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Applied Computing in
Medicine and Health
Edited by
Dhiya Al-Jumeily
Abir Hussain
Conor Mallucci
Carol Oliver
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional
practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or
editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any
methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-803468-2
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Haya Al-Askar
Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Department of Computer Science,
Saudi Arabia, KSA
Mohammed Al-Jumaily
Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital, Dubai, UAE; Liverpool John Moores University,
Liverpool, UK
Obinna Anya
IBM Research e Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA
Douglas Arnold
NeuroRx Research Inc., Montreal, Canada
Farath Arshad
Centre for Health and Social Care Informatics e CHaSCI, Liverpool John Moores
University, Liverpool, UK
Stephen Attard
Paediatrics (Neurology) at Mater Dei Hospital, Malta
Nizar Bouguila
Concordia Institute of Information Systems Engineering, Concordia University,
Montreal, Canada
Sandra C. Buttigieg
Department of Health Services Management, University of Malta, Malta
Vincent Cassar
Department of Management, University of Malta, Malta
B. Chandra
Computer Science Group, Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi, India
Chelsea Dobbins
Applied Computing Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University,
Liverpool, UK
Stephen Fairclough
School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University,
Liverpool, UK
Anthony Farrugia
Department of Management, University of Malta, Malta
xv
xvi List of Contributors
Paul Fergus
Applied Computing Research Group, Liverpool John Moores University,
Liverpool, UK
Joe Gallagher
Health Research Group, University College Dublin, Ireland
Hong-Mei Gao
Professor, Department of Logistic Management and Engineering, Tianjin
Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
Rozaida Ghazali
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
Ali Ghuname
Al Dar University College, Dubai, UAE
Hani Hamdan
CentraleSupélec, L2S UMR CNRS 8506, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Lisa Hammond
NHS Liverpool Community Health, Wavertree Technology Park, Liverpool, UK
Ciara Heavin
Health Information Systems Research Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
Tutut Herawan
Universitas Teknologi Yogyakarta & AMCS Research Center, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia
De-Shuang Huang
Institute of Machine Learning and Systems Biology, Tongji University,
Shanghai City, China
Shamaila Iram
University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
Princy Johnson
School of Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
Nawsher Khan
Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
Ayodele Lasisi
Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
Yu-Chuan Liu
Assistant Professor, Department of Information Management, Tainan University
of Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
List of Contributors xvii
Áine MacDermott
Al Dar University College, Dubai, UAE
Sam Mcpartland
Primary Care Commissioning IM&T Team, Informatics Merseyside, Liverpool, UK
Nonso Nnamoko
Centre for Health and Social Care Informatics e CHaSCI, Liverpool John Moores
University, Liverpool, UK
Yvonne O’ Connor
Health Information Systems Research Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
Siobhan O’ Connor
School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, University of Manchester, UK
John O’ Donoghue
Global eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial
College London, UK
Michael Osadebey
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University,
Montreal, Canada
Pat Patterson
NHS Liverpool Community Health, Wavertree Technology Park, Liverpool, UK
Muhammad Irfan Qamar
IBM Canada Ltd., Canada
Naeem Radi
Al Khawarizmi International College, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Sami Ur Rahman
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of
Malakand, Pakistan
Martin Randles
School of Computer Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
Habib Shah
Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University Madina, KSA
Hissam Tawfik
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Liverpool Hope
University, UK
Francois-Benoit Vialatte
Laboratoire SIGMA, ESPCI ParisTech, Paris, France
Editor Biographies
Dr. Dhiya Al-Jumeily is a Principal Lecturer in applied computing and leads the
Applied Computing Research Group (ACRG) at the faculty of Engineering and
Technology, in Liverpool John Moores University. He is the Head of Enterprise
for the Faculty. Dr. Al-Jumeily has extensive research interests covering a wide
variety of interdisciplinary perspectives concerning the theory and practice of
applied computing in medicine, machine learning, and health care. He has published
well over 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications, four books, and three book
chapters, in multidisciplinary research areas, including technology enhanced
learning, applied artificial intelligence, neural networks, signal prediction, telecom-
munication fraud detection, AI-based clinical decision making, medical knowledge
engineering, humanemachine interaction, intelligent medical information systems,
and wearable and intelligent devices and instruments. But his current research pas-
sion is decision support systems for self-management of health and disease. He is the
founder and chair of the International Conference Series on Developments in eSys-
tems Engineering DeSE (www.dese.org.uk) since 2007.
Dr. Abir Hussain is a Reader in the Faculty of Engineering and Technology in Liv-
erpool John Moores University. Dr. Hussain gained her BSc degree at the Depart-
ment of Electronic and Electrical Engineering at Salford University. She then
joined the control systems center at UMIST to complete her MSc degree in Control
and Information Technology. The MSc dissertation was in collaboration with the
Department of Paper Science, where fractal simulations of martial damage accumu-
lation in cellulosic fibers were investigated. Then she pursued a PhD research project
at the Control Systems Centre at UMIST. Her PhD was awarded in 2000 for a thesis
titled Polynomial Neural Networks and Applications to Image Compression and
Signal Prediction.
Mrs. Carol Oliver is a PRINCE2 Practitioner with more than 20 years’ experience
in supporting higher education research and development. Mrs. Oliver has supported
different research projects and managed the organization of a well-known
international research conference.
xix
Author Biographies
CHAPTER 1
Shamaila Iram works as a research fellow in the School of Built Environment at
the University of Salford, United Kingdom. She received her PhD in Computer
Science from Liverpool John Moores University in 2014. During her PhD, she
got an opportunity to work in the SIGMA Laboratory at ESPCI ParisTech, France,
for a few months. There, she worked on the early detection of Alzheimer using
electroencephalographic signals. Previously, in 2010, Shamaila had obtained her
MSc degree in Computing and Information Systems from Liverpool John Moores
University, with Distinction. Her research interests are Big Data Analysis, Machine
Learning, Signal Processing, and Artificial Intelligence.
e UK
CHAPTER 2
Chelsea Dobbins is a senior lecturer at the School of Computer Science at Liverpool
John Moores University. She received her PhD in Computer Science, focusing on
Human Digital Memories and Lifelogging, from Liverpool John Moores University
in 2014. Her research interests include machine learning, mobile computing, lifelog-
ging, human digital memories, pervasive computing, Big Data, artificial intelli-
gence, and physiological computing.
e UK
xxi
xxii Author Biographies
CHAPTER 3
B. Chandra is Professor of the Computer Science Group, Department of Mathe-
matics, in the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, and previously was the Depart-
ment Chair from 2004 to 2007. Her specialization is in the area of data mining, neural
networks, machine learning and feature selection for gene expression data. She has
been a visiting professor for a year at the University of Pittsburgh and at the Penn
State University, United States. She has also been a visiting scientist at NIST, Gai-
thersburg, Maryland, during the summer of 2012. She has been the chairman of
many sessions in data mining and machine learning in international conferences orga-
nized in United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Singapore, and France.
e India
CHAPTER 4
Michael Osadebey received the BSc degree in Physics and postgraduate diploma in
electrical engineering from the University of Port-Harcourt and Rivers State Univer-
sity of Science and Technology, in Nigeria, in 1997 and 2000, respectively. He has
an MSc in engineering (electronics) and biomedical engineering from Umea Univer-
sity, Umea, Sweden, and Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, in
2006 and 2009, respectively. Osadebey is currently a PhD candidate at Concordia
University, Montreal, Canada. Mr. Osadebey works as a magnetic resonance image
(MRI) reader at NeuroRx Research Inc., a clinical research organization based in
Montreal, Canada. His duties at NeuroRx research include the application of
advanced image analysis software in the analysis of MRI images of multiple scle-
rosis patients undergoing clinical drug trials treatment.
e Canada
Nizar Bouguila received his engineering degree from the University of Tunis in
2000 and MSc and PhD degrees from Sherbrooke University in 2002 and 2006,
respectively, all in Computer Science. He is currently an Associate Professor with
the Concordia Institute for Information Systems Engineering (CIISE) at Concordia
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His research interests include image process-
ing, machine learning, data mining, 3D graphics, computer vision, and pattern
recognition. In 2007, he received the Best PhD Thesis Award in engineering and nat-
ural sciences from Sherbrooke University, was awarded the prestigious Prix d’excel-
lence de l’association des doyens des etudes superieures au Quebec (Best PhD
Author Biographies xxiii
Thesis Award in Engineering and Natural Sciences in Quebec), and was a runner-up
for the prestigious NSERC Doctoral Prize.
e Canada
CHAPTER 5
Obinna Anya is a research staff member at IBM Research, Almaden. His research
lies in the areas of humanecomputer interaction, collaborative workplaces, social
informatics, and agent-based modeling with a focus on user analytics to inform
the design of sociocomputational systems and environments for network-enabled
organizations of the future. His current work investigates interaction and emergence
in these kinds of systems. Obinna holds a PhD in Computer Science, an MSc in
Distributed Systemsdboth from the University of Liverpooldand a BSc in
Computer Science from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He has previously
worked as a research scientist at Liverpool Hope University, where he was the
lead researcher on a British Councilesponsored project titled Context-Aware
Information Systems for e-Health Decision Support.
e USA
Hissam Tawfik is an associate professor of computer science and the program leader
for the MSc Computer Science, MBA (Information Technology), and Computer Sci-
ence PhD programs at Liverpool Hope University. He holds an MSc and PhD in Com-
puter Engineering from University of Manchester and has an established research
track, with more than 100 refereed journal and conference publications in the areas
of biologically inspired systems, virtual reality, e-health, user-centered systems, intel-
ligent transportation systems, and applied modeling and simulation for building
layout and urban planning. Hissam leads the Intelligent and Distributed Systems
xxiv Author Biographies
(IDS) Group at Liverpool Hope, serves on various editorial boards and review com-
mittees for international journals and conferences, and is a conference chair and orga-
nizer of the International Conference Series on Developments in eSystems
Engineering DESE (www.dese.org.uk). He has previously collaborated on a number
of EU-funded research projects, as well as a British Councilefunded project titled
Context-Aware Information Systems for e-Health Decision Support (in collaboration
with the British University in Dubai), where he was the principal investigator.
e UK
CHAPTER 6
Paul Fergus is a senior lecturer in computer science in the School of Computer
Science at Liverpool John Moores University, a visiting professor at Al Dar
University College in Dubai, and a visiting professor at Supelec in France. Paul
received a BSc (Hons) degree in Artificial Intelligence from Middlesex in 1997, an
MSc in Computing for Commerce and Industry from the Open University in 2001,
and a PhD in Computer Science from Liverpool John Moores University in 2005.
Paul has more than five years’ experience as a senior software engineer in industry
and has worked on several development projects for the Prison Service, Ericsson,
Nokia, NMC, Nissan, and Pilkington Glass. He has been an active research for
more than 10 years and has published more than 130 papers on topics that include arti-
ficial intelligence, semantic web, signal processing, bioinformatics, and data science.
e UK
De-Shuang Huang received his BSc, MSc, and PhD degrees, all in Electronic En-
gineering, from the Institute of Electronic Engineering, Hefei, National Defense
University of Science and Technology, Changsha, and Xidian University, Xian,
China, in 1986, 1989, and 1993. During 1993e1997, he was a postdoctoral student
in Beijing Institute of Technology and in National Key Laboratory of Pattern Recog-
nition, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. In 2000, he joined the Insti-
tute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, as the Recipient of
“Hundred Talents Program” of CAS. From September 2000 to March 2001, he
worked as a research associate in the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. In 2004,
he worked as the university fellow in the Hong Kong Baptist University. From
2005 to March 2006, he worked as a research fellow in Chinese University of
Hong Kong. From March to July 2006, he worked as a visiting professor in Queen’s
University of Belfast, United Kingdom. In 2007, 2008, and 2009, he worked as a
visiting professor in Inha University, Korea. At present, he is the head of the
Machines Learning and Systems Biology Laboratory, Tongji University. Dr. Huang
is currently a senior member of the IEEE. He has published more than 200 papers.
e China
CHAPTER 7
Haya Al-Askar is an assistant professor in the College of Computer Science and En-
gineering at Prince Sattam University, Saudi Arabia. Haya gained her PhD in Com-
puter Science from Liverpool John Moores University in 2014. She also gained an
MSc in Applied Artificial Intelligence from the University of Exeter in 2009. Haya’s
research interests include computer applications in education and teaching, artificial
intelligence applications, computer application programs, and data analysis.
e Saudi Arabia
Naeem Radi is the CEO of the Al Khawarizmi University College in the United
Arab Emirates. His main area of research involves the design of image processing
algorithms for image compression. Dr. Radi has published many journal and con-
ference papers and reports on many aspects of this research and has also acted as
the session chair and on program committees for many international conferences.
He serves as professional fellowship for BCS and as a professional member for
IEEE.
e UAE
CHAPTER 8
Martin Randles is currently a researcher, principal lecturer, and program leader for
software engineering in the School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences at
LJMU. He gained a BSc (Hons) in Mathematics from the University of Manchester
in 1983. After a number of years in business and commerce, he achieved an MSc
with distinction in Computing and Information Systems from LJMU in 2003. A
PhD, in providing self-management in large-scale systems, followed this in 2007.
Martin’s research interests include the application of mathematical techniques to
computer science, the control and management of large-scale complex systems,
and autonomic computing. He has published widely in these fields in high-quality
journals and conference proceedings.
e UK
Naeem Radi is the CEO of the Al Khawarizmi University College in the United
Arab Emirates. His main area of research involves the design of image processing
algorithms for image compression. Dr. Radi has published many journal and confer-
ence papers and reports on many aspects of this research and has also acted as the
session chair and on program committees for many international conferences. He
serves as professional fellowship for BCS and as a professional member for IEEE.
e UAE
CHAPTER 9
Anthony Farrugia is a visiting lecturer at the Department of Management, Faculty of
Economics, Management and Accountancy (FEMA). Anthony is currently reading a
doctoral degree in medical decision-type expert mobile systems in neurology with
Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom. Anthony’s main interests
include intelligent e-businesses, mobile health, artificial intelligence, and data mining
for businesses, web, and mobile application development. Anthony also lectures on
eTourism at the Institute of Tourism Studies in Switzerland (Malta). He is a chief
Author Biographies xxvii
Sandra C. Buttigieg, MD, PhD (Aston), FFPH (UK), MSc, MBA, is an associate
professor and head of department of Health Services Management, Faculty of Health
Sciences at the University of Malta. She lectures on the Master Degree Programs in
Health Services Management, Public Health, and Family Medicine. She is also an
honorary senior research fellow at the School of Social Policy, College of Social Sci-
ences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, and an honorary research fellow
at Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
e Malta
xxviii Author Biographies
Vincent Cassar, BA (Hons), MSc (Wales), PhD (Lond), CPsychol (UK), CSci
(UK), is a chartered organizational psychologist with the British Psychological Soci-
ety and a chartered scientist with the British Science Council. Vince is Senior
Lecturer in the Department of Management (University of Malta) and Honorary
Teaching Fellow at Birkbeck College (University of London). He has worked in
the past with HFI (London), Sirota Inc (United States/United Kingdom), as a self-
employed consultant and as a Talent Management Consultant at P5+ (EMD). His cur-
rent research interests include psychological contract, occupational health and stress,
and EBMgt. He has presented and published his studies in several peer-reviewed
journals such as Work & Stress, Journal of Managerial Psychology, and Journal of
Vocational Behaviour to name a few. He also acts as a reviewer for several peer-
reviewed journals such as Human Relations, Journal of Business Psychology, and
American Academy of Management’s OB and Entrepreneurship section, and is a
member of several international professional bodies. He is a member of the editorial
board of the European Journal of Economics and Management. He was President of
the Malta Association of Work and Organizational Psychology between 2011 and
2013 and Deputy Chair of MCAST between 2013 and 2014. He is currently a director
on the Board of IPS Ltd and a member of the Senior Appointments Advisory
Committee (OPM).
e Malta
Ali Ghuname, BSc (Hons), MSc (UK), is founder, vice chairman, and board of
director in Al Dar University College. He is a health and informatics researcher,
senior and leader in education development and organization of higher education
sector since 1990. His research interests focus on smart solutions in E-Systems
engineering and agile solutions and development. Mr Ghuname is a member of
the IEEE and the British Computer Society (BCS). He has extensive leadership
experience in quality assurance and assessment in a higher education environment,
accreditation, improvement, and restructuring. Additionally, Mr Ghuname has
experience in the field of curriculum development in information technology and
business. He is part of the steering committee of the International Conference
Series on Developments in eSystems Engineering DeSE (www.dese.org.uk) since
2011, and is the Local Organizing Chair Middle East for the 2015 conference in
Dubai.
e UAE
CHAPTER 10
Yvonne O’Connor is an information systems postdoctoral researcher on the FP7
Supporting LIFE project within the Health Information Systems Research Center
(HISRC), Business Information Systems at University College Cork, Ireland. The
Supporting LIFE project explores the potential of mobile health use in developing
countries by community health workers. In particular, her research focuses on (a)
community health workers’ decision-making processes and (b) health-related
Author Biographies xxix
CHAPTER 11
Ayodele Lasisi is presently a doctoral degree candidate at the Faculty of Computer
Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM). He holds an MSc degree with distinctions at International Islamic
University Malaysia (IIUM) with specialization in Computer Networking & Linux
Administration. He completed his BSc (Hons) degree in Computer Science from
Babcock University (BU) in Nigeria. His research interests include computer secu-
rity, artificial immune system and artificial intelligence, data communications and
networking, data mining, and data classification. He has published in international
journals and conference proceedings and has served in various capacities at interna-
tional conferences. He is also a member of the Nigerian Computer Society (NCS)
and Nigerian Institute of Management (NIM).
e Malaysia
Tutut Herawan received his PhD in computer science in 2010 from Universiti
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. He is currently a senior lecturer at the Department of
Information System, University of Malaya. His research area includes rough and
soft set theory, DMKDD, and decision support in information system. He has
successfully co-supervised two PhD students and published more than 200 articles
in various international journals and conference proceedings. He is on the editorial
board and acts as a reviewer for various journals. He has also served as a program com-
mittee member and co-organizer for numerous international conferences/workshops.
e Malaysia
CHAPTER 12
Yu-Chuan Liu was born in 1965 and received his PhD from the Institute of Astro-
nautics and Aeronautics, National Cheng-Hung University, Taiwan, in 1993. He has
served as R&D engineer and manager in machinery and liquid crystal display indus-
tries. Most of his experiences were focused on computer-integrated manufacturing
and management information systems. Dr. Liu joined the faculty of Department
of Information Management, Tainan University of Technology, Taiwan, since
2002. He is interested in the research topics of e-business for industry, production
management and operation research, and ICT applications in agriculture, and the
research results include several patents on the agro-product traceability system
and research projects from government and industries with a total budget over
US$700,000. Results of the mobile traceability data construction system of this
chapter has won the silver prize of the 2012 National Invention and Creation Award
in Taiwan and the golden prize of the 2014 Taipei International Invention Show and
Technomart Invention Contest.
e Taiwan
Hong-Mei Gao was born in 1968 and received her PhD from the College of
Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, China, in 2007. Prof.
Gao has been a faculty member of the Department of Logistics Management and
Engineering, Tianjin Agricultural University, China, since 2007. Her research inter-
ests include logistics for agro-product, warehouse and distribution management, and
xliv Introduction
number of significant challenges, including (1) obtaining measures that are clini-
cally relevant, (2) capturing the context of an event to enable sufficient self-reflec-
tion, and (3) designing user interfaces that deliver insight without creating health
anxiety or hypochondria. This chapter explores these challenges in detail and of-
fers guidance on the design of a lifelogging technology that promotes effective
self-reflection and protective coping.
Chapter Three provides a detailed description of various feature selection algo-
rithms that are suited for gene selection in microarray data. Microarray is the array of
DNA molecules that permit many hybridization experiments to be performed in par-
allel. Both supervised and unsupervised feature selection methods are described in
detail. The pros and cons of using supervised versus unsupervised feature selection
methods have been illustrated using benchmark micro array data sets. In the cate-
gory of supervised feature selection algorithms, both filter and wrapper approaches
have been dealt with. This chapter presents detailed simulation for each of the filter-
based feature selection algorithms (using fivefold cross-validation) on benchmark
micro array data sets. Performance of different filter-based feature selection algo-
rithms are also demonstrated on top-ranking genes.
Chapter Four proposes a new and novel approach to correct intensity inhomo-
geneity in MRI images of the brain. Anatomic structural map, an equivalent of dig-
ital brain atlas, guides the algorithm for automatic operation. The structural map is
generated directly from the test image. Accurate information from the structural map
is combined with distorted intensity-level attributes of the test image to detect out-
liers in regions of interest (ROIs) generated by K-means clustering. The number of
ROIs is the number of tissue classes specified by the user in K-means clustering.
Outliers in each ROI are merged with voxels in the appropriate tissue class. Intensity
levels of the new set of voxels in each tissue class are rescaled to conform to
intensity levels of uncorrupted voxels. A review of current bias field correction stra-
tegies is presented by explaining their design techniques, importance, and
limitations, respectively. The methodology of the proposed approached is conveyed.
Additionally, results of testing the proposal on real magnetic resonance images are
displayed, followed by a discussion of the results and concluding remarks.
Chapter Five describes the opportunities and challenges that the method of
leveraging Big Data and pervasive analytics for elderly care presents. It is argued
that though potentially viable as an approach to raise elderly care to a level where
the uniqueness of each elderly person is adequately recognized, it does pose enor-
mous social, ethical, and technical challenges that research cannot afford to ignore.
A review of the research challenges in personalized services for elderly care is pro-
vided, in addition to an overview of the state-of-the-art and future challenges in the
area of Big Data analytics for elderly care. Based on the discussion, ACTVAGE, a
lifestyle-oriented context-aware framework for supporting personalized elderly care
and independent living, is proposed. The framework combines systematic capture of
past lifestyles and knowledge of current activities and user context, and applies
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kaikkien nähtäville kalvinilainen kukko, luterilainen tähti ja katolinen
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5.
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6.
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Mutta kuinka heillä saattoi olla häpyä tuoda tuo viitta kotiin?
Seuraavana päivänä kokoontui sankkaa joukkoa raatihuoneen
edustalle; arvokkaammat kansalaiset menivät saliin asti kuullakseen
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