3 – S1l2 – S2l + S3 = 0
2020
 5 1 4   1 6 −7  5 7 1   (b) l3 – S1l2 + S2l + S3 = 0
 
5. If  7 6 2   6 2 4  1 6 3 
(c) l3 – S1l2 – S2l – S3 = 0
 1 3 5   −7 4 3  4 2 5 
  (d) l3 – S1l2 + S2l – S3 = 0

64 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 1 1 1 MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
2 3 
9.
= Given A = 2 4 1 , B  . Find sum of elements 16. Let A and B be two 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. If AB = O
 3 4  and tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 then
 2 3 1
(a) A and B are commutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
1 0 1 
of P such that BPA =   (b) A and B are not commutative w.r.t. operation of
0 1 0  multiplication.
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) A and B are both null matrices.
(c) 0 (d) 2 (d) BA = 0

10. If A is matrix such that A2

+ A + 2I = O, then which of the 17. Let M be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix with det. (M) = 4. If
M– 1 adj(adj M) = k2Ι, then the value of ‘k’ may be:
following is INCORRECT?
(a) +2 (b) 4 (c) –2 (d) –4
(a) A is non-singular (b) A ≠ O
−1 1
− (A + I)
COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS
(c) A is symmetric (d) A =
2 Comprehension (Q. 18-19):
(Where I is unit matrix of order 2 and O is null matrix of
order 2)
n
If f ( x + a ) =∑ ( Crn )x k a n − k
k =0
11. Let A, B, C be three square matrices such that ABC + AB  ak 0
Let ak = k(10Ck),
bk = (10 – k)(10Ck) and Ak = 
+ BC + AC + A + B + C = O. If A and BC commute, then 0 bk 
(a) A(B + C) is singular 9
a 0
If A ∑
= = Ak  .
(b) A + C and B + C commute k =1 0 b
(c) AB + BC + CA is null matrix
18. Find the sum of digits of trace of the matrix A
(d) A and B + C commute
(a) 5 (b) 14
12. Let In is a (n × n) identity matrix and On is a (n × n) null
(c) 8 (d) None of these
 B O2 O2 
O  I1 O1  19. Which of the following is correct?
=
matrix consider, A = 2 B O2  , B O I  then
O2 O2 B   1 1 (a) ‘ab’ has 4 prime factors
(b) Largest prime factor of ‘ab’ is a three digit prime number
which is correct
(c) ‘ab’ is a 5 digit number
(a) det (A) = B
(d) None of these
(b) det (det (A)) = M then, M ∙ MT ≠ MT ∙ M
(c) det (B) = det (I1) NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
(d) None of these 20. Let M be a square matrix of order 3 whose elements are
 −1 1  36 0 –4 
13. If A =   , then |A2 + 3A + 2I| + tr(B + C) where  
number and adj (adj M)  0 6 0  then the absolute
=
 0 −2 
 0 3 6 
B and C are matrices of order 2 with integer elements and
value of Tr (M) is
A = B3 + C3, is
[Here, adj P denotes adjoint matrix of P and Tr (P) denotes
(a) –3 (b) 3
trace of matrix P i.e. sum of all principal diagonal elements
(c) 0 (d) 2 of matrix P]
14. If a square matrix has entries either 1 or –1, it will be called 21. Let A is a 3 × 3 matrix and A = [aij]3×3. If for every column
special matrix if product of elements of any row or column matrix X, if X’⋅A⋅X = 0 and a23 = – 2009 then a32 = .......
is –1 so number of such special matrices will be
22. Let S be the set which contains all possible values of l, m,
2
(a) 2n–1 (b) 2( n−1) n, p, q, r for which
2
(c) 2n–2 (d) 2( n− 2)  l2 − 3 p 0 
 2 
15. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily square) real matrices such = A  0 m −8 q 

that AT = BCD; BT = CDA; CT = DAB and DT = ABC for the  r 0 n 2 − 15 
matrix S = ABCD, then which of the following is/are true
be a non-singular idempotent matrix. Find the absolute value
(a) S3 = S (b) S2 = S4 of sum of the products of elements of the set ‘S’ taken two
(c) S = S2 (d) None of these at a time.

Matrices 65
 23. A is a square matrix of order n. C. (r) 1
 2 µ  γ 7

 = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular If A =  2  and B =  
matrix, µ 3   49 δ 

m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal here (A – B) is upper triangular
matrix then number of possible
matrix, values of µ are

p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
D. (s) 9
and 2l – 2p = 3m – 7 so find n. (b + c) 2 a2 a2 −
If b2 (c + a ) 2 b2 = 8
24. If there are three square matrix A, B, C of same order
2 n c2 c2 ( a + b) 2
satisfying the equation A 2 = A –1 and let B = A &
C = A2
( n−2 )
where n ∈ N, then |B – C| = k abc (a + b + c)3 then the value
of k is
25. Let A be a non-singular matrix satisfying AB – BA = A, then
if det. (B + I) = k det. (B – I). So find k (a) A → (s, p); B → (p); C → (p); D → (p)

MATRIX MATCH QUESTIONS (b) A → (s); B → (p); C → (p); D → (p)

26. Match the column: (c) A → (s); B → (p); C → (p); D → (p, s)
Column–Ι Column–ΙΙ (d) A → (s); B → (p); C → (p, s); D → (p)

If A and B are square matrices 28. Match the column:

of order 3 × 3, where |A| = 2
A. (p) 7
and |B| = 1, then |(A–1) . adj Column-Ι Column-ΙΙ
(B–1) . adj (2A–1)| =

If A is a square matrix such Find the trace of the matrix X for which
that A2 = A and A. (p) 2
B. (q) 8 1 –4   –16 –6 
(I + A)3 = I + kA, then k is 3 –2  X = 7 
equal to    2 

If A and B are two invertible If

matrices such that AB = C  2 −1  −1 −8 −10 
C. (r) 0
and |A| = 2, |C| = – 2,then  1 0   l m n =  1 −2 −5 
B.   x y z   (q) 0
det(B) is  −3 4     9 22 15  ,
 
If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix then the value of l + m + n + x + y + z is
D. with a11 = a22 = a33 = 2 and (s) –1
A(adjA) = kΙ3 then k is
Find the number of rational values of x
(a) A → (q); B → (p); C → (s); D → (q) C. 1 3 2   1  (r) 1
(b) A → (q, p); B → (p); C → (s); D → (q) which satisfy [1 x 1] 0 5 1   1  = O
0 3 2   x 
(c) A → (q); B → (p, s); C → (s); D → (q)
(d) A → (q); B → (p, q); C → (s); D → (q) –2
1/ 25 0   5 0
27. Match the column:  x =
D. If  1/ 25  – a 5  , then the (s) 8
Column-Ι Column-ΙΙ
125x
1 2 3  1  value of is
A. (p) 2 a
[1 x 1]  4 5 6   2  = O then x =
 
 3 2 5  3  (a) A → (s, r); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p)

B. (q) –2 (b) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p, s)

1 −1
If square matrix A =   and
2 3  (c) A → (s); B → (r, q); C → (q); D → (p)
A2 – 2x A + 5Ι2 = O, then find x
(d) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p)

66 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 PYQ'S (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)
DEFINITION, TYPES OF MATRICES, TRACE OF  5 3 
A MATRIX, ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION  2 2 ,
7. If M =   then which of the following matrices
OF MATRICES, PROPERTIES OF MATRIX − 3 1
− 

 2 2
1 1 3
is equal to M2022? [JEE Adv, 2022]
1. If A =   , then: [1 Feb, 2023 (Shift-II)]
2  − 3 1 
30 25
 3034 3033   3034 −3033 
(a) A30 − A25 =
2I (b) A + A + A =I (a)   (b)  
 −3033 −3032   3033 −3032 
(c) A30 + A25 − A =I (d) A30 = A25
 3033 3032   3032 3031 
2. The set of all values of t ∈ R, for which the matrix (c)   (d)  
 −3032 −3031  −3031 −3030 
 et e −t (sin t − 2 cos t ) e −t (−2sin t − cos t ) 
 t  8. Let β be a real number. Consider the matrix
e e −t (2sin t + cos t ) e −t (sin t − 2 cos t ) 
 t  β 0 1 
e e −t cos t e −t sin t    7 6 5
=A  2 1 −2  . If A – (β – 1)A – βA is a singular
Invertible, is [29 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)]  3 1 −2 
 
π  π  matrix, then the value of 9β is _______.
(a) (2k + 1) , k ∈ Z  (b) k π + , k ∈ Z 
 2   4   [JEE Adv, 2022]
(c) {kp, k ∈ Z} (d) R 9. Let A be a symmetric matrix of order 2 with integer entries. If
the sum of the diagonal elements of A2 is 1, then the possible
 3 1 
  number of such matrices is :
2 2  , A 1 1  [26 Feb, 2021 (Shift-I)]
3. L e t P =
= T
0 1 a n d Q = PA P . I f
 1 3   (a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 12
− 
 2 2 
a b
PT Q 2007 P =   , then 2a + b – 3c – 4d equal to
1 0 0 
c d  10. Let P =  3 1 0  and Q = [qij] be two 3 × 3 matrices such
[8 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
9 3 1 
(a) 2004 (b) 2005 q +q
that Q – P5 = I3. Then 21 31 is equal to:
(c) 2007 (d) 2006 q32

4. Let A be a matrix of order 2 × 2, whose entries are from the  [12 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If the sum of all the entries of A is a (a) 10 (b) 135
prime number p, 2 < p < 8, then the number of such matrices
(c) 15 (d) 9
A is  [27 June, 2022 (Shift-II)]

1 a a   sin 4 θ −1 − sin 2 θ  –1
11. Let M =   = αI + β M
5. Let A 0 1 b  , a, b ∈  . If for some n ∈ N,
2
= 1 + cos θ cos 4 θ 
0 0 1  where α = α(θ) and β = β(θ) are real number, and I is the
2 × 2 identity matrix. If
1 48 2160 

α* is the minimum of the set {α(θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2π)} and
A = 0 1
n
96  then n + a + b is equal to _____
 [25 July, 2022 (Shift-II)]
β* is the minimum of the set {β(θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2π)},
0 0 1 
then the value of α* + β* is  [JEE Adv, 2019]
1 + i 1  37 29
6. Let A =   where i= −1 . Then, the number of (a) – (b) –
 −i 0  16 16
elements in the set {n ∈ {1, 2,...., 100}: An = A} is ______ 31 17
(c) – (d) –
 [28 June, 2022 (Shift-II)] 16 16

Matrices 67
  a 3 b   0 1 0  0 1 0  0 0 1 
  1 0 0 
= 
12. Let R  c 2 d : a, b, c, d {0,3,5, 7,11,13,17,19}  .
∈ P3 = 1 0 0  , P4 =
0 0 1  , P =
 ,
    5
 0 5 0   0 0 1  1 0 0  0 1 0 
 
Then the number of invertible matrices in R is 
0 0 1  6 2 1 3
 [JEE Adv, 2023]
P6 = 0 1 0  and X =

  ∑P K
1 0 2  P T
  K
13. Let M = (aij), i, j∈ {1, 2, 3} be the 3×3 matrix such that 1 0 0 
k =1
 3 2 1 
aij = 1 if j+1 is divisible by i, otherwise aij = 0 . Then which
of the following statements is (are) true? where PKT denotes the transpose of the matrix PK. Then which
 [JEE Adv, 2023] of the following options is/are correct? [JEE Adv, 2019]
(a) M is invertible (a) X – 30I is an invertible matrix
(b) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18
 a1 
1 1
(b) There exists a nonzero column matrix  a2  such that
  (c) If X 1 = α 1 , then α = 30
 a1   − a1   a3   
1 1
  
M a2 = − a2 
    (d) X is a symmetric matrix
 a3   − a3 
1 1 1  2 x x
 0 0 2 2 
18. Let x ∈ R and let P =   
 , Q =  0 4 0  and R =
(c) The set {X ∈  : MX = 0} ≠ {0}, where  0
3
0 0 3   x x 6 
 
 0 –1
PQP . Then which of the following options is/are correct?
(d) The matrix (M – 2I) is invertible, where I is the 3×3
identity matrix  [JEE Adv, 2019]
(a) For x = 1, there exists a unit vector αiˆ + βˆj + γkˆ for
14. Let A be matrix of order 3 × 3 and det(A) = 2. Then det(det(A)
adj(5adj(A3))) is equal to______ α  0 
[28 June, 2022 (Shift-I)] which R  β  = 0 
(a) 512 × 106 (b) 256 × 106  γ  0 
(c) 1024 × 106 (d) 256 × 1011 (b) There exists a real number x such that PQ = QP
15. Let M be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let 2 x x
I denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix. If M–1 = adj (adj M), then (c) det R = det  0 4 0  + 8, for all x ∈ R
 
which of the following statement is/are ALWAYS TRUE ?  x x 5 
 [JEE Adv, 2020]
1  1 
(a) M = I (b) det M = 1 (c) M2 =I (d) (adj M)2 = I
(d) For x = 0, if R  a  = 6  a  , then a + b = 5
 
 −1 1 −1  b   b 
0 1 a 
1 2 3   8 −6 2 
16. Let M =   and adjM =   where SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN THREE
 3 b 1  
 −5 3 −1
a and b are real numbers. Which of the following options is /
UNKNOWNS
are correct ? [JEE Adv, 2019] 19. For the system of linear equations
 [31 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)]
(a) a + b = 3
x+y+z=6
(b) det(adjM2) = 81
ax + by + 7z = 3
(c) (adjM)–1 + adjM–1 = – M x + 2y + 3z = 14
α  1  which of the following is NOT true?
(d) if M  β  =   , then α – β + γ = 3
  2 (a) If a = b = 7, then the system has no solution
 γ   3  (b) If a = b and a ≠ 7 then the system has a unique solution.
(c) There is a unique point (a,b) on the line x + 2y + 18 = 0 for
1 0 0  1 0 0 
  0 0 1  which the system has infinitely many solutions
17. Let P1 = I = 0 1 0  , P2 =  , (d) For every point (a,b) ≠ (7,7) on the line x – 2y + 7 = 0, the
0 0 1  0 1 0  system has infinitely many solutions.

68 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 20. Let S be the set of all values of θ ∈ [–π, π] for which the If X = (x1, x2, x3)T and I is an identity matrix of order 3, then
system of linear equations  [8 April, 2023 (Shift-II)]  4
x + y + 3z = 0 the system (A – 2I) X = 1  has
 
− x + ( tan θ ) y + 7 z =0 1 
 
120  [25 June, 2022 (Shift-I)]
x + y + ( tan θ ) z =0 has non-trivial solution. Then ∑θ
π θ∈s
is equal to (a) No solution (b) Infinitely many solutions
(a) 40 (b) 10 (c) Unique solution (d) Exactly two solutions
(c) 20 (d) 30
23. Let p, q, r be non-zero real numbers that are, respectively,
21. Let a,b and g be real numbers consider the following system the 10th, 100th and 1000th terms of a harmonic progression.
of linear equations Consider the system of linear equations

x + 2y + z = 7

x + y + z = 1; 10x + 100y + 1000z = 0; qr x + pr y + pq z = 0

x + az = 11
 [JEE Adv, 2022]
2x – 3y + bz = g
 [JEE Adv, 2023] List-I List-II
Match List-I with List-II: A. (p)
q 10
If = 10, then the x = 0, y = ,
List-I List-II r 9
system of linear 1
A. (p) a unique solution z = − as a
1 9
If =
β ( 7α − 3) and equations has
solution
2
g = 28, then the system B. (q)
p 10 1
has If ≠ 100, then x= , y= − ,
r 9 9
B. (q) no solution the system of linear
1 z = 0 as a
If =
β ( 7α − 3) and g ≠ equations has solution
2
28, then the system has C. (r) infinitely many
If p ≠ 10, then the solutions
C. 1 (r) infinitely many q
If β ≠ ( 7α − 3) where solutions system of linear
2
a=1 and g ≠ 28 then the equations has
system has D. p (s) no solution
If = 10, then the
D 1 (s) x=11, y = – 2 q
If β ≠ ( 7α − 3) where and system of linear
2
z = 0 as a equations has
a=1 and g = 28, then the
solution (t) at least one
system has
solution
(t) x = – 15, y = 4
and (a) A → (p); B → (s); C → (p); D → (s)
z = 0 as a (b) A → (p); B → (p); C → (t); D → (r)
solution
(c) A → (q); B → (p); C → (t); D → (s)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(d) A → (q); B → (s); C → (s); D → (r)
(a) A → (r); B → (q); C → (p); D → (s)
(b) A → (r); B → (q); C → (t); D → (s)  i −i 
24. Let A=   , i= −1 Then, the system of linear
(c) A → (q); B → (p); C → (s); D → (t)  −i i 
(d) A → (q); B → (p); C → (p); D → (r) x   8 
equation A8   =   has: [16 March, 2021 (Shift-I)]
22. Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix such that  y  64 
(a) Infinitely many solutions
1  1  1   −1  0  1 
            (b) No solution
A 1 
=
1 ; A 0 
=  0  and A  0  = 1  .
0  0  1  1 (c) Exactly two solutions
1   2 
            (d) A unique solution

Matrices 69
 25. The values of l and m such that the system of equations Let P be the plane containing all those (α, β, γ) for which the
x + y + z = 6,3 x + 5 y + 5 z = 26, x + 2 y + λz = µ has no above system of linear equations is consistent, and D be the
solution, are : [22 July, 2021 (Shift-II)] square of the distance of the point (0, 1, 0) from the plane P.
(a) λ= 2, µ ≠ 10 27. The value of | M | is ______ [JEE Adv, 2021]
(b) λ = 3, µ ≠ 10 28. The value of D is _____ [JEE Adv, 2021]
(c) λ = 3, µ = 5 29. Let λ ∈ R. The system of linear equations
(d) λ ≠ 2, µ =10
2x1 – 4x2 + λx3 = 1
x y z
x1 – 6x2 + x3 = 2
26. Let A =  y z x  , where x, y and z are real numbers such
λx1 – 10x2 + 4x3 = 3
 z x y 
is inconsistent for [5 Sep, 2020 (Shift-I)]
that x + y + z > 0 and xyz = 2. If A2 = I3, then the value of
(a) Exactly two values of λ
x3 + y3 + z3 is _______. [25 Feb, 2021 (Shift-I)]
(b) Exactly one positive value of λ
Paragraph
(c) Every value of λ
Let α, β and γ be real numbers such that the system of linear
(d) Exactly one negative value of λ
equation
x + 2y + 3z = α 30. If the system of equations 2x + 3y – z = 0, x + ky – 2z = 0
and 2x – y + z = 0 has a non-trival solution (x, y, z), then
4x + 5y + 6z = β x y z
+ + + k is equal to [9 April, 2019 (Shift-II)]
7x + 8y + 9z = γ – 1 y z x
is consistent. Let | M | represent the determinant of the matrix 3
(a) (b) –4
 α 2 γ 4
M =  β 1 0  1 1
(c) (d) −
 −1 0 1  2 4

PW CHALLENGERS
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
1. A matrix ‘M’ describes the reflection of a point (x, y) about
the line y = (2 − 3)x The matrix ‘M’ also satisfies the
4. If a square matrix has entries either 1 or –1, it will be called
special matrix if product of elements of any row or column
is –1 so number of such special matrices will be
2

relation AM – MA = I, where A is a non-singular matrix. If (a) 2n–1 (b) 2( n−1)

A–I is a symmetrix matrix with entries x and y then (c) 2n–2 (d) 2
( n− 2) 2

(a) x = 2, y = 0 (b) x = 2, y = 2
5. The number of 4th order matrices with elements {–3, –2,
(c) x = 1, y = 1 (d) x = 2, y = 2 –1, 0, 1, 2, 3} such that matrix is either symmetric or skew
2. An n × n matrix is formed using only 0, 1 and –1 as symmetric
its elements. Number of such matrices which are skew
(a) 716 (b) 710 + 76 + 1
symmetric is
n(n − 1) (c) 710 + 76 – 1 (d) None of these
(a) (b) (n –1)2
2 n
 x
n ( n−1) n ( n−1) 1
(c) 2 2 (d) 3 2 lim  n
 
6. If A = n → ∞  x then |A| is
3. Number of skew-symmetric matrices of order 3 whose − 1
 n 
elements are 0, 0, 0, 1, –1, 2, –2, 3, –3 is
(a) 8 (b) 12 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 12 (d) 48 (c) 6 (d) 2

70 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

W
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 14. Let X be thesolution set of the equation Ax = I where
0 1 −1
7. Let M be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix with det. (M) = 4.
If M–1 adj(adj M) = k2Ι, then the value of ‘k’ may be: A =  4 −3

4  and I is the corresponding unit matrix
3 −3 4 
(a) +2 (b) 4 
and x ∈ N then the minimum value of ∑ (cos θ + sin θ)
x x
(c) –2 (d) –4
for q ∈ R is ______.
a b c
  15. Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices such that
8. Let A =  b c a  If trace (A) = 9 and a, b, c are positive
c a b k 
  B ≠ I and AB2 = BA. If A4 = B–1A4Bk then value of   is
3
integers such that ab + bc + ca = 26. _______ (Where [.] = GIF and is an identity matrix).
Let A1 denotes the adjoint of A; A2 denote adjoint of A1 ...... 3 x 2 
and so on.  
16. Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and
If value of det (A4) is M then  6x 
 
(a) M = 348
( x + 2) 2 5x2 2x 
(b) M = 324  2 
= C  5x 2x ( x + 2) 2 
(c) Last two digits of M is 61
 2x ( x + 2) 2 5 x 2 
(d) Det (A) = –27 
be three given matrices, where a, b, c and x ∈ R, Given that
tr(AB) = tr(C) ∀ x ∈ R, where tr(A) denotes trace of A.
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS ∞
ln x π ln p
9. Let An and Bn be square matrices of order 3, which are If ∫0 cx 2 + ax + b dx = q where p, q are coprime, then
defined as
the value of (p + q) =
2i + j 3i − j
An = [aij] and Bn = [bij] where aij = 2 n and bij = 2 n MATRIX MATCH QUESTIONS
3 2
for all i and j, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 3. This section contains 3 multiple choice questions. Each question
if l = Lim Tr ⋅ (3 A + 32
A + 33
A + ................. + 3n
A ) and has matching column(s). The codes for the column(s) have choices
1 2 3 n
n →∞
(A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which only one is correct.
m = Lim Tr .(2 B1 + 22 B2 + 23 B3 +….. + 2n Bn ) then the value 17. Match the following List-I with List-II.
n →∞
of (l + m) is equal to. List-I List-II
[Note: Tr. (P) denotes the trace of matrix P.] A. If 2 is the root of the equation (p) e
|A – xI| = 0, (where A is a non-
10. Let A be a non singular square matrix of order 2, such that
| A|
|A + |A| Adj (A)| = 0, then the value of |A – |A| Adj (A)| is singular matrix), a root
2
equal to of |B – xI| = 0, then B can be
(where adj (A) is the adjoint of matrix A) B. If eia is the root of (q) adj (A)
|A – yI| = 0 then a root of
11. Let set A contain all the (3 × 3) matrices whose entries are
| A′ − xI | =
0 is (where A is a
either 0, 1 or –1. Two of these entries are 1, two are –1 and
non-singular matrix)
five are 0. The number of matrices B that belongs to set A for
C. Let Aij be a 2 × 2 non-singular (r) cos a – i sin a
 x  0 matrix where i, j ∈ N and
   
which the equation, B  y  = 0  has non-trivial solution is | A11 || A12 | ......... | A1n | 
 z  0  0 | A | ......... | A |
 22 2n 

0 0 | A33 | ... | A3n | 

 1 1 B= 
12. Consider a 2 × 2 matrix A =   and then find the
 −1 1 − − − − − − − − − − − − 
− − − − − − − − − − − − 
value of matrix B = A10 – A9 + 2A8 – A7 + 4A6 – 2A5 + 4A4  
0 − − − − − − − − | Ann | 
a b 
+ A3 – A2 + A + I =   find (a + b + c + d). then |B – lI| = 0 has root as
c d 
D. Consider a matrix such that (s) |A11|
13. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and B is another matrix A′ = A then the equation |A –
of the same order as of A, such that |B| = 2, AT |A|B = A |B|BT. xI| = 0 can have root as (where
If |AB–1 adj (AT B)–1| = K then the value of 4K is equal to A is a non-singular matrix)

Matrices 71
 (a) A → (p); B → (q); C → (r); D → (s) (c) A → (p, t); B → (q); C → (r, s); D → (r, s)
(b) A → (q); B → (r); C → (s); D → (p) (d) A → (q); B → (r, s); C → (r, s); D → (p, t)
(c) A → (r); B → (s); C → (q); D → (p)
(d) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p) 1 0 0
 
19. Let A =  1 0 1  satisfies An = An – 2 + A2 – I for n ≥ 3
A2 A3
18. If e A is defined as e A = I + A + + + ........ 0 1 0
2! 3!  
and trace of a matrix is sum of elements in its main diagonal.
1  f ( x) g ( x)   x x
=   where A =
  and 0 < x <1 and Further U is a 3 × 3 matrix with its column U1, U2, U3 such
2  g ( x) f ( x)  x x
I is an identity matrix then match the column. 1 0 0
  50
50     then match
that A U1 =
= 25  , A U 2 1
  , A 50
U = 0
Column-I Column-II  25  0
3
1
     
f ( x) ln f (x) – x + c
the columns.
A. ∫ g ( x)
dx is (p)
Column-I Column-II
g ( x) 1 A. |A50| (p) 1
+ sec −1 (e x ) + c
B. ∫ f ( x ) dx is (q)
2 g ( x)
B. Trace of A50 (q) 3
d 2(g (x) – 1) C. The value of |U| + trace of A50 is (r) 4
C. (f (x)) is (r)
dx
D. |adj(adj(adj(A)))| + 5 is (s) 6
d 2(f (x) – 1) (t) 5
D. (g (x)) is (s)
dx
(a) A → (s); B → (q); C → (r); D → (p)
(t) ln (ex + e–x) +c (b) A → (q); B → (p); C → (r); D → (s)
(a) A → (q); B → (p, t); C → (r, s); D → (r, s) (c) A → (r); B → (q); C → (p); D → (s)
(b) A → (r, s); B → (p, t); C → (r, s); D → (q) (d) A → (p); B → (q); C → (r); D → (s)

Answer Key

CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. [2 × 3] 2. [9] 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. [14] 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (b) 36. (d) 37. (a) m = 1; (b) Column Matrix;
(c) aij = 0 ∀ i, j; (d) m = n = 1; (e) n > m; (f ) Vertical Matrix; (g) m = n; (h) aij = 0, when i ≠ j; (i) Scalar Matrix;
 1, i = j
(j) aij =  ; (k) Upper Triangular Matrices; (l) aij = 0 when i < j; (m) |A| = 0; (n) |A| ≠ 0; (o) aij = aji;
0, i ≠ j
(p) Skew-Symmetric Matrices; (q) A = Aq; (r) Skew-Hermitian Matrix; (s) AAT = In = ATA; (t) A2 = A; (u) A2 = I, A–1 = A;
(v) there exists p ∈ N such that Ap = O, Ap–1 ≠ 0; (w) A = [aij]mxn and B = [bij]r×s where, aij = bij, m = r, and n = s
 1 −1 1 
2 2 2
 
38. x = 1, y = 2, z = 2. 39. A =
−1
 −4 3 −1 40. (b) 41. (c)
 5 −3 1 
 
2 2 2

72 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

W
BOARD LEVEL PROBLEMS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 22. (c)
23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (c)

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (d)

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. [15]
31. [36] 32. [44] 33. [72] 34. [8] 35. [0] 36. [4] 37. [0] 38. [1] 39. [1836] 40. [21]

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a,d) 17. (a,c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. [8]
21. [2009] 22. [29] 23. [4] 24. [0] 25. [1] 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (d)

PYQ’s (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. [180] 5. [24] 6. [25] 7. (a) 8. [3] 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. [3780] 13. (b,c) 14. (a) 15. (b,c,d) 16. (a,c,d) 17. (b,c,d) 18. (c,d) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. [7] 27. [1] 28. [1.5] 29. (d) 30. (c)

PW CHALLENGERS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a, c) 8. (a,c,d) 9. [21] 10. [4]
11. [540] 12. [0] 13. [0.25] 14. [2] 15. [5] 16. [29] 17. A→(q); B→(r); C→(s); D→(p)
18. (A)→q, (B)→p, t (C)→r, s (D)→r, s 19. (A)→p, (B)→q, (C)→r, (D)→s

Matrices 73