GRAMÁTICA

INTERMEDIA (PARTE I)
• PRESENT PERFECT
• PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?
• VERBOS IRREGULARES (PARTE II)
• FUTURO
• VERBOS MODALES
• CONDICIONALES
• INTRODUCCIÓN A LA PASIVA
PRESENT PERFECT
BUY BOUGHT BOUGHT
¿CUÁNDO SE USA?
➢ Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado pero tienen consecuencias en
el presente, pueden seguir ocurriendo hoy en día y en algunos casos
son recientes.

¿CÓMO SE FORMA?
SUJ + HAVE/HAS + VERBO –ED / 3º COLUMNA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES

I have travelled to France She has travelled to France

I have bought a new book She has bought a new book
PRESENT PERFECT
SUJ + HAVE/HAS NOT + VERBO –ED / 3º COLUMNA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES

I haven’t travelled to France She hasn’t travelled to France

I haven’t bought a new book She hasn’t bought a new book

HAVE/HAS + SUJ + VERBO –ED / 3º COLUMNA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES ?

Have I travelled to France? Has she travelled to France?

Have I bought a new book? Has she bought a new book?
Verbos auxiliar TO HAVE
TO DO

I have I have not Have I?

You’ve You haven’t Have you?

He/She/It has He/She/It hasn’t Has he/she/it?

We’ve We haven’t Have we?

You’ve You haven’t Have you?

They’ve They haven’t Have they?

PRESENT PERFECT: PISTAS
➢ ALREADY / JUST / YET
I have already bought the tickets

I have just bought the tickets

I haven’t bought the tickets yet

➢ FOR / SINCE
➢ I have lived in Italy for 3 years → periodo de tiempo

➢ I have known Marta since 2006 → fecha u oración

EJEMPLOS
1. I _________________ (be) in London for three years. I love it here.

2. Lucy _________________ (break) her leg, so she can’t come skiing.

3. I _________________ (know) about the problem for months, but I

_________________ (not / find) a solution yet.
 BREAK BROKE BROKEN

EJEMPLOS
KNOW KNEW KNOWN
AM/IS/ARE WAS/WERE BEEN
FIND FOUND FOUND

1. I _________________ (be) in London for three years. I love it here.

2. Lucy _________________ (break) her leg, so she can’t come skiing.

3. I _________________ (know) about the problem for months, but I

_________________ (not / find) a solution yet.
EJEMPLOS
1. I HAVE BEEN (be) in London for three years. I love it here.

2. Lucy HAS BROKEN (break) her leg, so she can’t come skiing.

3. I HAVE KNOWN (know) about the problem for months, but I

HAVEN’T FOUND (not / find) a solution yet.
WATCH OUT! - PAST SIMPLE
PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT?
➢ I ____________ (lose) my keys. I can’t go home now.

➢ Yesterday I ___________ (meet) your husband at the cinema.

➢ He __________ (find) the time to do it yet.

➢ My mum _________ (teach) English in a school last summer.

PAST SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT?
➢ I HAVE LOST (lose) my keys. I can’t go home now.

➢ Yesterday I MET (meet) your husband at the cinema.

➢ He HASN’T FOUND (find) the time to do it yet.

➢ My mum TAUGHT (teach) English in a school last summer.

Infinitive Past Simple Participle
Be – ser/ estar was / were been
Become – convertirse became become
Begin – empezar began begun
Bring – traer brought brought
Buy – comprar bought bought
Choose – elegir chose chosen
Come – venir came come
Do – hacer did done
Drink – beber drank drunk
Drive – conducir drove driven
Eat – comer ate eaten
Fall – caer fell fallen
Feel – sentir felt felt
Find – encontrar found found
Infinitive Past Simple Participle
Fly – volar flew flown
Forget – olvidar forgot forgotten
Get – conseguir got got (gotten in USA)
Give – dar gave given
Go – ir went gone
Have – tener had had
Hear – oír heard heard
Keep – mantener kept kept
Know – saber knew known
Leave – abandonar left left
Lend – prestar lent lent
Let – permitir let let
Lose – perder lost lost
Make – construir made made
Infinitive Past Simple Participle
Meet – conocer (a alguien) met met
Pay – pagar paid paid
Put – poner put put
Read – leer read (pronounced /red/) read (pronounced /red/)
Run – correr ran run
Say – decir said said
See – ver saw seen
Sell – vender sold sold
Send – enviar sent sent
Sing – cantar sang sung
Sit – sentarse sat sat
Sleep – dormir slept slept
Speak – hablar spoke spoken
Stand – levantarse stood stood
Infinitive Past Simple Participle
Swim – nadar swam swum
Take – coger took taken
Teach – enseñar taught taught
Tell – contar told told
Think – pensar thought thought
Understand – entender understood understood
Wear – llevar puesto wore worn
Write – escribir wrote written
 Dormir
Infinitive Past Simple Participle
 Correr
Infinitive Past Simple Participle
 Comer
Infinitive Past Simple Participle
 Pagar
Infinitive Past Simple Participle
 Escribir
Infinitive Past Simple Participle
FUTURE TENSE
WILL: (50%) BE GOING TO:
➢ Improvisar ➢ Plan
➢ Previsión en base a opinión ➢ Previsión en base a pruebas

I think it will rain this evening. I am going to visit my mum.

It’s hot. I’ll open the window. That girl is going to fall at some point.

WILL + INF ARE/IS/AM GOING TO + INF

 FUTURE TENSE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS: PRESENT SIMPLE: (99%)

➢ Plan cercano, con más preparación previa ➢ Hechos fijos, con horario

- What are you doing tonight? The train leaves at 9:30

+ I am meeting John

TO BE + VERBO -ING INF(S)

EJEMPLOS
➢ + The phone is ringing.

– I _________________________ and answer it. (GO)

➢ The guided tour _________________________ the hotel at 8.25 tomorrow morning. (LEAVE)

➢ I _________________________ tomorrow so we can go to the beach. (NOT WORK)

➢ My sister decided she _________________________ in the USA next year. (STUDY)

EJEMPLOS
➢ + The phone is ringing.

– I WILL GO and answer it. (GO)

➢ The guided tour LEAVES the hotel at 8.25 tomorrow morning. (LEAVE)

➢ I AM NOT WORKING tomorrow so we can go to the beach. (NOT WORK)

➢ My sister decided she IS GOING TO STUDY in the USA next year. (STUDY)
VERBOS MODALES
CAN / CAN NOT (CAN’T)

➢ Posibilidad: I can go to a pub now that I am 18

➢ Habilidad: I can ride a bike

➢ Prohibición: You can’t have these biscuits now

MUST / MUST NOT (MUSTN’T) HAVE TO /DO NOT (DON’T) HAVE TO

You must go to school You have to tidy your room

You mustn’t smoke in a restaurant You don’t have to buy me a present

SHOULD / SHOULD NOT (SHOULDN’T)

You should go to the doctor

You shouldn’t ruin her birthday party

ANSERW TO THESE SITUATIONS

➢ I had an argument with my sister and we don’t talk anymore.

➢ I am 40 years old and I don’t have a job.

➢ It’s my cousin’s weeding next week and I don’t have anything to

wear.
¿QUÉ SON LAS CONDICIONALES?
ZERO CONDITIONAL
➢ Verdades universales: leyes, ciencia…

• IF + SUJ + PRESENT SIMPLE, SUJ + PRESENT SIMPLE

Si… • SUJ + PRESENT SIMPLE + IF + SUJ + PRESENT SIMPLE

• If you heat ice, it melts

• The ice melts if you heat it
FIRST CONDITIONAL
➢ Situaciones reales o posibles. Si ocurre algo en el presente, pasará
algo en el futuro.

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, SUJ + WILL + INF

SUJ + WILL + INF + IF + SUJ + PRESENT SIMPLE

• If you park here, you will get a fine

• You will get a fine if you park here

• She will get a fine if she parks here / If she parks here, she will get a fine → ¡OJO!
SECOND CONDITIONAL
➢ Situaciones irreales o muy poco posibles: sueños, deseos… Si
ocurriera algo en el presente, pasaría algo en el futuro.

IF + PAST SIMPLE, SUJ + WOULD + INF

SUJ + WOULD + INF + IF + SUJ + PAST SIMPLE

• If I won the lottery, I would (I’d) spend my life travelling

• I would (I’d) spend my life travelling if I won the lottery

WRITE A CONDITIONAL FOR EACH
SITUATION
• I have an exam tomorrow.

• It’s 6:00. The sun rises at 6:00.

• I haven’t seen a blue pig. It is insane!

 WRITE A CONDITIONAL FOR EACH
SITUATION
• I have an exam tomorrow.
• You will pass your exam if you study. → FIRST CONDITIONAL

• It’s 6:00. The sun rises at 6:00.

• If it’s 6:00, the sun rises. → ZERO CONDITIONAL

• I haven’t seen a blue pig. It is insane!

• If you saw a blue pig, you would be very surprised. → SECOND CONDITIONAL
PASSIVE VOICE VS. ACTIVE VOICE
• Shakespeare escribió Romeo y Julieta.
• Romeo y Julieta fue escrito por Shakespeare.

• Shakespeare wrote Romeo & Juliet.

• Romeo & Juliet was written by Shakespeare.

SUJ + TO BE (TIEMPO CORRESPONDIENTE) + PARTICIPIO (VERBO –ED / 3º

COLUMNA DE VERBOS IRREGULARES) + BY
WILL → MISMA REGLA DE LOS MODALES!!!
The bike will be stolen
TURN THESE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE
VOICE:

1. They have offered a good job.

______________________________________________________________________________

2. They should redecorate the house before Christmas.

______________________________________________________________________________

3. They will repair my car.

______________________________________________________________________________
TURN THESE SENTENCES INTO PASSIVE
VOICE:
1. They have offered a good job.

A good job has been offered.

2. They should redecorate the house before Christmas.

The house should be redecorated before Christmas.

3. They will repair my car.

My car will be repaired.

¡OJO CON BY!
NO SE ESCRIBE CUANDO:

➢ Lo que lo acompaña es un pronombre.

The exam was made by me.

➢ Lo que lo acompaña es evidente.

The house is robbed by the robber.