9

sQUAR
 ES 4-5 Question →
16-200
hiuingceu →
All carbon
containing
NCERT
-

compound in living system !

a
.

1)
Ctnemalttnalysis ORGANIC molecules
sample thieving Tissues
Retentalt / Add ↓
→
insoluble pool/
→
lysis
TEHERAN'd of a cell

↓/↓ Biomacoo
molecules
↓

gamy
-

Polysaccharide
→

Protein Nucleic acid →

:f£kerate traction Acid soluble pool/

.

:-. :
-

Biomieromolecules
→
④ 80%5
→
→ ironing Nucleotide
milna
filtrate Amino acid
-

→
Mirta -

Retentive !
→
Inorganic elements

88¥88 →

Aggregates →
size ↑ →
found in R.tentate.cl#'M94--
2°
I
Ash
= Analysis
=

Sample (wet weight 7 E tog →

cost

weieghHgo→
↓ Evaporation
water
Tissue (dry vapour
↓ Burn

As ( Ash weight
Ashes →
inorganic
Ca 2-1
m¥
By
-

Micrometres : -

Monomers

mw →
less than
-

telecoms .

Masques →
Polymers
→
MY Merchan Eeoc daltons
→

pyo →
Lipids → Not
polymers .

800 dalton .

Lipids strictly BMO macromolecule !

→
are not
Cell composition
-
-

'

I
'

hipid Bilayer → Lipids -3%

→

@
.

•
.

Nickle acid 5-7-1→

.

→
water
-5704%
÷ :-) protein
.

10
-15%
→
.

Carbohydrates -2%
PID abundant element in
living
most
,
cell i.
Oxygen
-
.

'

Compound
" →
11
in 11 " Water .

in Mat
C,a,tÉn
i
ECF
present
→

, , i,
ICF →
Kt
PIC
PRIMARY SECONDARY METABOLITE

→
Substance which Substance not involved in
directly involved
life processes Instead
are
.

tin
life processes .

they are produced for defense !

They affect growth
→ .

→ ✗
grown
→
They are universe
-
.

→
unique
Eg : -

Chlorophyll
-
.
→

Prokaryotes
G↳wcose ,
etc
!
 Category Example
.
Painkiller
1- Alkaloids →
Mo codeine -

cough syrup !
2.
Terpenes →
Diterpene ,
Mono
terpene water soluble
✓
A% -eno→u↑ᵗA
.

3-
Pigment → →

Main such .

no
Drugs
-

Yin,cwi@mv%%k¥n amorous

s Toxins -
Absin & Ricin →
Anti
depressant
.

. -

G.
Polymeric →
substances
Gm Cellulose etc
- .

,
_

Rubber
conaanavalin A
Pyg& Essential oil →
Lemongrass oil .
 CARBOHYDRATES
mum
↳
-

Hydrates of Casson ketone

-

Instant
Energy source •
-
- -

•
Aldehydic chain -50

pehangtestlbenediatttesttdfoeefancton.at -
cha ,n→⇐
Ignatian Grab _

'

&
'
Types ↓ is
forget sugar ☆ colour
change
→
tee
④osacahasidewias-wh-oitltgosacchaoi.de
- -

Polysaccharide
Tew
⑥
unit my
single
→

of sugar →
,
many
2-9 unit
Sweetin taste .

of → • no units of
' monosaccharide
single → free
- → sweet / Non -

sweet
monosaccharide
I Non sweet
I
-
.

tuefehhng Test
"e

test
→

¥7 -

¥
?⃝
② Monosaccharide → 3-7-01sbon

CnHg④
-
→ G. f-

⑨ Tnes : -

⑧
CHO
Hz f OH
-
-

A-
d-⑨ Right -

on

i grasp 9=0
No optical
c- on
HIC OH µ
- -
.

activity
,
.

D-
Glyceraldehyde
-
DÑEE ANOMERS
③
☆

Hexoses 868)

:¥i¥
-

"
→
amore .

µ
-

g on 1
-

H
-

→
g- ,
.
no
-

on
H -

f- on n n

✗
Glucopgranose
D
H c- on
B- D- GIUCO
-
-
-

{ Hoon bysranose
 Ketonic
Fouctose
sugar /
→
Fruit
sugar
→ .

② 0LÉRDE : -

2 units
P¥ Disaccharides →
of monosaccharide .

⑨ Maltose
÷-
→ Glucose + Glucose

→
24,4
glycosidic Linkage .

the
Fehring Test - →
Reducing
⑥ trade →
MiÉagae
→
Galactose + Glucose
poky glycosidic linkage
84¥ → we
felling Test Reducing . -1

②
⑤→
Invent
sugar →
Glucose
d- I >
+

B- 2
fructose

glycosidic Linkage
→

iiwfuningntesr
-

- Non -

Reducing .
② P¥c : _
Non -

reducing sugar
-

ve
Rehling Test '

ideal osmotically
for storage Inactive
-
a
-

⑨ Starch
Atnyloplast (Plastid
→
-
-

plant cell) toe

-
Iztest
I ↓

Amylose fAm t①
HOMONYM# water
-

Water soluble
I insoluble
10 -15% Glucose
-
←
so -85%
•
Branched
2g
→ Unbranched .

Ink
* Homo
polymer →
Glucose Branching tikage -

→ ✗-1,4
glycosidic linkage . 2-1,6
Linear
linkage -2%4 .
⑧ Glycogen ( Animal stanch ) . →
flomopolymor of
lyc¥•sis Glucose

Glycogen Iz Test
Glucose
-
-

→
Branched
genaj / -
Linear Branching
→
store →
musique 2-1,4 ✗ -116

pyo
CHITIN ⑨ CELLULOSE
•

It
→ Homo
polymer N
acetyl Homo
polymer B-Glucose
hinearz
→ -
→ .

Glucosamine
NAO helices
Linkage B-lil B- 1,4
glycosidic
→

glycosidic
-
→
↓
Abundance 2nd in Biosphere Most _"eI-
→
Biosphere
→
→ -

→ Location → Exoskeleton of → Plant cell wall

Arthropods &
Cell
wanoffangi → unbranched
→
unbranched
.
-
 2.AM/N0AciDm
chemical &
✓ Substituted methane
- ⑨ -
physical
-

property decide
-
-

∅ peng
Types my
-

⑧ Cook Chiral Carbon

F - ÷

'
•
n
optical activity
]
∅
Essential Arg
Exception →
GIne
: not produced in body diet Eat
-

,
Lysine
-
- .

⑥⑥⑨ Tryptophan-①fm↳knaʰc
_

④ ④ Lt dourine >

-
Valine
Threonine
↓ I ↓

phenylalanine Methionine Arginine

Histidine

y
semi -

essential
✗ Mon
;¥EaLAA
→
produces -

body
∅ Neutral AA →
Gly → Alanine → Valine -

hell -

Isoleucine
-

a Aromatic'AA→
- Phenylalanine Tyrosine Tryptophan , . .

SEETA → Methionine ,
Cystine Cysteine ,
.

✗ Basic AA
-
→

Lysine +
Arginine :

+
Acidic
-
AA →
Aspartate & Glutamate .

∅
Abc AA→ .
Serine + Threonine .

TNWITEER ION
/ Bipolar / Dipolar
R
r

+
*
a
Netcharge :O ↑
µ N
G COOH
Hgtv
-

C COO CE -

HY COO
-
- - - -
-

3 • a
"
µ H
④
'

⑨ H
②
PH acidic P> →
the Phat which
pn→ Basic
-

we
AA -
Basic get zwiiterieon .

AA -5
Acidic
In a solution of different pH

behauesdifferenky.in
AA
formation
of
Peptide Bond
-

HY § COOH
-
-

my Coon
- -

H -

H,
h

I Peptide (
Bond covalent

my F-
r Bond)
i É -
n coon
µ
- -

,
'
n
→

→
Hetero polymers
Retentah PR#
→
41cal → monomer Amino acids
↳gm-_
→ .

CIassifec-atioisonthibasi-ofsbuctui.IO
Primary
E -
structure
I N

N~¥-n⑦_"A④-c
→
peptide Bond
First AA -

N -
Terminal close
→
Last AA -
C - 11 "

→
No
'

AA & Location
of of AA .
 ② 2° Stonehill
%B°nd
✓
_ I
Hzlinkage .

Fateh
d- helix p pleated
polypeptide
-

-
-

ni Inna
n-EE.in
3g
-

i
,
polypeptide ; i h
.

hvB°ⁿᵈ ,
cÑMN
÷
③Carry structures Necessary for biological
→
activities
☆ ↓

"☆f⑥hVC
Enzymes !
Activists Woollen Ball like structure
C@-
→

Bond → Me → Vanderwaal
covalent bond
-

peptide
→
Hydrophobic
-

disulphide → Hz Bonds .

_Io - -
- -
-
-
⑨ Quaternary structure :
Eye
-

.
-
HI -

b⑨ Adult
✗-88 BE ✗
foetal

B-
☆
Rp
Functions
-
PLO → Hormones -
AM ,
oxytocin .

→
Transporter → GLUT II -

→
defense → Antibodies .

→
Receptors →
insulin
→ inhibitors .
 ʳʰᵗʰˢ"ᵗʰᵗ

(
 hipolgsii LIPIDS Not
polymers
hydrophobic
✗ =
hipogenesis "" Soluble
inorganic
0 found """"ᵗʰᵗ

Esters of solvents like benzene

M "
"
• ◦ da "° " ,

& Alcohol
- t
Igm -9kcal
-
. chloroform , ether .

Fatty acid
-

↓ ↓
satuuatedf.AT UnsaturatedAAmfr
8- 8 →
deaiblekond
→
single Bond
↓

↑ nap IFA PUFA

monounsaturated FA
-

→ Palmitic acid ( IG )
deltoid
Polyunsaturated AA
Eg : → Linoleic (a)
-

→ stearic acid F. A
( is)
a)
Arachidic acted
→
Linolenic AA (3)
→
Gog →
Arachidonic f. Ala )
② Meutralfats : -
Ester of f. A +
Glycerol .

Remove .

ref,
%
-444%3
-
◦ -

112-9 on
-

3- (9) Tycoon
" →

g-
☆ on
µ
g-
-

µ _
on
palmitic acid
c-on
Hz C oh Hj-
-

Mono
1 f. A '
Glycerol glyceride
-

☆ .

Diglyceride
-

+ "
2- F. A

Triglyceride
_
"
3. f- A *

② Waxes
-
→

_
Ester of fatty acid
-
-1 Alcohol other
→

than
Earwax /Cerumen glycerol
Beeswax abdominal
gland of worker Bees
-

.
conjugate Lipids →
t.ph#h.olipid

phosphatic
A }
hydrophilic \
Glycerides
/ Am#Patg
}
molecule
& } hydrophobia
.

Ri Ra
Bite '
-

emulsification
Eg : -

Lecithin (
phosphatidylcholine , y
surfactant
-

↓
Lungs surface tension .
=3 Derived Lipids Liver
syntheses
-

Cholesterol = steroid
Eg : -

-
uit D

= Plasma membrane

good NIL
 {NUCLEICAciDS.ME
Hetero
polymers Building
→
→ Block → Nucleotide .

→ Refentalt →
DNA ,
RNA

Nucleotide
I ↓ ↓

Nucleoside Bases
phosphate sugar
^ -o-~
DNA RNA
&
I
Purines
Pyrimidines
=
_

Adenine
deoxyribose Cytosine
'
2 Ribose
-

-
-

Guanine
-

sugar sugar -

Thymine
2
ring
-

Uracil
( RMA)

single ring
-

structure
Nucleotide
-

,ʳi%É;¥q ;÷
" ""
⇐
Purine → ☒
linkage
→
H Pyrimidine -

Nd

%ñbo→
on on

phoˢ%ᵈa↑tBase
Linkage
a
Nomenclature
Base Sugar Nucleoside phosphate Nucleotide .

Adenosine
Adenine Ribose
Adenyliraaid
→
" →

Guanosine
Guanine
Guanylicacid
" → →
a

Uracil " →
Uridine
Uoidyhiacid
→
,,

Thymine deoxyribose doeoxythymidin

deoiythymidyhi
-
'
. " →

acid
Cytosine Ribose
"

cytidine
→
→

cytidylicacid .
WATSON AND CRICK MODEL of DNA .

_⑨_°ⁿᵈ⑦-⑤≤p Ibp
-
.

¥ 1-
⑤
-
⑤
⑨
-
Both
antiparallel
strands

/ A=T
⑤
,

⑤ ⑨
"

# =
4=-0
-

⑤ ④⇐ ⑥ -
③
↳
31 Human -

BDNA -

10b$ / turn
✓
pitch of DNA =
No of bp/ turn
'

✗ distance b/w Zbb

=
to ×
0.34hm / °
34A

3.4hm / 34A
=
°

- -
?⃝
THEA : -

)
}
A = " "
" ᵗᵗʰ
=

B 10

g. hand , ,
C 9
gnt
.

£
=

D= 8

Z= lzbp/ turn .

Left
-

handed .
 Purine
Chan Pyrimidine
-

gaff
-

rule
.

→
A -19 =
Ttc
a- -
 ENZYMES Biocatalyst →

mm
3D structures
✓
Mostly -

Enzyme
-

proteinaceous
Ribonuclease P
RNA based
Ribozyme
↳
-

→ -

a
specific
HiքTbsbau- dependent
.
•
on PH , temp .

→
product / trim

☆Ñ[ c
active silt →
substrate

Protein
part
molecule

Non -
.

protein part
structure
Holoenzyme Apet¥ao
: -

=
-

Harem
of
Eg : "ᵗʰ↳ " "
"ᵗʰⁿʰ ""
-

" ""

firmly attached with

Apoenzyme
?⃝
⑤ K-Eyme : -

organic compound not

firmly
attached
Eg : NAD FAD
-

,
.

② Metal ion
- ←
! -

Psocarboxy peptidases -
Zn
"

Carbonic Zn "
anhydrase
-

salivary amylase -

a-

PEPcase
MGH
-

Mcminn of EnymIᵈtii4

8+7=-80-8 E-s
+ ☐
product

✓
E-
 ^

me
Exothermic
⑤ with

potential
enigma
[S]↑-[t
[s]
GT↓-[P@
-

Energy
( P)
→
Exothermic (P) Endothermic
Reaction
-

progress of Rxn .

Activation
-
Energy
-
→
Energy required to initiate asrxn

(
enzyme reduces AE
!
?⃝
④ Temperature →
10°C ↑ → 2x
ME
• 104 ↓
%
→ →

Temp ↑↑
-

Denature
=

Temp ↓ d- Inactive
-

optimum Max
-

Human body 372

-

② PI m
#
p optimum
-

Trypsin →
alkaline
pepsin
→ →
acidic
② Substrate come
ÉBÉ
: -

-
-

constant .

→
Vmax
- - - -
-
-

s -9
As the come
offs]
: increases .
Rate of
of !
velocity ↑ ↑↑↑ ↓↓↓
Rin also increases .

⑨ Sissi
+
Vy
- -

Rxn
-

• cone

j
velocity
-

constant
,

i l ∅
t
i
kind 1-
p
- . - - -
'
-

↓④ km↑s ] '
affinity ofemyme
-

JnIbition
↓
komyp.tn Non-competitive

2g ⑤ ②
@ ⑤ ②
✓
 u inhibitor shape same
Substrate & - -
→ ⑤ &⑦ shape diff
-

✓
Competing for active silt of →
No -

comp for A 's

enzyme ! Km -

same
Km → ↑↑

Vmax -

constant Vmax -

D8 .

Eg :
Suphadrng a
cytochrome
-
-

=
-
Succinic
dehydrogenase cyanide
µÉ psteet ,

/ NOI
giveaway pm
- P
2:30 9:oopm_
-

Sunday YT