ASTRONOMY AND COSMOLOGY

star:Acloud of gas,
hot
mainly comprising of Hydrogen. Hydrogen
undergoes fusion reaction Helium releases
to
produce and

amount
large of enagy.

Galaxy:Acollection of stars.

Luminosity:Itis the total

power of radiation emitted
from the
surface
star.
of
·
SI Unit:WaH (N)

Luminosity the the star and

of
star
depends upon
a
surface
area
of
the
of
temperature the
surface.
I luminosity
of any star can be calculated
using Stephan-Boltzmann
Law)

Radiant Intensity:
Flux The total radiation incident unit
power of per

surface area

Intensity Luminosity
=

Area
distance,
surface radius
-> to
SA a

Intensity L
=

=
L or L
*As sphere
"

A "4IT22
4πv2
V
4πd2
radius distance from
I =
L sI Unit:Nmz the ceria to star to

4πd2
any pointX.
Itcan be
referred as Luminous Intensity

standard candles:"These bodies known

luminosityin the outer
are
of
space."Examples include Cepheid Valiables and
Type IA
Super Nova.

These usedas the

calculate
bodies are
reference to
cuminosityof a

distant in outer
body space.
 BlackBody:Abody thatis
paject emitter
a
projectabsorber and a

all electromagnetic radiations.

of
·
Black
body is not
necessarily black
·
Ice is a black body for lightand heat
as

itemits all colors itisa absorben heat

->
good of
-

Stans assumed to be blackbodies

they out
radiate
· are as
energy
equally in all directions.

Black body is
1. a
perfectabsorber
Black is
2.
body a
perfectemittee
3. Blackbody is a
diffused emitter limits energy equally all
in directions

Radiations emitted
off from a Black Body one called Black
Body radiations.

that Black body

Laws can be
applied on a are

1.
Stephan-Boltzmann Law

2. Wein's
Displacement Law

Steptian -
Boltzman Law

"The total radiation emitted the star is

power of from surface of a
directly
its
proportional to
surface area,and
to
themodynamic temperature
of
the
surface powered four.
It is usedtocalculate the

3
LXA LXATP, L GAT4 radiation that
max
power of
=

4
LXT can be emitted at a temp T.
A: the star
surface area
of
T:
surface temperature
L.
Luminosity
5: Stephan. Boltzman constant (0 5067x10-8)
=
 ↳In ·
Real
body emits less radiations
per
unittime
Black Body than an ideal body.

For two
Ad
stars
of same
cominosity
RealBody L 0AT4
=

AT4 A, T,"=AzTY
E
O =

O >T1K as A 4TV
=

or A Td*
= so

if constant
diT," di T,"
=

For same
luminosity
smaller sized star will
->
be hotter! d,T," dzT =

Less Area more

Temperature

Wein's DisplacementLaw
"Navelength of max
intensity
emittedfrom the
surface of a

star is invessly proportional to

the
themodynamic temperature
99

the
of surface.

higher temperatures,
At shorter wavelengths emitted
are more
often.
->

A XmaxT constant 1.T. xcTz

#
x
=
=

max
>

Navelength with

max
intensity
 Red
Shift:
from
Results same
Temp body in Lab ->

Results
from lightcoming from a distant stars

v,BGY o R
>

·It isincreaseinobservedwavelengthenter
increasing wavelength
"

When star
away from observer,
-> moves
X · ...s. XS, X

the observed 1 than

is
longer observes B observer A
source recedes source approaches?
actual and observed is
+ lesses
fast fo >f
than actual. (Red shift) w

shorter a
Longer a

-> When star moves observes,

towards the

observed 1 #v xxx
#y =
the is shorter than =

actual and observed

+
is greate
than actual. (Blue shift AX:
change in wavelength
1:actual
wavelength
*
The
spectrum of the
light coming from speed of source/star
v:

a distantstar is that
compared with C:
speedof light
of stationary body lab of
a in the same
similarly
temperature. The difference is X
=
At 1
is

used determine
to relative
its speed
of moving away

-> Red
Shiftproves thatuniverse is expanding! Its
because stan and

another.
galaxies are
moving away from one
 Hubble's Law

The relative speed of a

moving away
star ·
star/galaxy ·

from the observer is directly proportional vxd

Hod
to the distance
of that star from observer. v =

vi relative speed
d:distance

Ho:Hubble's constant 2.2x100s-

final
* V
using Shift
Red

distance
* usev to find of galaxy.
that

The distantthe itis

more
galaxy is
from us, the
faster moving
·

away from m.

·
All
galaxies are
moving away from us and
from
one
another
This proves the universe is
expanding.
·
It means
they have
must been closer at one
pointin time

The existance outward have

of an
velocityproves that
BigBang should
·

occurred.

Radiations
Cosmic Microwave
Background
-> Universe is
filled microwaves
everywhere
These radiations shorter wavelengths when
formed butthe
were
of
->

universe would have increased their wavelength.

expansion of
The quantityalso thata
-> abundance in their
proves huge explosion
would have caused them as no
body is
large enough to fill the
universe this way.
-> Hence (MBR also
prove the Big Bang Theory.